1、1并列句和状语从句 并列句的基本概念：并列句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。在并列句中，这些简单句常由并列连词连在一起。并列连词所连接的简单句被称为分句。 常见的并列句： 表递进关系：and, not onlybut also, neithernor, notbutHe had plenty of money and he spent it freely.Eg：他不仅说得说得更正确，而且说得更轻松。 表选择关系：or, eitheror, otherwise 等。Either you are right, or I am.Eg: 不要开那么快，否则你会出事的。 表转折关系： but
2、, yet, whereas, while,等Jane said he was ill , yet I saw her in the street just now.Eg: 一些人很富有但其他人很贫穷。 表因果关系：so，for.It must have rained last night for it is wet all over.Eg: 商店都关门了，所以我没有买到牛奶。 When 还可以作并列连词，意义为 “那时、这时” ，相当于 and at this/ that time. 常用于下列句式： sb. was doing sth. when sb. was about to/ goi
3、ng to do/ on the point of doing sth. when sb. had just done sth. whenEg: 我们正在开会，这时突然有人闯了进来。Eg：我们正打算动身，突然下起了雨。 While 作为并列连词，意为 “ 而、却” 表示对比。Eg：他喜欢流行音乐，而我喜欢民间音乐。 When、while、as： When 既可以引导一个持续动作，也可以引导一个短暂性动作，可用于主句和从句动作同时发生，也可用于从句动作先于主句动作。Eg： 我住在那里时，星期天常到海滨去。Eg： 电影一结束，看电影的人便回去了。 当 when 引导的时间状语从句为系表结构，而且其
4、主语和主句的主语一致，其表语又是一个名词的时候，就可以用由 as 引导的省略句来代替 when 引导的从句。他年轻时喜欢打猎。 从属连词 while 引导的动作必须是持续性的，侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。Eg：Please dont talk so loud while others are working. 从属连词 as 可表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时发生，可译为“一边一边”Eg: He hurried home, looking behind as he went.Eg: 随着时间的推移，天气变得越来越暖和了。 如果主句表示的是短暂性动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一
5、段时间内正在进行的动作，此时 when、 while、 as 可互换使用。Eg：When/while/as I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.（ ）I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of the store.( )John arrived, I was cooking lunch.( )he grew older, he lost interest in everyting except gardenin
6、g.2How can he get good grades （ ）he wont study?I was wandering through the street ( ) I caught sight of a tailors shop. As soon as , immediately , directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen和 once（” 一就”） 。从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。Eg： The moment I heard the voic
7、e, I knew father was coming.Eg: No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.Eg: 那男孩一见到他妈妈便放声大哭。注意： no soonerthan ; hardly/ scarcelywhen这一结构的时态搭配：No sooner 与 hardly/scarcely 引导的句子的谓语动词应用过去完成时，而 than 与 when 引导的句子的谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外，当把 no sooner 和 hardly/scarcely 提到句首时，应用倒装语序。Eg： I had hard
8、ly got home when it began to rain.倒装： Till、until 和 notuntil 肯定句：主句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词，主句、从句都为肯定式，意为“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止。 ”He remained there until/till she arrived.You may stay here until/till the rain stops. 否定句：主句的谓语动词必须是非延续性动词，从句为肯定式，意为“某动作直到某时间才开始” 。Eg：He wont go to bed till/untill she returns. Till 不可以置于句
9、首，而 until 可以。Until you told me I had no idea of it. Notuntil 句型中的强调和倒装用法：1. it was not until you told me that I had any idea of it. (强调句型)2. Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.(not until 置于句首，主句要倒装)I didnt leave until she came back.( ) ( ) she came back ( ) ( ) leave.( ) ( ) not until s
10、he came back ( ) I ( ). Before 与 since： 若表达“还未.就” “不到就” “才” 还没来得及时，用连词 before.Eg: we had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired.Before I could get in a word, he had measured me. Before 从句中谓语不用否定式。Before they reached the station, the train had gon
11、e. It will be + 一段时间+ before 还要多久才Eg: 还得再过半年我才能回来。Eg：it wont be long before we meet again. Since 从句的谓语动词一般是非延续动词，主语的谓语动词是延续性的或者是反复发生过的动作。Since 从句的时态若是一般过去时，相应的，主句中的是现在完成时或现在完成进行时。Eg： I have written home four times since I came here.She has been working in this factory since she left school. 在“ it is
12、 + 一段时间+ since 从句“句型中，其句意取决于从句的谓语动词是否可延续。3Eg： It is three years since her the war broke out.It is three years since I smoked a cigar.It is three years since I began to smoke.It is three years since she was in our class.It is three years since he lived here. Every time, each time, next time, the firs
13、t time, any time, all the time 等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句，表示“每当每次下次 等。Everytime I was in trouble, he would come to help me out.Next time you come, do remember to bring your son here.The last time she saw James, he was lying in bed. 地点状语从句： 引导地点状语从句的从属连词 where、wherever 指具体地点时，从句可用于主句之前或之后；表示抽象条件的含义时，从句须放在主句之前。E
14、g：You are free to go wherever you like.Where there is a will, there is a way. 此外，when 也可以表示原因，意为： since,considering that 既然，考虑到.Eg: it was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could walk there in five minutes. 注意区分 where 引导的定语从句和状语从句。Youd better make a mark where you have any questions.Youd better
15、 make a mark at the place where you have any questions. 原因状语从句： 引导原因状语从句的连词有：because、as、since、now that、seeing that、considering that.Eg: why are you absent from the meeting?Because I am ill.As it is raining, we shall not go to the park.Now that/ Since everybody is here, Lets begin our meeting.区别项目 位置
16、 内涵 语气 能否回答 why 能否被强调Because 因为 主句前或后 直接因果关系 强 能 能As 由于 主句前或后Since/now that 既然主句前双方都知道的原因 弱 不能 不能 目的状语从句： In order that 与 so that：两个连词都意为“以便;为了”, 它们引导的状语从句中需用情态动词。In order that 比 so that正式，引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后，而 so that 引导的从句只能置于主句之后。Ill speak slowly so that you can understand me.In order that we might
17、 see the sunrise, we started for the peak early. For fear that, 害怕、担心发生某事Mary didnt want to get out of bed for fear that she might wake her baby up.In case 以防万一发生某种情况Take your raincoat in case it should rain. 结果状语从句：4 引导结果状语从句的连词有：so that, sothat, such,that,.在非正式语体中，由 sothat, suchthat引导的句子中 that 可以省
18、略，注意其结构形式： So + 形容词/副词 + that 从句 So + 形容词 +a/an + 可数名词单数形式 + that 从句 So+ many/much/few/little + 名词 + that 从句 Such + a/an +形容词 + 可数名词单数形式 + that 从句 Such + 形容词 + 可数名词复数形式 /不可数名词 + that 从句 Such + a lot of/ lots of + 名词 + that 从句 条件状语从句和方式状语从句： 让步状语从句和比较状语从句： 状语从句中的紧缩现象 时间状语从句： 条件状语从句： 方式状语从句： 其他状语从句：Pressure can be reduced when needed.Once seen, it can never be forgotten.He has no money. If any, he would give us.If in need, dont hesitate to ask me for money.Jane seemed as if good at everything.
