1、英文写作的基本原则：1. 主题句原则：2. 长短句结合原则3. 条理性原则：层次分明、条理清晰、逻辑性强。4. 高级词汇、短语优先原则：用短语替代单个词语。use-make use of, make the most of, make the best of, take advantage of; try to do- make efforts to do, aim to do, aim at doing sth; want to do- intend to do; think, believe- hold the view that, understand- make sense of, b
2、y- by means of, because of- on account of, increase- be on the increase, praise- have a good opinion of, speak/think highly of, explain- account for, still- all the same, suddenly- all at once, all of a sudden, apologize to sb- make an apology to sb, 专注于 focus on, apply oneself to, about- as to, as
3、regards sth with regard to sth, regarding sth, 成功/达到目标 achieve ones goal, achieve fame/success, make great achievement, thank- appreciate (doing) sth, be grateful; near- be at hand, be around the corner; save- set/put aside; like- be fond of, be into ; be proud of, take pride in; 5. 多变复杂句式：并列句、主语变化、
4、从句、非谓语、强调句、倒装句、虚拟6. 确保写作时间：20-25英语的基本句型：1. 主+系动词+ 表语2. 主+vi3. 主+vt. + 宾语4. 主+v+ O+O5. 主+v+ O+OC英语的成分：主、谓、宾、表、补、定、状利用这 5 个句型去阅读和写作句子句子结构分类：1. 简单句（只有一个主谓关系） ；2. 并列句（两个或以上的主谓结构，且有并列连词连接） ；1) 表示并列关系：and, or, either or, neither/ nor, not only but also, bothand, as well as2) 表示转折关系：but, yet, however, neve
5、rtheless, despite (that), in spite of, 3) 表示因果关系：for, so, therefore, hence, as a result, accordingly, for this reason, so that 4) 表示递进关系：besides, furthermore, moreover, whats more, in addition 5) 表示比较关系: on the contrary, on one hand on the other hand, likewise, in contrast用并列连词合并下列各组句子。1. (1) He is
6、a friend in word.(2) He is a friend in deed; too.用 as well as 合并：He is a friend in word as well as in deed.2. (1)I know her.(2)I am her best friend.用 not only.but also 合并：Not only do I know her, but(also)I am her best friend.3. 复合句（主+从句） （从句包括定从、状从、名从）定语从句的，用 who，that，which 合并下列句子1) I like the beaut
7、iful skirt./We saw it at the fashion show. -I like the beautiful skirt that we saw at the fashion show.2) What do you think of the coat?/He made the coat.- What do you think of the coat which he made.3) The girl is sewing a dress./The girl studies in a vocational school-The girl who studies in a voc
8、ational school is sewing a dress.根据句子之间的关系，用正确的连词使其成为复合句。（1）Children grow older. They prefer to be more independent rather than be at the mercy of their parents._ children grow older, they prefer to be more independent rather than be at the mercy of their parents.(2) I was very excited. I couldnt ex
9、press myself in words.I was _ excited _ I couldnt express myself in words.(3) We will have a further discussion. We draw a final conclusion.We will have a further discussion _ we draw a final conclusion.（4）The economy in this area is developing rapidly. The qualities of some citizens are still not s
10、atisfactory._the economy in this area is developing rapidly, the qualities of some citizens are still not satisfactory.(5) You are allowed to drive my car. You should drive carefully and slowly.You are allowed to drive my car _ _ _ you should drive carefully and slowly.(6) The teacher had read my co
11、mposition. He gave me his opinion. _ the teacher had read my composition, he gave me his opinion. 7) You have got the secret. Please dont spread it in public._ you have got the secret, please dont spread it in public.(8) They arrived at the farm. They were welcomed by the farmers. _ _ they arrived a
12、t the farm, they were welcomed by the farmers. (9) The International Red Cross is an organization. Its purpose is to help the sick and the needy.The International Red Cross is an organization _ purpose is to help the sick and the needy.(10) I decided to find a job. I could earn the money.I decided t
13、o find a job _ _ I could earn the money.答案：练习根据句子之间的关系，用正确的连词使其成为复合句。（1）Children grow older. They prefer to be more independent rather than be at the mercy of their parents.When children grow older, they prefer to be more independent rather than be at the mercy of their parents.（2）I was very excited
14、 . I couldnt express myself in words.I was so excited that I couldnt express myself in words.（3）We will have a further discussion. We draw a final conclusion.We will have a further discussion before we draw a final conclusion.（4）The economy in this area is developing rapidly. The qualities of some c
15、itizens are still not satisfactory.Although the economy in this area is developing rapidly, the qualities of some citizens are still not satisfactory. （5）You are allowed to drive my car . You should drive carefully and slowly.You are allowed to drive my car on condition that/ as long as you should d
16、rive carefully and slowly.（6）The teacher had read my composition. He gave me his opinion. After the teacher had read my composition, he gave me his opinion. （7）You have got the secret. Please dont spread it in public. If you have got the secret, please dont spread it in public. （8）They arrived at th
17、e farm. They were welcomed by the farmers. The moment/As soon as they arrived at the farm, they were welcomed by the farmers. （9）The International Red Cross is an organization. Its purpose is to help the sick and the needy.The International Red Cross is an organization whose purpose is to help the s
18、ick and the needy.（10）I decided to find a job. I could earn the money.I decided to find a job so that I could earn the money.句子合并训练1. Most folk songs are ballads. They have simple words and tell simple stories.2. A battery is a device. It provides electricity by chemical means.3. In May, the univers
19、ity will finish building a new wing of the library. Rare books will be stored there. 4. The melting point is the temperature. At this temperature, a solid changes to a liquid.5. A keystone species is a species of plant or animal. Its absence has a major effect on an ecological system.6. Active stock
20、s are stocks. They are frequently bought and sold.7. There are many varieties of snakes. Most of them are harmless to humans.8. Charlotte Gilmans best-known book is Women and Economics. In this book she urges women to become financially independent.9. I knew my friends would throw me a party. It was
21、 for my birthday. There was something in the air. I felt it for a whole week before that. I was nervous. I was also very excited. I got home that night. My friends didnt disappoint me. I walked in my house. All my friends yelled, “Surprise!”10. I love pizza. I eat it for breakfast.11. Mother drove t
22、o town to buy groceries. She came home with a present for me.12. It was no use. I pretended that I had not seen him. I waved to him.13. Baseball is the great American sport. It is thought of as a summer pastime. The weather turns warm. All the neighborhood kids find a field to toss a ball around. So
23、on they form teams and play each other. All summer, they always find time to listen to pro games on the radio. They watch them on TV.14. A policeman approached Jimmy. He told him that he ought to have gone along a side street. Jumbo was holding up the traffic.15. The bull seemed to feel sorry for hi
24、m. It looked on sympathetically. The drunk was out of the way. It once more turned its attention to the matador.16. Campbell reached a speed of over 304 miles per hour. He had great difficulty in controlling the car. A tire burst during the first run.17. It grew dark. She turned a suitcase into a be
25、d. She put the children inside it. She covered them with all the clothes she could find. 18. Oil rigs have to be repaired frequently. Divers, who often have to work in darkness a hundred feet under, have been frightened out of their wits by giant fish. These fish bump into them as they work.19. I tr
26、ied to wake up my wife by ringing the doorbell. She was fast asleep. I got a ladder from the shed in the garden. I put it against the wall. I began climbing towards the bedroom window. 2. 学会运用非谓语动词,用非谓语动词使你的句子简洁。练习运用非谓语动词完成下列句子：（1）Most of the artists who had been invited to the party were from South
27、 Africa.Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.（2）The prices of the computers which are being shown here are still unknown.The prices of the computers being shown here are still unknown.（3）After he had been deserted by his guide , he couldnt find his way through the jungle.H
28、aving been deserted by his guide, he couldnt find his way through the jungle.（4）Nowadays the old people often do morning exercises in the park in order that they could keep healthy.Nowadays the old people often do morning exercises in the park to keep healthy.（5）The church was built in 1829. It is t
29、he oldest European structure . The church built in 1829 is the oldest European structure . （6）Jane was disturbed by the noise. She turned off the radio. Disturbed by the noise, Jane turned off the radio. （7）Gary was tired. He decided to go to bed. Being tired, Gary decided to go to bed. （8）As I felt
30、 hungry, I decided to walk to the shop and buy some food.Feeling hungry, I decided to walk to the shop and buy some food.（9）I sent him an e-mail and hoped to get further information about SARS.I sent him an e-mail, hoping to get further information about SARS.（10）As soon as I entered the classroom,
31、I found all my classmates were busy studying Entering the classroom, I found all my classmates were busy studying 翻译练习：我们迷路了，这使我们的野营旅行变成了一次冒险。 Our camping trip turned into an adventure when we got lost. 天气转晴了，这是我们没有想到的。 The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect. 狼是高
32、度群体化的动物，它们的成功依赖于合作。 Wolves are highly social animals whose success depends upon their cooperation.各类题型写作结构及模板1. 对比观点型写作结构 模板1）先提出某问题有两种不同观点；2）先讨论第一个观点；3）然后讨论相反的观点；4）最后给出自己的观点。Recently, we had a discussion about _（主题）. There are two opposite opinions about it. Those who favour the idea think/Some stu
33、dents hold the view for the reason/ some students agree to the point that_(理由 1). What is more, _(理由 2). Moreover, _(理由 3).On the other hand, the majority of people believe that/ Those who are against the idea think Firstly, _. Secondly, _.Personally/ from my point of view/ as far as I am concerned/
34、 I think2. 阐述主题型写作结构 模板从一句话或主题出发，按提纲进行论述。1）先阐述主题蕴含的意义；2）分析举例说明，使其更充实；3）最后阐明自己的观点立场。（阐明主题）The good saying “” reminds us that _（释义）. Indeed, we can learn many things from it.（举例说明）First of all, _(理由 1). For example, _(举例说明). Secondly, _(理由 2). Another case is that _(举例说明). Furthermore, _( 理由 3). （个人观点
35、）In my opinion, _. In short, whatever you do, please remember the saying “”. If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you will benefit a lot from it. 3. 解决问题型写作结构 模板要求: 列出解决问题的多种途径1）说明问题的现状或严重性；2）如何解决（不同解决方案的优缺点） ；3）我对解决问题有信心In recent years, we face a problem _（某种问题）, which is becomi
36、ng more and more serious. First, _（现状 1）. Second, _（现状 2）.We should take a serious of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, _. For another, _. Finally, _.Personally, I believe that _. Consequently, I am confident that the problem will be settled in a satisfying way. 4. 说明利弊型写
37、作结构 模板1)说明现状；2）对两种情况优缺点进行比较；3）我对现状的看法Nowadays, many people prefer to do _. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First, _. Besides, _.But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also obvious. One of the important disadvantage is that _. To make matters worse, _.Through the abo
38、ve analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to _. Only in this way can we do5. 社会问题、现象型写作结构 模板1) 先列出具体的社会问题或现象；2）分析产生的原因和影响；3）提出解决办法，预测前景。Nowadays, there exists a serious social/economic/environmental problem. _ has increasingly become a comm
39、on concern of the public. According to a survey, _.There are a couple of reasons for this problem/ phenomenon. For one thing, _; for another, _. What is more, _._ has caused great impact on the society and our daily life, which has been popular in the following aspect. First, _; second, _.Based on t
40、he above discussions, I think we should 6. 图表作文写作结构 模板1）说明图表信息；2）阐述图表信息背后的原因；3）解决方案或我的观点模板 1：As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table/ graph/picture/ chart, _（作文议题） has been on the rise/decrease (go up/ increase/drop) significantly/ dramatically/steadily in_. From the
41、decline/rise in the picture, it goes without saying that _.There are at least two good reasons accounting for _. On the one hand, _. On the other hand, _ is due to the fact that _. In addition, _is responsible for _. In my opinion, I hold the view that _. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-
42、grounded.模板 2：It is obvious in the table that the rate/number/ amount of _ has undergone dramatic changes. It has gone up/grown/ fallen/ dropped considerably in recent years. At the point of _, it reaches the peak.What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are 3 reasons behind the situation re
43、flected in the table. First of all, _. More importantly, _. Most important of all, _.From the above, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the future. The trend in the table will continue for quite a long time (if necessary measure are not taken). 7. 原因说明文写作结构 模板1) 提出论题和现状；2）说明理由；3）总结前文，表达立场。These days we often hear that _. It is common that _.As we know, _. For one thing, _; for anther, _. What is more, _. We should do something such as_ to improve the present situation. Only in this way can we do
