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1、,专四要奋斗 知识齐分享,主讲人:XXX,弄清几个“but”的相关短语,anything but, nothing but, all but, none but 这些短语均由代词加前置词but(除开)构成,但含义各不相同。 1.anything but :(=not at all, by no means, never)表示“决不,根本不”。 例如:She is anything but a beauty.(她一点也不漂亮。) 2.nothing but :(=only)表示“只不过,除了以外什么也没有”。 例如:They did nothing but complain.(他们只知道抱怨。)

2、 3.all but :(=almost, nearly)表示“几乎,差一点”。 例如:She all but fainted when she heard the news.(听到那消息,她差点晕过去。) 4.none but :(=no one except)表示“只有;除外谁也不”。 例如:None but my mother fully understands my condition.(最了解我的情况的人不是别人正是我的母亲。),nevertheless , while , but , however, yet, whereas,still这些连词或副词均含“但是,可是,然而,而”之

3、意1.nevertheless : 指尽管作出完全让步,也不会发生任何影响。eg:What you said was true but nevertheless unkind.你所说的都对,不过有点不客气。2.while : 表对比,一般可与whereas换用,但程度弱一些。eg:One lost a leg, another an arm, while a third was killed outright. 一个人折了一只腿,一个人丢了一只胳膊,另一个人呢,当场死了。3.but : 口语常用词,语气较强,泛指与前述情况相反。eg:The watch was cheap, but it go

4、es quite well.这块表虽然便宜,但走得很好。4.however : 表转折关系,语气稍弱于but,连接性也弱一些,因而常作插入语。eg:Later, however, he made up his mind to go.可是,后来他决定去了。5.yet : 常用于否定句,语气比still稍强。指不管作出多大努力或让步,仍达不到预期的结果。eg:He said he hadnt received a letter from her yet.他说他至今尚未收到她的信。6.whereas : 表对比,一般可与while互换。eg:Some praise him, whereas othe

5、rs condemn him.有些人赞扬他,而有些人谴责他。7.still : 语气强,多用于肯定句或疑问句。指尽管作出让步,采取措施或表示反对,但情况仍然如故,无所改变。eg:Although she felt ill, she still went to work.她虽然觉得身体不舒服,但仍然去上班了。,accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore(thus) 这些连接副词均有“因此,所以”之意1)accordingly :书面用词,强调根据某种原因而得出的结果,其前可用冒号或分号,但不用逗号。 eg: He was told to spe

6、ak briefly; accordingly he cut short his remarks. (人家叫他说话简短, 于是他就长话短说了。) 2)consequently :正式用词,侧重符合逻辑的结果。 eg: She was a bright and eager student and, consequently, did well in school.(她是个聪明好学的学生, 因此学习成绩很好。) 3)hence :较正式用词,指接下来的东西是理所当然的必需的东西,但强调其重要性。 eg: Its handmade and hence expensive. (这是手工做的, 因此很贵

7、。) 4)so :用于比较随便的场合,口语中多用。 eg: 1.The dog was hungry, so we fed it.(狗饿了, 所以我们喂它。) 2.I gave you a map so you wouldnt get lost.( 我给你一张地图, 这样你就不会迷路了。) 5)therefore :通常指引出一个推断出的必然结论。可与thus相互替换。 eg: They therefore can do nothing good of themselves.(所以他们靠自己是什么好事也做不成的。),辨别“真伪”,artificial, false, synthetic, ma

8、n-made 这些形容词均有“人造的,非自然的”之意。 1.artificial :指模仿天然材料由人工制造的东西,侧重真伪对比。 例如:The new dam will form a large artificial lake behind it.(新筑的水坝将会在后面形成一个人工湖。) 2.false :指因缺失而补上的替代物,有时也指伪装的。 例如:I think his documents are false.(我认为他的证件是伪造的。) The actor in role of an old man wearsfalse whiskers.(扮演老头的演员戴着假胡子。) 3.synt

9、hetic与artificial近义,但前者强调通过化学作用或化学处理把几种物质复制成与原材料截然不同的新产品。 例如:Its the synthetic diamond.(这是人造钻石。) 4.man-made :指完全用人工制造,不含仿造和真伪对比的意味。 例如:Man-made substances cannt be found in the nature.(人造物质在自然界中找不到。),各种“事情”“事件”“事故”要分清,accident, incident, event, occurrence, happening 这些名词均有“事故、事件”之意。 1)accident :强调偶然或

10、意外发生的不幸事情。 eg: An awful accident has happened.(发生了一起可怕的意外事故。) 2)incident :既可指小事件或附带事件,又可指政治上具有影响的事件或事变。 eg: The demonstration proceeded without incident.(游行示威进行时没有出事。) 3)event :可指任何大小事件,但尤指历史上的重大事件。 eg: The new book was the cultural event of the year.(这本新书的出版是今年文化界的大事。) 4)occurrence 和 happening 这两个词

11、多指日常生活中发生的一般事件,有时也指偶然发生的事。 eg: Newspapers record the chief occurrences of the day.(纸报道了当天发生的大事。) I know nothing at all about the recent happenings there.(对那里近来发生的事我一点儿也不知道。),affair, business, matter, concern, thing 这些名词均含“事情”之意。 1. affair :含义较广,侧重指已发生或必须去做的任何事情或事务。复数形式多指重大或较复杂的事务。 例句:The exhibition

12、will be a big affair. 这次展出将是一个盛举。 2. business :通常指较重要或较难而又必须承担的事情,也可指商事。 例句:A teachers business is to help children learn. 教师的本分是帮助孩子学习。 3. matter :普通用词,着重指一件考虑中的或需要处理的事。 例句:This is a matter I know little about. 这件事我不太知道。 4. concern :往往强调与个人或团体利害有直接或重大关系的事。 例句:The most important concern for our comp

13、any is to arrange the conference with our foreign investors. 我公司最重要事宜是安排同外商的会谈。 5. thing :用作“事情”解时,词义较笼统、含糊,多用于指不很具体的事。 例句:This is a miraculous thing. 这真是奇怪的事。,集体名词的“类”与“群 ”,表示“类”的集体名词常见的有: clothing;furniture;baggage/luggage;jewelry;traffic;infomation;machinery;merchandise;produce;scenery 它们指同一类的许多东

14、西,其用法与不可数名词相当:形式上总是单数,没有复数形式,作主语时,谓语用单数。 如:The old machinery is out of date. 这些旧机器过时了。不可直接与a(n)或数词连用。表数量时用much,little,some,a piece of,an article of等。 如: Each room has five pieces of furniture. 每个房间有五件家具。 若需用代词,用单数代词。 如: Do you want to see my jewelry?It is in the box. 你想看我的珠宝吗?它在我的箱子里。,表示“群”的集体名词常见的有

15、:,() people;police;cattle;poultry;vermin;clergy;militia () family;class;team;government;vrowd;committee;crew;jury;party;firm;couple;board;group;gang;enemy;union;audience;public;mankind;humanity;youth 上述()部分的词作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数。 如:The police are looking for him.警察当局正在找他。 上述()部分的词把集体当作一个整体时,用作单数;若考虑构成这些集体

16、的各个成员时,看作复数。 My family is a large one。我家是个大家庭。 My family are all workers。 我的家人都是工人。 上述()部分的词以及public,church,audience,mankind,humanity等通常只有单数形式,也不能直接加a(n)(audience除外);其中clergy,public,church,youth,police等的前面通常要加the。 把一个集体名词看作单数或复数,要注意前后一致。The team is famous for its(不能用their) long history. 该对以历史悠久而闻名。

17、He has joined the football team who are (不可用which is) all famous footballers. 他参加了一个队员全是著名足球选手的那个足球队。,专四常见名词和介词搭配短语,absence from 缺席,不在 absence of 缺乏 attempt at 尝试,企图 acquaintance with 相识,了解 affection for/towards 爱,喜欢 admission to /into 进入,入(场,学,会) admission of sth 承认 anxiety for sth 渴望 appeal to sb

18、for sth 恳求,呼吁 appeal for 魅力,吸引 appetite for 对的欲望 application of 把应用于 attraction for 对的吸引力 barrier to 的障碍 candidate for 候选人,人选 claim for sth要求 complaint of /about 报怨,控告 compromise between/on 折中,妥协 concern about/for/over担心 consent to sth 同意 contest for sth 争夺,竞争 contradiction between 矛盾,不一致 credit for

19、 sth 荣誉,赞扬 damage to sth 损坏 decision on/against 做/不做的决定 delegate to 参加的代表 departure from 离开 doubt about 怀疑 fancy for sth 喜爱 enthusiasm about/for 热情 envy of sb 嫉妒 exception to 的例外 gratitude to sb 感激 guess at sth 猜测 hatred for/of 仇恨 hazard to 危险 hunger for 渴望 independence from 独立,自主 inquiry about 对的查询

20、 interaction with sth 相互作用 inteference in/with 干涉,阻碍 memorial to sth 纪念(物) obstacle to sth 障碍(物) opponent of sth 的障碍patience with 对有耐心 passion for 对的强烈爱好,热爱 precaution against预防, proposal for sth 建议防备 preface to 的前言 preparation for 准备 preference to sth 优先 proposal for sth 建议 ratio of sth to sth 比率 r

21、eference to 提及,参考 regard for 对的注意,尊重 remedy for 补救,解决 reputation for名声,名气 research on/into 对的研究,调查 restraint on sb/sth 限制,约束 resistance to 对的抵抗,阻力 responsibility for 责任,负责 restraint on sb/sth 限制,约束 sympathy for 对的同情 sympathy with 对的赞同 taste in 对的审美能力 taste for 对的爱好,喜爱 wish for 欲望,愿望,意想不到的“意思”,delica

22、te, fine, subtle 这3个形容词均含“微妙的,细微的”之意。 delicate : 侧重指需要谨慎处理和对待。 This has been regarded as a delicate subject.(这已被认为是一项棘手的问题.) fine : 隐含“不易察觉的”意味。 The law makes fine distinctions.(法律做出细致的区别。) subtle : 侧重有洞察、领悟事物细微差别以及微妙关系的能力。 Her whole attitude had undergone a subtle change.(她的整个态度发生了微妙的变化。)descend, d

23、rop, fall, sink 这些动词都表示“落下,下降”之意。 descend : 通常指沿斜线或斜坡下降。 They descended the slope towards the hamlet.(他们顺坡下山, 向那个村子走去。) drop : 指物体从一定高度落下。 The apple blossom is beginning to drop.(苹果树上的花开始落了。) fall与drop同义,指突然或猛烈地降落,但fall也可指任何下落,同高度或形式无关。 The leaves begin to fall when autumn comes.(秋天来临时, 树叶开始落下。) sin

24、k : 指在空气或水中垂直下降、下沉。 The sun is sinking in the west.(太阳西下。),direct, conduct, guide, lead, pilot这些动词都含“引导”之意。 direct : 指为某人指方向,但自己不一定亲自引路,也可表示指导一群人的事或活动。 Sign posts direct travelers.(路标给游客指路。) conduct : 正式用词,指引导某人去某处,强调亲自带领;也强调监督管理一群有共同目的或目标的人。 He conducted the members of the audience to their seats.

25、(他引观众到他们的座位上。) guide : 普通用词,可与conduct换用,指引导者与被引导者双方彼此合作,共同努力的关系。 He flashed a torch to guide me.(他用手电筒为我引路。) lead : 指走在前面给某人引路或带路人共同去达到某一目标。用于抽象意义时,指在某项活动或运动中起主导和组织作用。 Ill lead; you must follow me.(我带路, 你一定得跟着我。) pilot : 从原义“为飞机、轮船导航”借喻为指亲自带领某人去某处。 Tom didnt like to pilot the boat.(汤姆不愿为这只船领航。),dest

26、iny, fate, lot, doom, luck, fortune 这些名词均有“命运”或“运气”之意。 destiny : 普通用词,侧重预先注定的命运,对未来命运的美好憧憬。 Nobody knows his own destiny.(没有人知道自己的命运。) fate : 较庄严用词,多指不幸的命运,暗示不可避免,令人畏惧和人的意志无法改变,宿命论色彩较浓。 I dont believe in fate.(我不相信命运。) lot : 多指偶然的运气或终身遭受的不幸命运。 Her lot has been a hard one.(她命苦。) doom : 指最终的,常常是灾难性或毁灭

27、性的命运,隐含不可避免的意味。 The report on our economic situation is full of doom and gloom.(这份关于我们经济状况的报告充满了令人绝望和沮丧的调子。) luck : 普通日常用词,指好的或坏的运气,尤多指好运气,有时也指成功或愉快的结局。 Ill try my luck.(我要碰碰运气。) fortune : 普通用词,指由机会或运气来决定的一种命运,如暗示一种比fate好的运气或一种愉快的未来。 By a stroke of fortune, he won the competition.(他靠运气在竞赛中获胜了。),defe

28、nd, protect, safeguard, guard, shield, shelter, harbor 这些动词均有“保护、保卫”之意。 defend : 普通用词,指用武力或其它措施使人或物不受损害,消除危险。用作比喻时,指坚持某种行动、决定或意见。 They defended very well in the game.(在那场比赛中他们防守得很好。) protect : 普通用词,指用某种手段作为防御工具以防危险或伤害。 The troops were there to protect the townspeople.(部队驻扎在那里以保护市民。) safeguard : 语气强,

29、指采取积极措施预防可能发生的一切攻击或危险。 Their political rights must be safeguarded.(他们的政治利益必须得到保证。) guard : 普通用词,指保持警惕以防可能的攻击或伤害。 The soldiers guarded the prince whenever he left the palace.(每当王子离开皇宫, 士兵们都要保护他。) shield : 语气比protect强,但侧重防止迫在眉睫的攻击或伤害。 These trees will shield off arid winds and protect the fields.(这些树能

30、挡住旱风, 保护农田。) shelter : 通常指寻找安全地方躲避风雨或使人免遭危害。 He sheltered himself behind a hedge.(他躲在树篱后面。) harbor : 贬义词,指隐匿或非法保护、窝藏。 Its an offence to harbor the criminals.(窝藏罪犯是犯罪行为。),delay, postpone, defer, suspend, prolong, put off 这些动词或短语动词均有“推延,延期”之意。 delay : 普通用词,多指因外界原因推迟或耽误,也可指有意推迟。 My delay in going abroa

31、d is due to my illness.(我推迟出国是因为我生病了。) postpone : 正式用词,语气较强,多指有安排的延期,常指明延期到一定的时间。 They postponed leaving because of the weather.(他们因天气原因而延迟离开。) defer : 正式用词,语气强于postpone,多指故意拖延。 The department deferred the decision for six months.(这个部门推迟了六个月才作决定。) suspend : 指暂时中断以待某种条件的实现。 Both sides in the conflict

32、 have agreed temporarily to suspend hostilities.(冲突双方同意暂时停火。) prolong : 指把时间延长至超过正常或通常的限度。 Two countries prolonged signing an agreement until details could be agreed on.(两国推迟签约直到就细节达成协议。) put off : 口语用词,与postpone同义,但较通俗。 The appointment was put off because of his illness.(由于他生病而推迟了约会。),agree, consen

33、t, approve, comply, subscribe 这些动词均含“同意、赞同”之意。 1. agree :普通用词,侧重指对某事同其他人有相同的意见或想法。 例如:They agreed to reserve four tickets for us.(他们答应给我们留四张票。) 2. consent :指同意别人的请求、建议或满足他人的愿望,着重意愿或感情,常和to连用。 例如:Her parents refused their consent to the marriage.(她的父母对这桩婚姻持反对态度。) 3. approve :侧重对认为正确或满意的事表示赞同或批准。作不及物动

34、词用时,常与of连用。 例如:The firms directors quickly approved of the new idea.(公司的董事们很快赞同了这个想法。) 4. comply :指答应某人已经提出或可能要求做的某事,与with连用。 例如:She was told to pay the fine, but refused to comply.(她被通知交纳罚款, 但她拒不服从。) 5. subscribe :指完全地赞成已阐明的立场。多用于比较愿意支持一种立场或为一种立场所辩护的情况。 例如:I heartily subscribe to that sentiment.(我十

35、分赞同那个观点。),倒装结构 1.下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时,若置于句首,句子的主谓要部分倒装: hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, in vain, still less 如:In vain did they try to get in touch with the Embassy.2.以only修饰状语开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装 Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion.3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装

36、often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point,many a time. 如: So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.,4.以下列副词开头的句子,句子的主谓要全部倒装 (1)出于修辞需要,表示方向的副词:out,

37、 down, in, up, away, on。如: Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him. (2)出于习惯用法:here, there, now, thus, hence, then。如: Now is your turn. There goes the bell. 5.让步从句的倒装 (1)as引导让步状语从句,必须采用倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如: Much as I have traveled, I have never seen a

38、nyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job. (2)出现在句型be+主语+其他, come what may(不管发生什么事情)中。如: Our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledgebe it scientific or artistic. The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. Come what may, Ill

39、 be on your side. 6.比较从句的倒装 as, than引导的比较从句中,如果主语是名词短语且较长,经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以)。注意:这种结构主语一般为名词,如果是代词则不倒装。如: Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce. Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.,我喜欢的名人名言,Every single thing that has ever happened in your life is pr

40、eparing you for a moment that is yet to come-.我们人生中发生的点点滴滴,都让我们做好准备迎接即将到来的一切。Do not , for one repulse , give up the purpose that you resolved to effect .(William Shakespeare , British dramatist)- 不要只因一次失败,就放弃你原来决心想达到的目的。(英国剧作家 莎士比亚.W.)The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts

41、of today .(Franklin Roosevelt , American president) 实现明天理想的唯一障碍是今天的疑虑。 (美国总统 罗斯福. F .)If you wish to succeed , you should use persistence as your good friend , experience as your reference , prudence as your brother and hope as your sentry. (Thomas Edison , American inventor )-如果你希望成功,当以恒心为良友、以经验为参谋

42、、以谨慎为兄弟、以希望为哨兵。 (美国发明家 爱迪生. T.)As fruit needs not only sunshine but cold nights and chilling showers to ripen it, so character needs not only joy but trial and difficulty to mellow it. (Hugh Black, American writer) -水果不仅需要阳光,也需要凉夜。寒冷的雨水能使其成熟。人的性格陶冶不仅需要欢乐,也需要考验和困难。(美国作家 布莱克 H),A man, like a watch, is

43、 to be valued by this manner of going. 一个人,正如一个时钟,是以他的行动来定其价值的。 William Penn(英国海军上将佩)Life has its ups and downs. You will never fully appreciate the ups unless you have some downs人生充满了起起落落,没有在低处历练过的人,也无法享受高处的快感。“Looking at what has been taken from us is a bad way to go through life, Looking for what

44、 we can give to others is far better。”关注你所失去的只会让人生痛苦不堪,关注你能给予的才会让人生充满意义。绝望的主妇Dont pray for life to be easy, but pray for yourself to be strong. -不要祈祷生活能简单,该祈求的是自己能更坚强 Enjoy the ride. You only have one ride through life so make the most of it and enjoy it. -珍惜你的人生之旅。每个人只能有一次这样的人生旅行,尽你所能地享受珍惜你的人生吧。Lif

45、e is not the amount of breaths you take. Its the moments that take your breath away.“ -人生本质不在于你活了多久,而是那些令你怦然心动的时刻。,1 开头技巧一:名人名言 A proverb says, “you are only young once.” (适用于已记住的名言) It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. (适用于只记住大致意思的名言) 更多经典句型:As everyone knows, no one can deny tha

46、t 2 开头技巧二:数字统计 ccording to a recent survey, about 78.9 of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. 更多句型:A recent statistics shows that 1对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法, 适用于有争议性的主题. 例如 1) When asked about., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that . But

47、 I think/view a bit differently. 2) When it comes to , some people believe that . Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements , but (I tend to the proffer/latter .) 3) Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged

48、 that They claim/believe/argue that . But I wonder/doubt whether. 2 现象法: 引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论 . 1) Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) . has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/worldwide concern. 2) Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of .has been brought into focus. ( has been brought to public attention) 3)Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality . is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.,

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