1、Chapter 1 Introduction to Process EquipmentKey TermsAxial bearings 轴向轴承: devices designed to prevent back-and-forth movement of a shaft; also called thrust bearings.Boiler 锅炉: a type of fired furnace used to boil water and produce steam; also known as a steam generator.Compressors 压缩机: mechanical de
2、vices designed to accelerate or compress gases; classified as positive displacement or dynamic.Coupling 联轴器: a device that attaches the drive shaft of a motor or steam turbine to a pump, compressor, or generator.Driver: a device designed to provide rotational energy to driven equipment.Heat exchange
3、r 换热器: an energy-transfer device designed to transfer energy in form of heat from a hotter fluid to a cooler fluid without physical contact between the two fluids.Pumps 泵: devices designed to move liquids from one place to another; classified as positive displacement or dynamic.Reactor 反应器: a device
4、 used to combine raw materials, heat, pressure, and catalysts in the right proportions to form chemical bonds that create new products.Steam turbine 蒸汽轮机: an energy-conversion device that converts steam energy(kinetic energy) to useful mechanical energy; used as drivers to turn pumps, compressors, a
5、nd electric generators.Valve 阀: a device used to stop, start, restrict(throttle), or direct the flow of fluids.Questions:1. Identify the purpose of a steam turbineThe purpose of a steam turbine is to converts kinetic energy to useful mechanical energy in order to drive pumps, compressors, and electr
6、ic generators. (P9)2. Describe the importance of equipment lubrication.Lubrication protects the moving parts of equipment, helps remove heat generated and provides a fluid barrier between the metals parts to reduce friction, thus ensuring the good operation of process equipment. (P10)3. Explain the
7、purpose of bearings and seals.Bearings prevent up-and-down and side-to-side or back-and-forth movement of a rotating shaft.Seals prevent leakage between internal compartments in a rotating piece of equipment. (P10)Rotary equipment uses seals and bearings to maintain operation integrity. (P20)4. What
8、 is the difference between rotary and stationary equipment?Rotary equipment is characterized by a circular movement and is composed of a driver, a connector, and the driven equipment. (P4)However, stationary equipment is static. (自己编的)5. How is power transmission in rotary equipment classified?Power
9、 transmission in rotary equipment is classified as speed-to-torque conversion or torque-to-speed conversion. (P6)Chapter 2 ValvesKey TermsCheck valves 止回阀: mechanical valves that prevent reverse flow in piping.Control valves: automated valves used to regulate and throttle flow; typically provide the
10、 final control element of a control loop.Disc 阀瓣 : a device made of metal or ceramic that fits snugly in the seat of a valve to control flow.Gate valve 闸阀: a device that places a movable metal gate in the path of a process flow.Globe valve 止通阀: a device that places a disc in the path of a process fl
11、ow.Safety/relief valve 安全/释放阀 : device set to a automatically relieve pressure in a closed system at a predetermined set point; relief valve valves are used for liquids; safety valves are used for gases.Stuffing box 填料函: the section of a valve that contains packing.Throttling 节流: reducing or regulat
12、ing flow below the maximum output of a valve.Trim: the flow-control element and seats in a valve.Questions:6. Explain the purpose of valves in industrial manufacturing.The primary purpose of a valve is to direct and control the flow of fluids by starting, stopping, and throttling (restricting) flow
13、to make processing possible. (P25)7. Identify the basic components of a gate valve.P27 Figure 2.28. List the main types of valves.Gate valves. Globe valves. Ball valves. Check valves. Butterfly valves. Plug valves. Diaphragm valves. Relief and safety valves. Automatic valves.9. Compare a relief valv
14、e to a safety valve.Relief valve valves are used for liquids; safety valves are used for gases.10. List the four types of check valves.Swing check valve. Lift check valve. Ball check valve. Stop check valve.Chapter 3 Tanks, Piping, and VesselsKey TermsAlloy 合金: a material composed of two or more met
15、als or a metal and a nonmetal.Blind 盲板: a device used in piping to gain complete shutoff.Butt-weld piping: pipe on which the parts to be joined are the same diameter and simply welded together.Corrosion 腐蚀: electrochemical reactions between metal surfaces and fluids that result in the gradual wearin
16、g away of the metal.Flanges 法兰: used to connect piping to equipment or where piping may have to be disconnected; consist of two mating plates fastened with bolts to compress a gasket between.Floating-roof tank: has an open top and a pan-like structure that floats on top of the liquid and moves up an
17、d down inside the tank with each change in liquid level.Grounding: is described as procedure designed to connect and object to the earth with a copper wire and a grounding rod.Radiographic inspection: use of X-rays to locate defects in metals in much the same manner as an X-ray is taken of a broken
18、bone.Socket-welded piping: type of piping in which the pipe is inserted into a larger fitting before being welded to another part.Tank farm 罐区: a collection of tanks used to store and transport raw materials and products.Questions:11. List the different types of aboveground storage found in a tank f
19、arm.Low, medium, high pressure. (P51)12. What two types of blinds do we use?Paddle blinds and figure-eight blinds. (P64)13. How does increased temperature affect the performance of metals?In general, as temperature increases, the strength of metals decreases and corrosion rate increases. (P66)14. Wh
20、at is an alloy steel?Steel that contains alloy elements is called alloy steel. (自己编的)15. What is corrosion, and how is it manifested?Corrosion is electrochemical reactions between metal surfaces and fluids that result in the gradual wearing away of the metal (定义). In a word, corrosion is metal loss.
21、 (P60)Corrosion attack manifests itself in many ways, such as general loss of metal, pitting, grooving, cracking, or other kinds of selective attack. (P60)Chapter 4 PumpsKey TermsCentrifugal pumps 离心泵 : a dynamic pump that accelerates fluid in a circular motion.Impeller 叶轮 : a device attached to the
22、 shaft of a centrifugal pump that imparts velocity and pressure to a liquid.Positive displacement 正位移、容积式: class of equipment such as pumps and compressors that move specific amounts of fluid from one place to another; can be rotary or reciprocating.Priming 灌液: becoming filled with fluid.Pulsation d
23、ampener 缓冲器 : a device installed close to a pump, in the suction or discharge line, to reduce pressure variations.Reciprocating pump 往复泵: a positive displacement pump that uses a plunger, piston, or diaphragm moving in a back-and-forth motion to physically displace a specific amount of fluid in a ch
24、amber.Rotary pump 回转泵: a positive displacement pump that uses rotating elements to move fluids.Slip 泄漏: the percentage of fluid that leaks or slips past the internal clearance of a pump over a given time.Vapor lock 气缚 : condition in which a pump loses liquid prime and the impellers rotate in vapor.Q
25、uestions:16. Describe the scientific principles associated with centrifugal pump operation and identify key components.P8917. List the various types of rotary pumps.Screw pump, external gear, internal gear, sliding vane, flexible vane, lobe pumps.18. List the various types of reciprocating pumps.Pis
26、ton, plunger, diaphragm.19. What are the advantages of centrifugal pumps?Centrifugal pumps are cheaper and require less maintenance and space.They will operate with a constant head pressure over a wide capacity range.It is easier to change the element on a centrifugal pump than on a PD pump, and it
27、is easier to change the driver.A final advantage is the adaptability of the selected driver-variable horsepower and fixed or variable speed. (P92)Chapter 5 CompressorsKey TermsAftercooler 后冷却器 : a heat-exchange device designed to remove excess heat from the discharge side of a multistage compressor.
28、Compression ratio: the ratio of discharge pressure(psia) to suction pressure(psia). Multistage compressors use a compression ratio in the 3 to 4 range, with the same approximate compression ratio in rach stage.Demister 除雾器: a cyclone-type device used to swirl and remove moisture from a gas.Dryer: re
29、moves moisture from gas.Lobe compressor 罗茨压缩机: a rotary compressor that contains kidney bean-shaped impellers.Oil separator: removes oil from compressed gases.Stage: each cylinder in a compressor; specifically, the area where gas is compressed.Questions:20. List the two types of compressors.Dynamic,
30、 positive displacement, thermal.21. List the three rotary compressors.Rotary screw, lobe compressor, liquid ring, sliding vane, scroll.22. List the basic components of a centrifugal compressor. P12123. List the main difference between a single-stage and a multistage compressor.Single-stage compresso
31、rs compress the gas once, whereas multistage compressors deliver the discharge of one stage to the suction of another stage. Single-stage compressors are designed for high gas flow rates and low discharge pressures; multistage compressors are designed for high gas flow rates and high discharge press
32、ures. (P121)24. What is the difference between dynamic and positive displacement compressors? Dynamic compressors operate by accelerating the gas and converting the energy to pressure. They can deliver much higher flow rates than PD compressors. Positive displacement compressors operate by trapping
33、a specific amount of gas and forcing it into a smaller volume. (P140)Chapter 7 Heat ExchangersKey TermsCondenser 冷凝器: a shell-and-tube heat exchanger used to cool and condense hot vapors.Conduction 传导: the means of heat transfer through a solid, nonporous material resulting from molecular vibration.
34、 Conduction can also occur between closely packed molecules.Convection 对流 : the means of heat transfer in fluids resulting from currenst.Counterflow 逆流: refers to the movement of two flow streams in opposite directions; also called countercurrent flow.Fixed head 固定头: a term applied to a shell-and-tu
35、be heat exchanger that has the tube sheet firmly attached to the shell.Laminar flow 层流: streamline flow that is more or less unbroken; layers of liquid flowing in a parallel path.Radiant heat transfer 辐射传热: conveyance of heat by electromagnetic waves from a source to receivers.Reboiler 再沸器: a heat e
36、xchanger used to add heat to a liquid that was once boiling until the liquid boils again.Shell-and-tube heat exchange 管壳式换热器: a heat exchanger that has a cylindrical shell surrounding a tube bundle.Turbulent flow 湍流: random movement or mixing in swirls and eddies of a fluid.Questions:25. What is a h
37、eat exchanger?A heat exchanger is an energy-transfer device designed to transfer energy in form of heat from a hotter fluid to a cooler fluid without physical contact between the two fluids. (第一章)26. What is meant by the term floating head?Floating head heat exchangers are designed for high temperat
38、ure differentials above 200 (93.33). During operation, one tube is fixed and the other “floats” inside the shell. The floating end is not attached to the shell and is free to expand. (P163)27. List five types of heat exchangers.Pipe coil exchangers, double-pipe heat exchangers, shell-and-tube heat e
39、xchangers, reboilers, plate-and-frame heat exchangers, air-cooled heat exchangers, spiral heat exchangers.28. Explain the purpose of using finned tubes in heat exchangers.Fins provide more surface area and allow greater heat transfer to take place. (P172)29. Contrast parallel and series flow through
40、 a heat exchanger.In series flow, the tube-side flow in a multipass heat exchanger is discharged into the tube-side flow of the second exchanger. This discharge route could be switched to shell side or tube side depending on how the exchanger is in service. The principle is that the flow passes thro
41、ugh one exchanger before it goes to another. In parallel flow, the process flow goes through multiple exchangers at the same time. (P167)Chapter 8 Cooling TowersKey TermsAir intake louvers 进风口: slats located at the bottom or sides of a cooling tower to direct airflow.Basin 水池/槽: concrete storage com
42、partment or catch basin located at the bottom of the cooling tower.Blowdown 排污/清洗: a process of controlling the level of suspected solids in a cooling tower by removing a certain amount of water from the basin and replacing it with makeup water.Capacity 可冷却的水量: the amount of water a cooling tower ca
43、n cool.Cooling towers 冷却塔: are evaporative coolers specifically designed to cool water or other mediums to the ambient wet-bulb air temperature.Drift eliminators 收水器: devices used in a cooling tower to keep water from blowing out.Evaporate 蒸发: to turn to vapor; evaporation removes heat energy from h
44、ot water.Forced-draft 强制通风: type of mechanical-draft cooling tower that uses fans to push air into the tower.Induced-draft 诱导通风: type of mechanical-draft cooling tower that uses fans to push air out of the tower.Questions:30. List and describe the basic components of a cooling tower.Water distributi
45、on header, splash bars, fill, basin, cooling water supply header, process exchangers, cooling water return header, drift eliminator. (P195 自己看着抽出来的)31. Describe the relationship between heat exchangers and a cooling tower.In the manufacturing environment, heat exchangers and cooling towers work hand
46、 in hand to create a water-cooling system. Balabala (P200)32. List five factors that affect the efficiency of a cooling tower.Evaporation, relative humidity, temperature, wind velocity, tower design, water contamination. (P194)33. Which tower is most efficient: forced-draft or induced-draft? Why?Ind
47、uced-draft. In an induced-draft cooling tower, the tower fan, located on the top of the tower, produces discharge rates strong enough to lift the hot air above the tower, so hot air is not recirculated into the tower. However, in a forced-draft cooling tower, the exiting air slows so much that it is recirculated back into the tower, cutting efficiency by 20%. (P198, 199)
