1、句子成分学习写句子之前，我们必须先了解句子成分的具体概念。这是掌握英语书面表达技巧的前提。句子成分和词类是不同的概念。句子成分是指单词、短语在一个完整的句子中的功能；词类是指单词的分类属性，如名词、代词、动词、形容词等。,一个句子至少必须具备两个基本成分，即主语部分和谓语部分。一个没有附属成分和独立成分的句子仍然可以是一个完整的句子。The bus is coming主语+ 谓语动词 Mary is an experienced teacher. 主语 + 谓语动词 + 定语+ 表语(附属成分) The students are working hard.主语 + 谓语动词 + 状语(附属成分
2、),一、主语主语(subject)是一个句子的主题(theme)，也就是一个句子所表达的思想观念的主体或出发点。在陈述句中，主语的位置通常是在句子的开端。主语的主要类型包括：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词或-ed分词、不定式、 -ing分词和(主语)从句等。1名词充当主语。Young people love pop musicOld people prefer classical music,2代词充当主语。如：It rains quite often in springShe was in a bad mood 3 数词充当主语。如：Two plus two makes fourFive
3、will be enough 4名词化的形容词或-ed分词充当主语。如： The disabled are well taken care of,5不定式充当主语。如：To work out these problems is no easy j obIts not easy to look after a sick old man6-ing分词充当主语。如：Spitting in public is not allowedBeing with you is terrificIts no use crying over the spilt milk(形式)主语 (真正的)主语,7从句充当主语(
4、该从句称作主语从句)。That Miss Gray speaks Chinese surprised us all关联词主语(从句)How the Cartoon became an instant hit is a long story关联词主语(从句),二、谓语谓语(predicate)用来说明主语的动作、行为以及状态。在陈述句中，谓语动词位于主语之后。谓语动词是谓语部分的中心，谓语动词和谓语二者不完全是同一概念。只是人们习惯上把它们统称为“谓语”或“动词”。谓语部分是对主语所作的说明，是说话的人要传递的信息，包括谓语动词、宾语、补语及状语。谓语动词的主要类型：单一动词、动词短语 1单一动
5、词充当谓语。They laughed in the endWho broke it?,2动词短语充当谓语。The students are singing(进行时)These young guys dont want to stay home (助动词+否定词+动词)We can do it better(情态动词+动词)We were asked to stop immediately(被动语态)We take a hot bath every dayP1ease have a look at the new lab,三. 表语表语(predicative)用来表述主语的特征、身份和状态，常
6、被称作主语补足语(subject complement)。在陈述句中，它的位置在连系动词(1ink verb)之后。“连系动词+表语，叫做系表结构。连系动词犹如形式上的谓语，真正起谓语作用的是表语。表语的主要类型：名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、-ing分词、-ed分词、介词短语和从句等。,1名词充当表语。如： Its a shame that you should(竟然会) cheat Ill become a pilot when I grow up 2代词充当表语。如：The glasses on the desk are mineWhose is that hat? 3形容词充当表语
7、。如：Even on holidays，the students seem busyYour dreams may come(达到、变成某种状态) true,4副词充当表语。如：The sun is up Is anybody in? 5不定式充当表语。如：Your job is to stay alert (警觉的;警惕的) to any possible dangersTeachers of Chinese often appear to be younger 连系动词seem，appear常与“to be+形容词”连用，不过“to be”也可省略。 6-ing分词充当表语。如： Seei
8、ng is believing It is encouraging that you have made progress fast,7-ed分词充当表语。如：Were so pleased with your progressStudents felt excited about the news-ing分词充当表语具有主动、进行的含义，-ed分词充当表语则具有被动、完成或状态的含义。如： The books with illustrations are interesting 有插图的书令人感到有趣。 Were interested in the books with illustrati
9、ons 我们对有插图的书感兴趣。,8介词短语充当表语。如：After hours of climbing，they seemed out of breathThe book show is from Monday to SaturdayYour advice is of importance第三句中的is of importance结构相当于is important。类似的“be十of+名词”相 当于“be+形容词(与名词的词干相同)”的情况还有不少。如：be of benefit be beneficial 有益的be of interest be interesting 有趣的be of
10、significance be significant 有意义的be of value be valuable 有价值的,9从句充当表语。如：This is what we are looking forThe problem is that we are short of time,四、宾语 宾语(object)表示动作的承受者，在句中一般放在及物动词之后。宾语的主要类型：名词、代词、副词、不定式、-ing分词、从句等。1名词充当宾语。如：Dry wood catches fire easilyGeneral questions cant puzzle the clever boy2代词充当
11、宾语。如：We can invite them to our party If you dont know the way，ask her,3副词充当宾语。如：The athletes left there just now 4不定式充当宾语。如：Remember to bring your cell phone 5-ing分词充当宾语。如： You wont forget attending his farewell concert They stopped smoking at last,6从句充当宾语。如：Do you know how serious the situation is
12、?I dont understand what you mean上面提到的宾语的作用是表示动作的承受者。此外，宾语还可以表示： 动作的结果。如：They digged a hole 动作的目的。如：She nodded assent,有些动词可以有两个宾语，即直接宾语(direct object)和间接宾语(indirect object)。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，间接宾语指动作指向的人(有时指物)。 My parents bought me a birthday present. 间接宾语 直接宾语 有时，间接宾语可以放在直接宾语之后，不过，在间接宾语前要加一个介词to或for。 如： My parents bought a birthday present for me.直接宾语 介词间接宾语,
