1、电路 electric circuit电气工程 electrical engineering电机 electric machine自然科学 physical science电气设备 electrical device电器元件 electrical element正电荷 positive charge负电荷 negative charge直流 direct current交流 alternating current电压 voltage导体 conductor功 work电动势 electromotiveforce电势差 potential difference功率 power极性 polarit
2、y能量守恒定律 the law of conservation energy变量 variable电阻 resistance 电阻率 resistivity绝缘体 insulator电阻器 resistor 无源元件 passive element常数 constant电导 conductance短路 short circuit开路 open circuit线性的 linear串联 series并联 parallel电压降 voltage drop等效电阻 equivalent resistance电容器 capacitor电感器 inductor储能元件 storage element电场
3、electric field充电 charge放电 discharge动态的 dynamic电介质 dielectric电容 capacitance磁场 magnetic field电源 power supplu变压器 transformer电机 electric motor线圈 coil电感 inductance导线 conducting wire绕组 wingding漏电阻 leakage resistance电子系统 electronic system结构图 block diagram功能模块 functional block放大器 amplifier滤波器 filter整形电路 wav
4、e-shaping circuit振荡器 oscillator增益 gain输入阻抗 input impedance带宽 bandwidth晶体管 transistor集成电路 integrated circuit电力电子 power electronics数字信号处理 digital signal-processing输出装置 output device模拟信号 analog signal数字信号 digital signal传感器 transducer采样值 sample value模数转换器 analog-to-digital converter频谱 frequency content采
5、样频率 sampling rate or frequendy扰动 disturbance分立电路 discrete circuit数字化信号 digitized signal运算放大器 operational amplifier有源电路 active circuit电子部件 electronic unit封装 package 管脚 pin同相端 noninverting terminal反相输入 inverting input电路图 circuit diagram压控电压源 voltage-controlled voltage source开环增益 open-loop gain闭环增益 clo
6、sed-loop gain负反馈 negative feedback正饱和 positive saturation线性区 linear region电压跟随器 voltage follower等效阻抗 equivalent impedance逻辑变量 logic variable位 bit数字字 digital word字节 byte半字节 nibble与运算 AND operation真值表 truth table与门 AND gate非门 NOT gate或门 OR gate加号 addition sign 与非门 NANA gate异或运算 XOR operation逻辑表达式 logi
7、c expression二进制 binary system正逻辑 positive logic负逻辑 negative logic参考方向 reference direction理想变压器 ideal transformer电气绝缘 electrical isolation阻抗匹配 impedance matching电力 electrical pewer绝缘变压器 isolating transformer电压互感器 voltage transformer电流互感器 current transformer原边绕组 primary winding工作频率 operating frequency
8、配电变压器 distribution transformer电力变压器 power transformer磁通密度 flux density磁场 magnetic field铁芯变压器 iron-core transformer大功率 high-power空芯 air-core磁耦合 magnetic coupling小功率 lower-power励磁损耗 magnetizing loss磁滞损耗 hysteresis loss涡流 eddy current励磁电流 exciting current漏磁通 leakage flux互磁通 mutual flux线圈 coil芯式 core fo
9、rm壳式 shell form高压绕组 high-voltage winding磁链 flux linkage电动势 electromotive force有效值 root mean square value匝数比 turns ratio视在功率 apparent power匝数 the number of turns 升压变压器 step-up transformer降压变压器 step-down transformer电动机 motor发电机 generator机械能 mechanical energy电能 electrical energy电磁的 electromagnetic 直线式电
10、动机 linear motor同步电机 synchronous machine感应电机 induction machine定子 stator转子 rotor气隙 air gap轴 shaft电枢 armature励磁绕组 field winding无功功率 reactive power制动状态 braking mode稳态 steady-state相序 phase sequence反响制动 plugging滞后电流 lagging current励磁电抗 magnetizing reactance启动电流 starting current变频器 frequency changer感应电势 in
11、duced voltage逆变器 inverter周波变换器 cycloconverter换向器 commutator自动控制 automatic control控制器 controller扰动 disturbance期望值 desired value压力 pressure液位 liquid level被控变量 controlled variable方框图 block diagram传递函数 transfer function工程控制 process control伺服系统 servomechanism流率 flow rate加速度 acceleration前向通路 forward path补
12、偿 correction反馈通路 feedback path闭环 closed-loop开环 open-loop输出 output增益 gain手动调节 manual adjustment变送器 transducer误差 error控制方式 control mode比例控制 proportional control积分控制 integral control微分控制 derivative control执行元件 manipulating element调节时间 setting time残差 residual error不确定度 uncertainty观测数据 observations采样 sam
13、ple算术平均 arithmetic average期望值 expected value标准偏差 standard deviation下限 lower range limit上限 upper range limit跨度 span分辨率 resolution死区 dead band灵敏度 sensitivity阈值 threshold可靠性 reliability过量程 overrange恢复时间 recovery time过载 overload过量程极限 overrange limit漂移 drift准确性 accuracy误差 error重复性 repeatability系统误差 syste
14、mic error再现性 reproducibility校准 calibration线速度 linear velocity角速度 angular velocity弧度 radian测速仪 tachometer增量式编码器 incremental encoder定时计数器 timed counter稳定性 stability接口 interface调节器 conditioner开关 switch执行器 actuator电磁阀 solenoid valve连续控制系统 sequential control system触点 contact常开 normally open常闭 normally cl
15、osed限位开关 limit switch继电器 relay延时继电器 time-delay relay接通电流 pull-in current开断电流 drop-out current电机启动器 motor starter接触器 contactor自锁触点 holding contact整流器 rectifier变流器 converter逆变器 inverter二极管 diode阳极 anode阴极 cathode正向偏置 forward biased反向偏置 reverse biased阻断 block稳压二极管 zener diode晶体管 transistor 集电极 collecto
16、r基极 base发射极 emitter共发射极 common-emitter双向晶闸管 triac正半周 positive half-cycle触发电流 trigger circuit功率容量 power capability功率器件 power device晶闸管 thyristor导通 conduction正向阻断 forward-blocking通态 on-state关断状态 off-state反向击穿电压 reverse breakdown voltage漏电流 leakage current电流额定值 current rating漏极 drain门极 gate缓冲电路 snubber
17、 circuit均流 current sharing额定电压 rated voltage可控开关 controllable switch相控 phase-controlled充电器 charger工频 line-frequency变换器 converter整流 rectification逆变 inversion可逆调速 revesible-speed再生制动 regenerative barking关断时间 turn-off time纯电阻负载 pure resistive load脉动 ripple感性负载 inductance load周期 time period带内部直流电动势的负载 l
18、oad witn an internal DC voltage波形 waveform换相 commutation稳态 steady state交流侧 AC-side延时角 delay angle交点 intersection电力系统 power system发电厂 generating plant发电机 generator负荷 load输电网 transmission nerwork配电网 distribution network电 electricity天然气 natural gas原理图 schematic diagram锅炉 boiler热效率 thermal efficiency风力
19、wind power断路器 circuit breaker变电所 substation故障 fault过电压 overvoltage击穿值 breakdown value过电流 over current可靠性 reliability继电器 relay触点 contact电流互感器 current transformer合闸线圈 operating coil分闸线圈 trip coilCircuit theory is also valuable to students specializing in other branches of the physical science because
20、circuit are a good model for the study of energy system in general,and because of the applied mathematics,physics,and topology involved.电路理论对于专门研究自然科学其他分支的学生来说也十分有价值，因为电路一般可以很好地作为能量系统研究的模型，并且电路理论涉及应用数学、物理学和拓扑学的相关知识。Charge is an electrical property of the particles of which matter consists,measured i
21、n coulombs.电荷是组成物质的原子微粒所具有的电气属性，其单位为库仑。The common term signal is used for an electric quantity such as a current or a voltage when it is used for conveying information.当像电流或电压这样的电量用于传递信息时，常称这个电量为信号。These laws,known as Ohms Law and Kirchhoffs Laws, form the foundation upon which electric circuit anal
22、ysis is built.欧姆定律和基尔霍夫定律是电路理论的基础，电路分析就建立在这些定律的基础之上。Georg Simon Ohm(1787-1854), a German physicist, is credited with formulating the current-voltage relationship for a resistor.德国物理学家乔治西蒙欧姆，因提出了电阻的电流电压关系而享誉世界。Such an equivalent resistance is the resistance between the designated terminals of the net
23、work and must exhibit the same i-u characteristics as the original network at the terminals.这样的一个电阻是在网络的指定两端等效，并且在这两端等效电阻具有与原网络相同的伏安特性。The unit of capacitance is the farad(F),in honor of the English physicist Michael Faraday(1791-1867).电容的单位是法拉（F） ，是为纪念英国物理学家迈克尔法拉第（1797-1878）而命名的。It takes power from
24、 the circuit when storing energy in its field and returns previously stored energy when delivering power to the circuit.当电容器在电场中储能时，它从电路中吸收功率；当电容器向电路提供功率时，它就释放先前存储的能量。But in order to enhance the inductive effect,a practical inductor is usually formed into a cylindrical coil with many turns of conduc
25、ting wire.为了增加电感的感应作用，实际的电感器通常是由许多匝导线绕制成的圆柱形线圈构成的。The unit of inductance is the henry(H), named in honor of the American inventor Joseph Henry(1979-1878).电感的单位是亨利，是为纪念美国发明家约瑟夫亨利而命名的。Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition to the change of current flowing through it ,measur
26、ed in henrys.（H ）电感器具有与流经它的电流变化相反的特性，用电感来描述这一特性，其单位为亨【利】（H）.Electronic systems control fuel mixture and ignition timing to maximize performance and minimize undesirable emissions from automobile engines电子系统控制燃料混合和点火定时，以使汽车发动机的性能最佳、尾气排放量最少。By comparing the time of arrival of the signals and by using
27、certain information contained in the received signals concerning the orbits of the satellites ,the position of the vehicle can be determined.通过比较信号到达的时间，采用包含在接收信号中的与卫星轨迹相关的信息来对交通工具进行定位。The amplitude of a typical analog signal is plotted against time in Fig.4.2(a)典型的模拟信号的幅值随时间变化的曲线如图 4.2（a）所示Digital
28、signals are binary ;however,more levels are sometimes useful.数字信号是二进制的；不过，有时也采用其他多进制。Each sample value is represented by a 3-bit code word corresponding to the amplitude zone into which the sample falls.每个采样值都可以用一个与采样所规定的幅值区域相对应的 3 位编码字来表示。Thus,when a DAC converts the code words to form the original
29、 analog waveform ,it is possible to reconstruct only an approximation to the original signal- the reconstructed voltage is in the middle of each zone .因此，当数模转换器将编码字转换为原模拟波形时，复现一个与原始信号相近的信号是可能的-复现的电压位于各自区域的中心。Op-amps are commercially available in integrated circuit packages in several forms.用集成电路封装的几
30、种形式的运算放大器在实际中应用广泛。An input applied to the noninverting terminal will appear with the same polarity at the output,while an input applied to the inverting terminal will appear inverted at the output.输出与加到同相端的输入极性相同，而与加到反相端的输入极性相反。Although the power supplies are often ignored in op-amp circuit diagrams
31、 for the sake of simplicity ,the power supply currents must not be overlooked.为了简单起见，尽管在运算放大器的电路图中常省略了电源，但来自电源的电流一定不能忽略。Although we use the addition sign(+) to represent the OR operation ,manipulation of logic variables by the AND,OR,and NOT operations is different from ordinary algebra.尽管我们用加号来表示或运
32、算，但是逻辑变量的与或非运算与普通的代数运算是不同的。If the inputs to a NAND are tied together ,an inverter results.如果将与非门的两个输入端连到一起，与非门就变成了反相器。The OR operation can be realized by inverting the input variable and combining the results in a NAND gate .将输入变量取反后再用与非门组合在一起就能实现或运算。In either case ,the magnetic cores are made up of
33、 stacks of laminations cut from silicon-steel sheets.无论哪种铁芯都是从硅钢片上剪下的铁芯叠片叠装而成的。Most laminated materials are cold rolled and often specially annealed to orient the grain or iron crystals.大多数叠片材料需要经过冷轧加工，而且经过特殊的退火处理后可使晶体获得各向异性。A large reduction in leakage flux can be obtained by further subdividing an
34、d sandwiching the primary and secondary turns,however,at considerable cost.进一步细分绕组 并增加原边和副边的匝数可以大大降低漏磁通，但成本却提高很多 。The coils employed in shell-form transformers are usually of a pancake form unlike the cylindrical forms used in the core-form transformer,where the coils are placed one on top of the ot
35、her and the low-voltage winding is placed closer to the core with the high-voltage winding on top.芯式变压器的线圈采用圆柱结构，与之不同的是，壳式变压器的线圈通常采用饼形结构。芯式变压器中一个线圈位于另一个之上，并且高压线圈在上，低压线圈更靠近铁芯。Such conversion is facilitated through the action of a magnetic field.在磁场的作用下这样的转换变得更为方便。In the braking mode of operation,a th
36、ree-phase induction motor running at a steady-state speed can be brought to a quick stop by interchanging two of its stator leads.运行在稳态转速的三相感应电机通过互换两根定子接线就可以运行在制动状态并快速停下来 。With a cylindrical rotor the reluctance of the magnetic circuit of the field is independent of its actual direction and relative
37、 to the direct axis.圆柱形转子的磁场 磁路的磁阻与直轴有关，而与磁场的实际方向无关。It is highest when the field is directly halfway between the poles ,that is .along the quadrature axis.当磁场正好处于磁极中间时，也就是沿着交轴方向时，磁阻 最大。Examples of small DC motors include those used for small control devices ,wind-shield -wiper motors,fan motors ,sta
38、rter motors,and various servomotors.小型直流电机的例子包括小型控制装置中所用的电机、风档刮水电机、风扇电机、启动器电机及各种伺服电机。Application example for larger DC motors include industrial drive motors in conveyors,pumps,hoists,overhead cranes.forklifts.fans,steel and aluminum rolling mills, paper mills, textile mills, various other rolling m
39、ills, golf carts,electrical cars,street cars or trolleys,electric trains, electric elevators, and large earth-moving equipment.传送带、泵、起重机、高架起重机、铲车、风机、钢和铝轧机、造纸机、纺织机、其他各种轧钢机等工业拖动中所使用的电机，高尔夫球手推车、电动车、电车、电气火车、电梯以及大型运土设备中所用的电机都是大型电流电机的应用实例。Obviously, DC machine application are very significant ,but the adv
40、antages of the DC machine must be weighed against its greater initial investment cost and the maintenance problems associated with its brush-commutator system.显然，直流电机的应用非常有意义，但是也存在初期成本投入较高、由电刷-换向器而带来的维修困难，应用时一定要权衡其利弊。Many complex control systems are included among the functions of the human body.在人体
41、的各种功能中包含许多复杂的控制系统。A block diagram consists of a block representing each component in a control system connected by lines that represent the signal paths.方框图由表示控制系统每个元件的模块组成，这些元件由代表信号通路的信号线连接。The process block represents everything performed in and by the equipment in which a variable is controlled.过
42、程模块代表被控变量所在装置完成的每件任务和通过装置执行的每件任务。Finally ,the change in the manipulated variable drives the controlled variable back toward the set point .最后，控制变量的改变带动被控变量向设定值方向变化 。The mean gives us an estimate of the expected value of an observation ,but it gives no idea of the dispersion or variability of the obs
43、ervation.平均值给出了对观测数据期望值的估计，但不能指出观测数据的偏移和变化。Operating characteristics include details about the measurement by ,and operation of effects on the measuring instrument.运行特性详述了测量仪器的测量及测量仪器 所受影响的作用。Resolution ，dead band, and sensitivity are different characteristics that relate in different ways to an inc
44、rement of measurement.分辨率、死区 和灵敏度以不同的方法描述了测量增量不同的特性。Repeatability and reproducibility deal in slightly different ways with the degree of closeness among repeated measurements of the same value of the measured variable .重复性和再现性以大同小异的方式论述被测变量在同一个值的重复测量中的接近程度 。A normally open switch will close the circ
45、uit path between the two terminals when the switch is actuated and will open the circuit path when the switch is deactuated.当驱动开关时，常开开关闭合两端子之间的电路通道；当撤除驱动后，开关断开电路通道。When an operator actuates a maintained-action switch,the contacts remain in the new position after the operator releases the actuator.操作
46、值驱动一个持续动作的开关，当撤除驱动后，触点仍然维持在新的位置。The relay is actuated by completing the circuit branch that contains the relay coil.通过接通继电器线圈所在的分支电路激励继电器。The small contact is called a “holding contact “because it holds coil 1M in the energized condition after the operator the operator releases the START button.称小的触
47、点为自锁触点，因为在操作者释放开始按钮后，这个触点能将线圈 M 自锁在通电状态。The triac was developed as a means of providing improved controls for AC power.双向可控硅已作为对交流电网进行改进控制的工具。Latched on by a control signal but must be turned off by the power circuit.由控制信号控制器件导通，但必须通过电力电路的作用才能使其关断。Once the device begins to conduct ,it is latched on
48、and the gate current can be removed.一旦器件开始导通，它就自锁（门极失去作用） ，可以移去门极电流 。latched on by a control signal must be turned off by the power circuit.由控制信号控制器件导通，但必须通过电力电路的作用才能使其关断。once the device begins to conduct ,it is latched on and the gate current can be removed.一旦器件开始导通，它就自锁（门极失去作用） ，可以移去门极电流。Because o
49、f the large ripple in ud and id ,this circuit is of little practical significance .因为 ud 和 id 有很大的脉动，所以这种电路几乎没有实际意义。Because of the large ripple in ud and id ,this circuit is of little practical significance .因为 ud 和 id 有很大的脉动，所以这种电路几乎没有实际意义。23 Overvoltage may stress insulation beyond the breakdown value.过电压可能会将高于击穿值的电压加到绝缘体两端。Based on information from instrument transformers ,a dicision is made and “delayed“ to the trip coil of the breaker,which actually opens the power circuit-hence the name relay.从仪器变压器 得到信息后，做出决策并将其传递给断路器的分闸线圈，分闸线圈切断电力网-继电器由此得名。
