1、John Milton,Lecture Six,I. Miltons Life (1608-1674),Milton was born in London.He studied at Christs College, Cambridge and received his Masters degree in 1632.,From 1632 to 1638, he retired to his fathers country house at Horton, and devoted himself to private study.From 1638-1639, he traveled on th
2、e Continent.,After his return, he first acted as a teacher.Then he began his first entry into political conflict and devoted himself to the Revolution for more than 20 years.,He got married in 1624.In 1652, he became totally blind.In 1652, his first wife died, and several years later(1655), he got m
3、arried again.,He was put into prison in the Restoration period and then set free.He died of gout（痛风） in 1674.,John Milton (1608-1674),He is the greatest English poet after Shakespeare. His masterpiece, Paradise Lost, is considered unsurpassed among English epic poems. It is a powerfully imaginative
4、and dramatic work, based in part on the biblical story of the temptation and fall of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. Masterpieces: Areopagitica (1644) 论出版自由 Paradise Lost (1667) 失乐园 Paradise Regained (1671) 复乐园 Samson Agonistes (1671) 力士参孙,III. “Paradise Lost”,It is a long epic in 12 books, writ
5、ten in blank verse.,Paradise Lost (失乐园): an epic poem in blank verse,John Milton composed the entire work when he was completely blind, with the help of secretaries and friends. He claimed that a divine spirit inspired him during the night, leaving him with verses that he would recite in the morning
6、. The poem concerns the Christian story of the Fall of Man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Miltons purpose, stated in Book I, is to “justify the ways of God to men and elucidate the conflict between Gods eternal foresight and fre
7、e will.”,Book 1,The contents of the 12 books are: Book I: In a long, twisting opening sentence mirroring the epic poetry of the Ancient Greeks, the poet invokes the “Heavenly Muse“ and states his theme, the Fall of Man, and his aim, to “justify the ways of God to men.“ Satan, and the other rebel ang
8、els are described as lying on a lake of fire, from which Satan rises up to claim Hell as his own domain and delivers a rousing speech to his followers (“Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven.“). The logic of Satan (Satanic Logic) is introduced by: “The mind is its own place, and in itself/ Ca
9、n make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven.,Book II,Book II: Satan and the rebel angels debate whether to wage another war on Heaven, and Beelzebub tells them of a new world being built which is to be the home of Man. Satan decides to visit this new world, passes through the Gates of hell, past the s
10、entries（岗哨），Sin and Death, and journeys through the realm of Chaos. Here, Satan is described as having given birth to Sin with a burst of flame from his forehead, before he began open warfare with God as Athena（智慧女神雅典娜） was born from the head of Zeus.,Book III,Book III: God observes Satans journey a
11、nd foretells how Satan will bring about Mans Fall. God emphasizes, that the Fall will come about as a result of Mans own free will, and excuses himself of responsibility. The Son of God offers himself as a ransom（赎金，赎身） for Mans disobedience, an offer which God accepts, ordaining（命令，规定） the Sons fut
12、ure incarnation（赋予肉身） and punishment. Satan arrives at the rim（边缘） of the universe, disguises himself as an angel, and is directed to Earth by Uriel（乌列，七大天使之一）, Guardian of the Sun.,Book IV,Book IV: Satan journeys to the Garden of Eden, where he observes Adam and Eve discussing the forbidden Tree of
13、 Knowledge of Good and Evil. Satan, observing their innocence and beauty， hesitates in his task, but concludes that “reason just,/ Honour and empire” compel him to do this deed which he “should abhor.“ Satan tries to tempt Eve while she sleeps, but is discovered by the angels. The angel Gabriel expe
14、ls Satan from the Garden.,Book V,Eve awakes and relates her dream to Adam. God sends Raphael to warn and encourage Adam: they talk of free will and predestination; Raphael tells Adam the story of how Satan inspired his angels to revolt against God.,Book VI,Raphael goes on to describe further the war
15、 in Heaven and explains how the Son of God drove Satan and his minions（惟命是从的小职员） down to Hell.,Book VII,Raphael explains to Adam that God then decided to create another world (the Earth); he again warns Adam not to eat the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge, for “in the day thou eatst, thou diest;/ Deat
16、h is the penalty imposed, beware,/ And govern well thy appetite, lest Sin/ Surprise thee, and her black attendant Death“.,Book VIII,Adam tells the story of his creation from his own perspective, providing a counterpoint to Raphaels instruction in Book VI. Adam asks Raphael for knowledge concerning t
17、he stars and the angelic nature; Raphael warns “heaven is for thee too high/ To know what passes there; be lowly wise“, and advises modesty and patience.,Book IX,Book IX: Satan returns to Eden and enters into the body of a sleeping serpent. The serpent tempts Eve to eat the fruit of the Tree of Know
18、ledge. She eats and takes some fruit for Adam. Adam, realizing Eve has been tricked, decides he would rather die with Eve than live without her; he eats of the fruit. At first the two become intoxicated（喝醉的，极为兴奋的） by the fruit; they become lustful, engaging in sexual intercourse; afterward, in their
19、 loss of innocence Adam and Eve cover their nakedness and fall into despair: “They sat them down to weep, nor only tears/ Rained at their eyes, but high winds worse within/ Began to rise, high passions, anger, hate,/ Mistrust, suspicion, discord, and shook greatly/ Their inward state of mind.“,Book
20、X,Book X: God sends his Son to Eden to deliver judgment on Adam and Eve. The two are cursed to suffer in a life that ends in death. And the serpent is cursed to crawl on its belly forever and eat dust. Satan returns in triumph to Hell, while Sin and Death leave Hell and come to Earth. However, as Sa
21、tan narrates his success in destroying Paradise, the curse of God transforms him and all his minions into serpents who, lured by the forbidden fruit, try to eat it, only to find their mouths filled with dust.,Book XI,The Son of God pleads with his Father on behalf of Adam and Eve. God decrees the co
22、uple must be expelled from the Garden, and the angel Michael descends to deliver Gods judgment. Michael begins to unfold the future history of the world to Adam, including Noahs Ark.,Book XII,Michael tells Adam of the eventual coming of the Messiah, before leading Adam and Eve from the Garden. They
23、have lost the physical Paradise, but now have the opportunity to enjoy a “Paradise within . happier far.“ The poem ends: “The World was all before them/ where to choose Their place of rest/ and Providence Their guide: They hand in hand with wandering steps and slow/ Through Eden took, Their solitair
24、e way. “Milton has connected the condition of Adam and Eve with the condition of the reader of the epic.,GodIn the poem, God is no better than a selfish despot (暴君). SatanAnd Satan is the real hero who has the spirit to question the authority of God.,Adam and EveAdam and Eve embody Miltons belief in
25、 the powers of man. Their longing for knowledge opens before mankind a wide road to an intelligent and active life.,IV. “On His Deceased Wife” 悼亡妻,Methought I saw my late espoused (嫁娶) Saint 我想我看见了刚辞世的妻 Brought to me like Alcestis from the grave， 从墓穴回到我的身旁，犹如阿尔刻斯蒂斯 Whom Joves great Son to her glad H
26、usband gave， 被朱庇特伟大的儿子强硬地从死神手中救出 Rescued from death by force though pale and faint.尽管虚弱、苍白，但和圣女一样,Rhyme: a b b a,Mine, as whom washed from spot of childbed (分娩) taint， 我的妻，洗净了产床上的斑斑血渍 Purification in the old Law did save*， 得以从古戒律的净身礼中获救。* 出自利未记(基督教圣经旧约全书中的一卷) 十七章十一节说：“因为活物的生命是在血中；我把这血赐给你们。因血里有生命，所以能
27、赎罪。”,And such, as yet once more I trust to have 我相信这样的她一定能够 Full sight of her in Heaven without restraint，让我在天国，再次无所阻碍的把她的面容瞻睹,Rhyme: a b b a,Came vested (既定的) all in white，pure as her mind. 她一身洁白地走来，洁白得像她的思想 Her face was veiled，yet to my fancied sight， 笼着面纱，但我却能依稀看见,Love, sweetness, goodness, in he
28、r person shined 她周身闪现着的爱意、温柔和善良 So clear, as in no face with more delight 如此清晰，别的脸上再也找寻不到这般畅朗,But O as to embrace me she inclined, 然而，啊！正当她走近并要将我拥抱 I waked, she fled, and day brought back my night我醒来，她消失了，白昼带回了我的黑暗。,Rhyme: c d c d c d,This is a sonnet in Italian type. It falls into 2 parts: an octav
29、e (eight lines) rhyming abbaabba followed by a sestet (six lines) rhyming cdcdcd.,Jove,King of the gods in Roman mythology. Another name: Jupiter.,Joves great son,罗马神话中的赫丘利(Hercules),半人半神的他自幼在名师的传授下，学会了各种武艺和技能，能勇善战，成为众人皆知的大力士。,Homework,Daniel Defoe (his life and his works, especially the plots and comments on his Robinson Crusoe).Jonathan Swift (his life and his works, especially the plots and comments on his Gullivers Travels).,
