1、英译汉常用的方法和技巧（上）,第四章,第一节：词义的选择、引伸 和褒贬 第二节：词类转译法 第三节：增词法 第四节：重复法 第五节：省略法 第六节：正反、反正表达法,第一节 词义的选择、引申 和褒贬,I.词义的选择 A根据句子中的一个词的词类来选择和确定词义 sound:n. “声音”；v. “发声”或“测量深度”；adj. “健康的”或“正确的”。 Air carries sound.,sound noun: 1.sth that you can heara high/low soundthe different sounds and smells of the forest,2. the
2、effect that is produced by the music of a particular singer or group of musicians I like their sound. 3. impression the sound of sth. From the sound of things you were lucky to find him.,4. water ( of place names) a narrow passage of water that joins two larger areas of water syn:strait海湾,verb 1. gi
3、ve impression His voice sounded strange on the phone. 2. sounding fine-sounding words,3. produce sound The bell sounded for the end of the class. 4. give warning/signal When I saw the smoke, I tried to sound the alarm.,5. produce You dont sound the “b” in the word comb. 6. measure depth,adj. 1. reli
4、able the reach a sound conclusion 2. thorough a sound knowledge/understanding of sth. He has a sound grasp of the issue.,3. not damaged/hurt We arrived home safe and sound. The house needs attention but the roof is sound.4.sleep: deep and peaceful to have a sound nights sleep,5. good, but not excell
5、ent a sound piece of writing 6. physical punishment to give sb. a sound beating,1.In the first round our football team has had three wins and one defeats. 2.The earth rounds the sun. 3.The earth is round.,4.The exciting news soon carried round. 5.The earth goes round the sun.,B根据一个词在上下文中与其他词的逻辑关系和搭配
6、关系来确定词义 This method worked very well. 这种方法行之有效。,2. It is due to the invention of the computer that man has been able to work so many wonders in the past few decades. 正是由于发明了电子计算机，人类才能够在过去的几十年中创造出这么多的奇迹。,C根据专业内容来确定词义 1.A porter is a baggage carrier. 搬运工就是搬运行李的人。 2. Flies and mosquitoes are carriers o
7、f infectious diseases. 苍蝇和蚊子是传染病的传播者。,3. The solder glass is in a powdered form and is suspended in a liquid carrier for ease and accuracy of application. 为了便于使用和精确控制，焊料玻璃呈粉末状，并悬浮于液态载体中。,4.Before work you must carefully check whether flat tool is fastened on the tool carrier. 工作前必须仔细检查平口刀是否紧固在刀架上。,5
8、.The pilot landed his plane on the aircraft carrier. 驾驶员将飞机落在航空母舰上。,6.An alternative method is to transmit the combined digital signal from the parallel channels by frequency or phase modulation of common carrier. 另一种方法是对公共载波调频或调相的方法发送并列信道的组合数字信号。,7.In a crystal at equilibrium a dynamic balance exis
9、ts between carrier generation and recombination. 平衡晶体中载流子的产生与复合处于动态平衡之中。,II词义的引伸 1.A sofa is a compromise between a chair and a bed.,2Nixon was pleased by the distinction, but not overwhelmed. 3.We are all human beings, and have the same organs and share the same experiences and agonies.,4.Every lif
10、e has its roses and thorns. 误：每种生活都有它的玫瑰花和刺。 正：每个人的生活总是有甜也有苦。,5.There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 误：在帝国主义者的性格中有老虎和猿的混合物。 正：帝国主义者的性格即残暴又狡猾。,6.The ill-paid workers ought to save sufficient means in their early days to support themselves in the decline of
11、 life. 误：入不敷出的劳动者应当及早积攒足够的资财以便在晚年维持生计。,III词义的褒贬 带褒贬的词： noble（高尚的） heroic（英雄的） sacrifice（牺牲） polite（有礼貌的） brave（勇敢的） kindness（仁慈）,带贬义的词: accomplice（帮凶） cheat（欺骗、骗子） cruel（残忍的） die-hard(顽固的) invasion（侵略、入侵）,1.Our conference did in the end make detailed plans for the invasion. The date was to be 4 June
12、, 1944. 我们的会议最后确实制定了进攻（X入侵）的详细方案。日期定在1944年6月4日。,2.We had been conferring with our allies on the crucial question of whether and when the island should be invaded. 我们已经同我们的盟国谈了是否进攻（X入侵）及何时进攻（X入侵）该岛的紧急问题。,3.I am very reluctant to give up an ambition which I have cherished for over twenty years. 我真不愿放弃
13、这20多年来抱有的雄心壮志。,4.The domineering ambition of Hitlers Germany was not satisfied. 希特勒德国的称霸野心没有得逞。 5.The captains example incited the men to bravery. 船长的榜样激发了水手们的勇敢精神。,6.The plotters incited a crowd riot. 阴谋者煽动群众暴乱。,第二节词类转译法,一、转译成动词 He admires the Presidents stated decision to fight for the job. 他对总统声明
14、为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。,（一）名词转译成动词 1、由动词派生的名词转译成动词，在政论文体中出现比较多。,1) One after another, speakers called for the downfall of imperialism, abolition of exploitation of man by man, liberation of the oppressed of the world. 发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义，要消灭人剥削人的制度，要解放世界上的被压迫人民。,2）Until 1972, all efforts by the two nations t
15、o curb the nucleararms race had foundered on one point: U.S. insistence on the right to make on-site inspections of the Soviet strategic arsenal and Russias refusal.,到一九七二年为止，美苏之间关于限制核军备竞赛的一切努力都在这一点上失败了：美国坚持有权视察苏方战略武器现场，而苏联则拒绝这样做。,3)Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
16、 火箭已经用来探索宇宙。,2含有动作意味的名词（在记叙、描写文体中出现较多）往往可以转译成动词。 1)As sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。,2）As the week drew to a close, the enemy rout was complete. 一周快结束时，敌人彻底溃退了。,3英语中有些加后缀-er的名词，如teacher教师, thinker思想家等等，有时在句子中并不指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味。在汉语中没有恰当的
17、对应名词时，往往可以译成动词。,1)I am afraid I cant teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. 我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。,2)Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings. 在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年青人过去所干的坏事。,4作为习语主体的名词往往可转译成动词，如To have a rest和To have a good l
18、ook at里的rest和look. 1)They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness. 他们最后看了一眼铁麦克一眼-它依然安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。,2）The next new bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration. 下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到旅行。,（二）前置词转译成动词 英语中前置词是用得相当多的，其中有些没有动作意味而仅表示时间、地点的前置词，汉译时往往可以省略，但有许多含有动作意味的前置词，如acr
19、oss, past, toward等等，汉译时往往可以译成动词。,1)Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps. 党的干部吃简陋的饮食，住寒冷的窑洞，靠微弱的灯光，长时间工作。,2)“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. “来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。,（
20、三）形容词转译成动词 英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在联系动词后作表语用时，往往可以转译成汉语动词。常见的这类形容词有：,confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious, grateful, able等。,1)Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his lif
21、e. 医生说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。,2)The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious. 他能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须小心谨慎。,（四）副词转译成动词 1)As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on. 他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋子。,2) That day he was up before sunrise. 那天他在日出以前就起来了。 3)She opened the window to let fresh a
22、ir in. 她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。,二转译成名词 （一）英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及有名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词。 1名词派生的动词,1）Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。 2)To them, he personified the absolute power. 在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。,2名词转用的动词 1)In the early dawn, the guard towers were silhouet
23、ted against the sky. 黎明时，天空映出了了望塔的轮廓。,（二）有些英语被动式句子中的动词，可以译成“受（遭）到+名词”、“予（加）以+名词”这类结构。,1）Snow was treated very shabbily by the U.S. press and officialdom during this period, victimized for his views. 在这期间，斯诺受到了美国新闻界和政界极不公正的对待，由于他的观点，他受到了迫害。,（三）形容词转译成名词 1英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，汉译时常译成名词。 1）They did their
24、 best to help the sick and the wounded. 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。,2)Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor. 罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。,2此外，根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词 1）Stevenson was eloquent and elegantbut soft. 史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。,2)The Wilde family were religious. 王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。 3)The
25、y were considered insincere. 他们被人认为是伪君子。,三、译成形容词 （一）形容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词。,1）The pallor of her face indicated cleared how she was feeling at the moment. 她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。 2)The security and warmth of the destroyers sick bay were wonderful. 驱逐舰的病室很安全也很温暖，好极了,（二）有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，往往可以译成形容词。 1）The blockade
26、was a success. 封锁很成功。,2)As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help. 他对这城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。,3)Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。,四其它词类转译（一）形容词与副词的互相转译 1英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形容词往往转译成汉语副词。,1)Occasionally a drizzle came down,
27、and the intermittent flashes of lightning made us turn apprehensive glances toward Zero. 偶尔下一点毛毛雨，断断续续的闪电使得我们不时忧虑地朝着零区方向望去。,2)We took brief, restless naps, struggled to understand the intermittent broadcasting of Radio Prague, 我们短短地、不安地睡了几次，竭力想听懂布拉格电台断断续续的广播,2英语动词译成汉语名词时，修饰该动词的副词往往转译成形容词。 1）The film
28、 “Carve Her Name with Pride” impressed him deeply. 女英烈传这部电影给了他深刻的印象。,2)He routinely radioed another agent on the ground. 他跟另一个地勤人员进行了例行的无限电联络。 3)The President had prepared meticulously for his journey. 总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。,3由于英汉两种语言表达方式不同，还有一些英语形容词可译为汉语副词。 1）This is sheer nonsense. 这完全是胡说。 2)Buckley wa
29、s in a clear minority. 巴克利显然属于少数。,（二）名词与副词的互相转译 1名词转译成副词 1)When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor. 只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。,2）The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor. 新市长有礼貌
30、地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。,2、副词转译成名词 1)Tact must be used in requesting permission; and unless it is given willingly and cordially, the patrol shall not be landed. 征求同意，应注意方式方法，同意如果不是出于自愿真诚，巡逻队就不得登陆。,2)They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally. 但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。 3)He is
31、physically weak but mentally sound. 他身体虽弱，但思想健康。,第三节 amplification 增 词 法,I增补英语中省略的词语 A增补简略回答中的省略成份 1. Are you sure? 你能肯定吗？Absolutely. 绝对没错。 2Is John coming to the party?约翰会来参加晚会吗？ Im afraid not.我想他不会来。,B. 增补并列句中的省略成份 3.The fox may grow old, but never good. 狐狸会变老，但决不会变好。,4.The letter I stands for the
32、 current in amperes, E the electromotive force in volts, and R the resistance in ohms. 字母I代表电流的安培数，E代表电动势的伏特数，R代表电阻的欧姆数。,5.A grass eating animal cannot exist without grass, a predator without prey, a plant without certain basic chemicals or certain kinds of soil. 食草动物没有草不能生存，食肉动物没有猎物无法生活，植物缺乏基本的化学物质
33、或某些种类的土壤无法生长。,C增补复合句中的省略成分 6.Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. It is better to be wise by the defeat of others than to be wise by the defeat of your own. 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。,II增补原文的内涵语义或汉语语法修辞上需要的词语 A.在名词或动名词前后增补汉语动词 1. A black hole is a theorized celestial body. 黑洞是一种在
34、理论上推测出的天体。,8.Their activities and habits afford a lifetimes study. 它们的活动习性需要人们进行毕生的研究。 9The molecules get closer and closer with the pressure. 随着压力增加，分子越来越接近。,10. Testing is a complicated problem and long experience is required for its mastery. 进行测试是一个复杂的问题，需要长期的经验才能掌握。,B.形容词或不及物动词前增补名词 11He was wea
35、k and looked pale from his long illness. 他因长期生病而身体虚弱，脸色苍白。,12.This bike is indeed cheap and fine. 这辆自行车真是物美价廉。 13.He paled with rage. 他气得脸色刷白。,C在抽象名词后增补汉语名词 14.Martin Luther King became a black leader of national importance. 马丁路德金成了具有全国性重要影响的黑人领袖。,15.The next year the bill became law and ended inequ
36、ality in buses, hotels and other public accommodations. 第二年，该项决议成为法律，从而结束了公共汽车上、旅馆里以及其它公共住宿场所中的不平等现象。,16.We have found a solution of the problem. 我们已经找到解决问题的办法。 17.From the evaporation of water people know that liquids can turn into gases under certain conditions. 根据水的蒸发现象，人们知道液体在一定条件下能变成气体。,18.He a
37、llowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. 他让法官的职责战胜了父子的私情而判亲生儿子有罪。,J 在某些不及物动词后增补汉语名词 19.After getting up, he dresses, brushes and washes. 他起床后穿衣、刷牙、洗脸。,K 增补解释性的词语 20.They went to Florida by Ford. 他们乘一辆福特牌汽车去佛罗里达。,21.According to Einstein, time is relative. 根据爱因
38、斯坦的理论，时间是相对的。 22.Deep into the night, outside Washington, the bus pulled into Howard Johnsons. 深夜，公共汽车驶抵华盛顿郊外的霍德约翰逊饭店。,L.增补某些表概括性意义的词语 英语中一些表概括性意义的词语，如in short，to sun up，and all that，and so on 23.We often use the words up and down. Are these notions absolute or relative? 我们常常用“上”和“下”这两个词。这两个概念是绝对的还是
39、相对的？,24.For such applications as home study, industrial training and self-education, there is already evidence of growth. （计算机）在函授学习、企业培训以及自学等方面的应用已有了显著的进展。,M.增补加强上下文逻辑连贯的词语 25.Theory is something but practice is everything. 理论固然重要，但实践尤其重要。,26.Grasp all, lose all. 如果你样样都抓，就会一样也抓不到手。 27.The strongest
40、 spring leads to fatigue failure caused by excessively high stress. 即使是强度最大的弹簧，也会因应力过大而导致疲劳损坏。,第四节 Repetition 重 复 法,重复法（Repetition）与省译法相反而与增补法相似。重复法与增补法的不同之处在于：重复法所重复的是原文中出现过的词语，而增补法所增补的往往是原文中没有出现过的词语。 I重复法的使用目的 A为了使译文明确具体而重复,1.We like blue les than red but more than green or yellow. 我们更喜欢红色而不那么喜欢蓝色
41、，但比起绿色或黄色来又较喜欢蓝色。 2.Mr. Jarden was playing for high stakes, but so was Mr. Marcus. 贾登先生的赌注下得很大，马库斯先生的赌注也不小。,3.Other “western” inventions, such as paper or gunpowder, are often taken for granted, without their far-eastern origins being remembered. 还有一些发明，如纸和火药，经常被想当然地认为是“西方”的发明，而忘却了它们的远东渊源。,B .为了强调而重
42、复 4.Be polite, above all, to old people. 要有礼貌，尤其是对老年人要有礼貌。 5.Do whatever you please. 你喜欢做什么就做什么吧。,C.为了使译文生动流畅而重复 6.Eating and drinking, he has passed through his life. 他吃吃喝喝地过了一生。,7.Einstein was purely and exclusively a theorist. 爱因斯坦完完全全是个理论家。 8.When he was introduced to the famous actress, he was
43、so nervous that he was tongue-tied. 当他被介绍给那位著名女演员时竟紧张得张口结舌，哑口无言。,9.The stamp collector is said to have a unique stamp. 据说那位集邮者有一张独一无二的邮票。 10. We loved each other tenderly. 我们两人相亲相爱。,II使用重复法的几种情况 A 重复动词 11.They want to stop the experiment, but I prefer not to. 他们想要停止实验，我想还是不停的好。,12.Reading exercises
44、ones eyes; speaking ones tongue; while writing ones mind. 阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。,13.Grammar deals with the structure of language, English grammar with the structure of English, French grammar with the structure of French. 语法论述语言的结构，英语语法论述英语的结构，法语语法论述法语的结构。,B重复名词 （1）重复作宾语的名词 14.We must do our be
45、st to develop the students ability to analysis and solve problems. 我们必须尽力培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。,15.Operators should inspect and oil their machines before work. 操作人员在操作前应当检查机器，并给机器加油润滑。,（2）重复英语中介词短语前省略的名词 16.On a fine day the sight of foreign seamen, or of tall ships from far away, or of an exotic bit of
46、merchandise from halfway round the world gives us a pang of jealousy of the men who move about over the sea viewing the wonders of the deep.,在晴朗的日子里，看见外国的水手，看见远处高大的海轮，甚至看到一件从世界的另一面飘洋过海而来，带着异国情调的商品，我们都会感到一阵强烈的妒忌，妒忌那些远涉重洋，饱览海洋奇观的海员。,C. 重复代词 （1）人称代词的重复 17.There is air all around us although we cannot s
47、ee it. 虽然我们看不见空气，但我们周围都是空气。,18.Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with tears. 杰西睁开眼睛，眼里充满了泪水。,19.But everywhere men feel a compulsion to pit their strength against the sea, to explore it and wander about on it, to use it for their own ends and wrest its wealth from it. 但是各地的人们都感受到一种与大海抗争，去探索大海，
48、漫游大海，利用大海达到自己的目的并从大海中夺取财富的不由自主的欲望。,（2）物主代词的重复 20.Big families had their own difficulties. 大家庭有大家庭的难处。 21.Ours is an old country. 我们的国家是一个古老的国家。,（3）重复关系代词 22. The cook turned pale, and asked the housemaid to shut the door, who asked Brittles, who asked the tinker, who pretended not to hear. 厨子的脸色变得苍白
49、，叫女仆去把门关上，女仆叫布拉特尔去关，布拉特尔又叫补锅匠去关，而补锅匠装做没听见。,（4）重复以-ever结尾的连接代词或连接副词，以示强调 23. Ill take whoever wants to go. 谁想去，我就带谁去。 24.You may take whichever will interest you best. 哪一个你最感兴趣，你就可以拿哪一个。,25.Wherever there is matter, there is motion. 哪里有物质，哪里就有运动。 26.Well come to see you again whenever we have time. 我
50、们什么时候有时间，就什么时候再来看你。,（5）为了是译文明确具体，重复代词one (复数 ones),that(复数those)所指内容 27.I have two blue shirts and three white ones. 我有两件蓝色的衬衣和三件白色的衬衣。,28.About 65 million years ago the dinosaurs just disappeared. What could have caused that? 大约6500万年前恐龙就消失了。是什么原因导致的恐龙的消失呢？ 29.I havent got a raincoat.Ill have to buy one. 我没有雨衣，我得去买一件。,
