1、Myers PSYCHOLOGY,Chapter 7 States of Consciousness,Waking Consciousness,Consciousness our awareness of ourselves and our environments,Sleep and Dreams,Biological Rhythms periodic physiological fluctuations Circadian Rhythm the biological clock regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle, su
2、ch as of wakefulness and body temperature,Premenstrual Syndrome,Premenstrual Menstrual Intermenstrual,Menstrual phase,Actual,Recalled mood,3,2,1,Negative mood score,Recalled mood is worse than earlier reported,Sleep and Dreams,REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring sleep stage vivid dreams “parado
3、xical sleep” muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness,Sleep and Dreams,Measuring sleep activity,Brain Waves and Sleep Stages,Alpha Waves slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain Delta Waves large, slow waves of deep sleep
4、Hallucinations false sensory experiences,Stages in a Typical Nights Sleep,Stages in a Typical Nights Sleep,Sleep Deprivation,Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration depressed immune system greater vulnerability to accidents,Sleep Deprivation,Sleep Disorders,Insomnia persistent problems
5、in falling or staying asleep Narcolepsy uncontrollable sleep attacks Sleep Apnea temporary cessation of breathing momentary reawakenings,Night Terrors and Nightmares,Night Terrors occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 high arousal- appearance of being terrified,Dreams:
6、Freud,Dreams sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping persons mind hallucinatory imagery discontinuities incongruities delusional acceptance of the content difficulties remembering,Dreams: Freud,Sigmund Freud-The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) wish fulfillment discharge
7、 otherwise unacceptable feelings Manifest Content remembered story line Latent Content underlying meaning,Dreams,As Information Processing helps facilitate memories REM Rebound REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation,Sleep Across the Lifespan,Hypnosis,Hypnosis a social interaction in whi
8、ch one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis induced by the hypnotists suggestion,Hypnosis,Unhypnotized person
9、s can also do this,Hypnosis,Orne & Evans (1965) control group instructed to “pretend” unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones Posthypnotic Suggestion suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized used by some clinicians to control undesired sympt
10、oms and behaviors,Hypnosis,Dissociation a split in consciousness allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others Hidden Observer Hilgards term describing a hypnotized subjects awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis,Explaining Hypnosis,Drugs
11、and Consciousness,Psychoactive Drug a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood Physical Dependence physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms Psychological Dependence a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative emotions,Dependence and Ad
12、diction,Tolerance diminishing effect with regular use Withdrawal discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use,Psychoactive Drugs,Depressants drugs that reduce neural activity slow body functions alcohol, barbiturates, opiates Stimulants drugs that excite neural activity speed up body functio
13、ns caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine,Psychoactive Drugs,Hallucinogens psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LSD,Psychoactive Drugs,Barbiturates drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, redu
14、cing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement,Psychoactive Drugs,Opiates opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety,Psychoactive Drugs,Amphetamines drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions a
15、nd associated energy and mood changes,Cocaine Euphoria and Crash,Psychoactive Drugs,Ecstasy (MDMA) synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen both short-term and long-term health risks LSD lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid THC the major active ingredient in
16、marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations,Psychoactive Drugs,Trends in Drug Use,Perceived Marijuana Risk,Near-Death Experiences,Near-Death Experience an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death often similar to drug-induced hallucinations,Near-Death Experiences,Dualism the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact Monism the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing,
