1、句子的翻译,句子成分的翻译,主语的译法 谓语的译法 表语的译法 宾语的译法 定语的译法 状语的译法,主语的译法,照译 转译 转译为谓语 转译为宾语 转译为定语 转译为状语,照译,适用情况：如果英语的主语是名词、代词、数词、单个的动名词或不定式等，一般可以照译成汉语的主语。 Hydraulic springs（液压弹簧） are particularly suited for applications in which high load capacities（承载能力） and stiffness（刚度） are required. 液压弹簧尤其适用于要求承载能力和刚度很高的地方。 We ca
2、n regard the entire weight of a body as concentrated at its center of gravity. 我们可以认为物体的整个重量是集中在物体的重心上。 Installing the electronic units in the ground and leasing（租借） telephone wires would cost $ 15 million. 安装地下电子装置和租借电话线就要耗资15,000,000美元。 Introduction of a newly-developed technique will enhance the
3、prospects of success. 引进一项新开发的技术将增加成功的希望。,转译为谓语,适用情况：There be +动作性名词；动作性名词+系表结构；动作性名词+被动语态， 如： Attempts were made to find out a method for increasing productivity. 我们曾力图寻找一种提高生产率的方法。 .It is already dark, and the chorus of insects and frogs is in full swing（活跃）. 天已经漆黑，虫鸣蛙叫，一片喧闹。 Since the lines of ma
4、gnetic force converge(回聚) and diverge(发散), there is the necessity for a component Br（分量Br）. 由于磁力线的回聚和发散，就需要一个分量Br。 Attempts have even been made to rename the robot. 人们也一直在尝试给机器人重新命名。 In consequence, there is no need of axial location（轴向定位）. 因此不需要轴向定位。,转译为宾语- Passive voice: 主宾互换,Passive voice: 主宾互换，无
5、主句或泛指人称代词作主语 In producing different materials, different speed should be used. 在生产不同材料时，应采用不同的速度。 Work must be done in setting a body in motion. 使一个物体运动，就必须做功。Nuclear energy thermoelectric generators are proposed as power sources for the solar system deep space explorers. 有人建议将核能温差电池用作太阳系远程空间探测器的能源。
6、 Land animals are believed to have developed from sea animals. 人们认为陆地动物是由海洋动物进化而来的。,转译为宾语- S + be done +prep,Passive voice: S + be done +prep. +OO+ do+ S（P263） Attachments are usually not included with standard machine. 通常，标准机床不包含附件。 Sound absorbing material has been used in walls and ceiling. 墙壁和天花
7、板使用了吸音材料。,转译为宾语- There be 结构,Even though bearings are usually lubricated, there is friction and some wear. 即使经常给轴承润滑，还存在摩擦与一些磨损。 Above the Curie temperature there is no spontaneous magnetization（磁化）. 在居里温度以上，没有自发的磁化。 Up to now, there have been three main options for encoding a message. 迄今为止，消息的编码有三种
8、主要的选择。,转译为宾语it +be +pp+that 从句,转译成无主句或泛指人称代词作主语，that 从句转译成宾语从句 It can be concluded that copper oxide（氧化铜） is a more stable compound than mercuric（汞）oxide（氧化汞）. （我们）可以断言，氧化铜是比氧化汞更为稳定的一种化合物。,转译为宾语,Several concepts are introduced: decision-making, modeling ,dynamics, feedback, stability and logical des
9、ign. 这里介绍几个概念：判定、模拟、动力学、反馈、稳定性和逻辑设计等。 See to it that all troubles should be eliminated. 务必要排除所有故障。 provision must be made for dissipating（驱散 ）the heat that results from the sliding （摩擦）of surfaces. 必须采取措施驱散由摩擦所产生的热。 From this experiment the conclusion is drawn that the theory of oppositely charged p
10、articles attracting each other is true. 由这一实验可以得出结论，带异性电荷的粒子相互吸引的这一说法是正确的。 It should be emphasized that the laser（激光器） is in no sense an energy source（能源）. 应当强调指出，激光器并不是一种能源。,转译为定语,当句子中的谓语可动名相互转用或含义与名词相关时，谓语有时转译成主语，而主语则转译为定语. Computers work many times more rapidly than nerve cells in the human brain
11、. 计算机的工作比人类大脑中的神经细胞要快好多倍。（谓语转译为主语，主语转译为定语）The wings are responsible for keeping the airplane in the air. 机翼的用途是使飞机在空中保持不坠。 The experiments are designed to validate his theory. 这些试验的设计是用来证实他的理论的。,转译为定语-系表结构+介词短语（usu. in),当介词的宾语转译成汉语的主语时，原句的主语转译成定语 An atom of oxygen is 16 times as much as an atom of h
12、ydrogen in weight. 一个氧原子的质量相当于一个氢原子质量的16倍。 A semi-conductor material is poorer than a conductor in conductivity. 半导体材料的导电性比导体差。Animals and plants are variable in characters. 动植物的特性是可变的。 This machine is simple in design, yet it is efficient in operation. 这台机器的结构简单，但工作效率很高.,转译为定语have 谓语句,Have 作谓语的句子中，
13、其宾语常常为了符合表达习惯转译成汉语的主语，而原句的主语相应的转译成译文中主语的定语。 Good clocks have pendulums（钟摆） which are automatically compensated for temperature changes. 好钟的钟摆可以自动补偿温度的变化。 Such bearings have the disadvantage of requiring almost perfect geometry of the raceways(滚道) and rollers(滚子). 这种轴承的缺点是滚道和滚子需要近乎完美的几何形状。,转译为状语,在英语中
14、表示时间、原因、条件含义的主语汉译时常译作汉语的状语，(注意此时的主语具有动词意义或与动作相关) The shortage of 15-inch display devices may push up prices in the future. 当15英寸显示器缺货,其价格可能会在未来上扬。 Improved efficiency has made the products of manufactories very much cheaper than formerly. 由于效率提高，工厂里出的产品比起以前来，价格便宜多了 The collapse of the dam caused the
15、 land being flooded. 由于大坝倒塌，土地因此被淹。 Restricted movement led to an interruption(中断,受阻)of blood flow. （由于）活动受限（导致）血液流动受阻。,谓语的译法,直译 练习 转译为主语 转译为宾语 转译为定语或状语 省译,“直译”练习,Any friction between two surfaces results in a temperature rise of the materials. 两个表面之间的任何摩擦都会导致材料的温度升高。 The rivets(铆钉) contract as they
16、 cool, drawing the plates(钢板) together. 铆钉随着冷却而收缩，从而使钢板紧紧地压在一起。 The endosperm(胚乳) also contains a numbers of nitrogenous compounds(含氮化合物). 胚乳中还包含许多含氮化合物。,转译为主语,适用情况：谓语动词可动名转用，或与名词相关(devise, base, characterize等） In the early dawn, the guard towers were silhouetted(呈现轮廓) against the sky. 黎明时，天空映出了燎望塔的
17、轮廓。 Most U. S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions. 美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。 Compression formats（压缩格式） are devised to greatly reduce file size, yet retain acceptable quality. 压缩格式的设计是为了大幅度减少文件所占用的空间，同时又维持可接受的质量。,转译为主语,Tests showed t
18、hat the cooling air must flow at a rate of at least 17 m/s. 实验表明，冷却空气的流速至少应为17 m/s。 Black holes act like huge drains in the universe. 黑洞的作用像宇宙中巨大的吸管,The experiment resulted in the discovery of a cure for cancer.这一实验的结果是发现了一种治疗癌症的方法。 The application of surfactant（表面活性剂）aims to simplify work processes
19、. 使用表面活性剂的目的就是简化工作过程。,转译为宾语,当谓语动词可以动名转用时 The dial（标度盘） is scaled into one hundred graduations(分度). 该标度盘刻有分成100等分的标度。 Genes can now be patented. 目前基因可以获得专利权。,转译为定语或状语,Radar works in very much the same way as the flashlight . 雷达的工作原理和手电筒极为相同。 The pressure was determined to be 0.1 torr. 测得的压力为0.1托。 The
20、 power station managed to maintain its supply of electricity day and night. 电站尽力保持日夜供电。 Rapid evaporation tends to make the steam wet. 快速蒸发往往使蒸汽的湿度加大。 The molecules continue to stay close together, but do not continue to retain a regular fixed arrangement. 分子仍然紧密地聚集在一起，但不再继续保持规则得固定排列形式。,表语的译法,直译 转译为
21、主语 主表倒译 转译为谓语 转译为宾语 转译为定语,The odometer(里程表) is mechanical, driven by a stepper motor. 里程表是机动的，由步进电机带动。 The purpose of the radiator is to get rid of heat from the engine. 散热器的用途是排放发动机产生的热。,转译为主语,Sattri., Predicative. S Zirconiun(锆)is almost as strong as steel. 锆的强度几乎与钢一样。Those nearer the sun are more
22、 rocky, those father away more icy. 离太远越近，岩石块越多；离太阳越远，则冰块越多。,主表倒译（一）,A is BB is A, e.g.（名词作表语时，主语和表语表达的内容是一致的） One of the well-known laws of physics is Ohms Law. 欧姆定律是物理学上著名的定律之一。 If youre watching a game in the ballpark(球场), the network will know that player profiles(概述，简介) are what you need on you
23、r palm-sized computer. 如果你在球场观看一场比赛，网络会知道你希望掌上电脑提供的是每位球员的简介。,主表倒译（二）,It + be + predicative +that clause /to do It is a matter of common experience that it is much easier to roll bodies along than to slide them. 通常的经验是物体向前滚动比滑动容易得多. It is note worthy that small as atoms are, they contain vast amounts
24、 of energy. 值得注意的是原子虽小，却具有很大的能量。,转译为谓语,在系表结构的句子中，如果表语是含有动作意义的形容词、副词或介词短语，汉译时系词可以不译，把原句的表语直接译为汉语的谓语。 When the switch is on, the circuit is closed and electricity goes through. 将开关合上，电路就闭合，而电就接通了。 These new machines are now in wide use .,转译为宾语,当系表结构中的做表语的形容词或of +名词表示人或物的性质时,be动词译为动词“具有”,“属于”, 表语往往转译为名
25、词作动词的宾语. As most metals are malleable(可延展的) and ductile(有韧性的), they can be beaten into plates and drawn into wire. 由于大多数金属都具有延展性和韧性,所以可以压成薄板和拉成细丝。 The angular-contact bearing（向心推力轴承）is of greater thrust capacity. 向心推力轴承具有较大的轴向承载能力,Cutting tools must be strong, hard, tough, and wear resistant. 刀具必须有足
26、够的强度、硬度、韧性和耐磨性。 The early steam engines were of the piston-type（活塞型）. 早期的蒸汽机属于活塞型。,转译为定语,如果形容词作表语，且句子主语有定语的修饰，汉译时为使译文自然、通顺，常常可以把表语转译为定语。 In this air mechanics laboratory, few instruments are valuable. 在这个空气动力学实验室里，贵重的仪器不多。 In this book, many theories are very important . 在这本书中，重要的理论很多。,宾语的译法,直译 转译成汉
27、语的主语 Have的宾语转译成汉语的主语 介词的宾语转译成汉语的主语 转译成汉语的谓语（名词转译成动词）,All moving bodies have energy. 所有运动的物体都具有能量。 Heat used to melt a solid is called melting heat. 用于熔化固体的热叫做熔化热。,转译成汉语的主语,介词的宾语转译成汉语的主语 The spores(孢子) are very small and light in mass. 孢子很小，且质量很轻。 Automatic lathes(车床)perform basically similar functio
28、ns but appear in a variety of forms. 各种自动车床的作用基本相同，但形式不同,Have的宾语转译成汉语的主语 Different metals have different coefficients(系数) of expansion. 各种金属的膨胀系数都不同。 Good clocks have pendulums which are automatically compensated for temperature changes. 好钟的钟摆可以自动补偿温度的变化。 A radio antenna(天线) should have a physical s
29、ize of one-half wavelength or more. 无线电天线的实际尺寸应为半个波长或更大一些.,转译成汉语的谓语,英语中句子的宾语由由动词派生的名词/含动作意义的名词充当时，往往可转译成汉语句子的谓语动词，原来修饰宾语的定语转译为修饰谓语的状语 Despite all the improvements, rubber still has a number of limitations. 尽管改进了很多，但合成橡胶仍有一些缺陷。,定语的译法,直译 倒译（后置定语） 转译 转译为主语 转译为谓语 转译为状语,英语中当短语（包括介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语等）作定语时，往往放
30、在被修饰词的后面。汉译时可采取倒译法，先翻译后置的定语部分，再翻译被后置定语修饰的名词。 The equation for this chemical reaction is the reverse of one we have just been studying. 这个化学反应的反应式是刚才所讨论的反应式的逆转。 Scientists in that county are now supplied with necessary books ,equipment and assistant ,that will ensure success in their scientific resea
31、rch. 现在已给该县科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手，以保证科研工作的成功。,转译为主语,当There be 句型中的主语可以与动词或形容词相互转化或表示相关意义时,该主语转译为谓语,其后由of/about引出的后置定语的中的介词宾语转译为主语 There are many sizes of computers. 计算机有很多尺寸。 There are two kinds of video capture(视频采集) devices, analog(模拟) and digital wares. 视频采集设备有两种，模拟采集设备和数字采集设备。 There are three states
32、of matter: solid, liquid and gas. 物质有三态：固态、液态和气态。,There are two different kinds of electricity, which we call positive electricity and negative electricity. 电有两种：正电和负电。 There are different forms of energy: heat energy, light energy, sound energy, mechanical energy and electrical energy, etc. 能有各种不同的
33、形式：热能、光能、声能、机械能和电能等。 There are two groups of metals: pure metals and their alloys. 金属有两大类：纯金属及其合金。,定语转译成谓语,(1)Have谓语句中宾语的定语转译成谓语 Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton. 中子的质量略大于质子的质量。 Copper has very high conductivity. 铜的导电率很高。,(2)There be句中宾语的后置分词/不定式定语转译成谓语 There are only two impor
34、tant chemical reactions involved in the combustion of any fuel , be it coal, wood, oil or gas. 任何燃烧的过程只包含两种重要的化学反应，不论燃烧材料是煤、木材、油还是煤气。 When you turn a light or electric appliance off, there will be electric voltage built up at the switch, but no current will flow. 当关上电灯或电器时，开关上有电压产生，但是没有电流流动。,如果作定语用的
35、分词短语仅仅是对其修饰的名词进行补充性的说明，或分词短语的独立性较强，且译成定语时并不符合汉语的表达习惯，那么汉译时就可将作定语的短语译为并列句。这时， 分词短语中的分词就可译为这个分句的谓语。而分句的主语常常是通过重复该分词短语所修饰的名词或增译的代词“它”、“它们”等来体现的。 The capacitor(电容器) consists of two metal plates, separated by an insulting medium(绝缘介质). 电容器有两个金属片组成，这两个金属片被绝缘介质所隔离。,定语转译成状语,当英语句子中由动词派生的名词转译成动词时，原来修饰名词的定语常常相
36、应地转译为状语，有时充当定语的介词短语也可以转译成状语。 A superficial glance at the table shows a strong correlation between the two sets of measurements. 粗看一下这张表就可以发现两组数据见有密切的联系。 These new computers are in wide use. 这些计算机被广泛地使用。,分词/不定式定语相当于定语从句的作用，而定语从句又往往可根据具体语境译成时间、条件、原因、让步等状语从句。 Liquid , containing no free electrons(自由电子)
37、, are poor conductors of heat. 各种液体， 由于不含自由电子，所以不是热的不良导体。（译为原因状语从句） Electronic computers having many advantages cannot carry out creative work. 虽然电子计算机有很多优点，但他们不能进行创造性工作。（译为让步状语从句）,状语的译法,直译 转译为主语 转译为定语,状语转译为主语,当”S+V+prep. Phrase”结构中, 尤其是被动句中含介词“by”引导的方式状语、以及“from”等表示的其他状语时，将做状语的由by, in, for等引导的介词短语中
38、的宾语翻译成译文的主语, 在此情况下, 英语原文中的主语一般被翻译成宾语，有时增补泛指性的词语（人们,大家等）作主语。如： Three-phase current(三相电流) should be used for large industrial equipments(电动机). 大型电动机应当使用三相电流。 Cold drinks will be available at the Sports Center. 运动中心也提供冷饮。 Various types of standardized bearings are manufactured at the factory. 工厂生产各种不同类型的标准化轴承。,状语转译为定语,In his composition he made few spelling mistakes. 他作文中的拼写错误很少。 In larger amounts, ozone is unpleasant with s strong odor that irritates are eyes and lungs. 大量的臭氧都带有一种不舒服的强烈的气味，对眼睛及肺部有刺激作用。,
