1、Chapter 15,长 句 翻 译 Translationof Long Sentences,英汉语言差异,I. The major discrepancies in sentence structures and idiomatic expressions 英汉两种语言符号系统之间能够转换，信息能够互相传递，是人类思维的共性所决定。与此同时，各民族由于历史、文化、地域、生活环境等方面的不同，形成了各自的思维方式和思维风格，思维方式是沟通文化与语言的桥梁。思维方式的差异是造成语言差异的一个重要原因（连淑能，1993）。,汉语特性,思维特征：汉民族惯于曲线思维，重综合、重悟性、重参与，强调主体
2、意识。 句子结构特征：重意合（Emphasis on parataxis）： 例句：嘴甜心苦，两面三刀，头上笑着，脚底下就使绊子，明是一盆火，暗是一把刀，她全占了。 英语重形合（ Emphasis on hypotasis)： Shell give you sweet talk when theres hatred in her heart, shes so double-faced and tricky. All the time shes smiling she tries to trip you up, making a show of great warmth while she st
3、abs you in the back. Thats the way she is.,英语特性,思维：英民族惯于直线思维，重分析、重理性、重距离，强调客体意识。 句子：重形合： 1.SV:We agree. 2.SVO:We study English. 3.SVO1,O2:He gave me a book. 4.SVOC:We find English not so difficult. 5.SVC:We are Chinese.,英语使用连接词、关系词、从句、现在分词短语、过去分词短语、指代词、介词短语独立主格结构等语法扩展句子,汉语句子以神统形，少用或不用形式连接手段，注重功能、意义，
4、看上去概念、判断、推理不严密，多是意思连接的积累式句子或独立句子，彼此逻辑关系多以句序的先后加以暗示，被形象地称为“竹式结构”(sentences like a bamboo)，句首开放，句尾收缩，多用动词。而英语遣词造句讲究逻辑，最忌流散疏放，往往以主谓为机制，借助连接词、关系词、从句、现在分词短语、过去分词短语、指代词、介词短语等凸显句子间的逻辑关系，以形统神，结构严谨，句尾开放，被称为“树式结构”(sentences like a tree),多用名词和介词。,翻译方法,I. 顺译法（Linear translation） 按照汉语的语序翻译，原文是长句，译文也是长句。 运用英语的各种语
5、法手段，如连接词、关系词、指代词、介词等凸显句子间的逻辑关系，以形统神，结构严谨，句尾开放，被称为“树式结构” 上海大众汽车公司是一家中德合资企业，去年汽车产量为10万辆，预计今年产量可再增加5万辆。 Shanghai Volkswagen, a Sino-German joint venture which turned out 100,000 cars last year, is expected to increase production by 50,000 this year.,1.这种床垫工艺先进，结构新颖，造型美观，款式多样，舒适大方，携带方便。 The technologica
6、l design of this bed cushion is advanced with novel structure, beautiful shape various patterns. They are comfortable and convenient to carry.,他气急败坏，于是他派神兵神将前来捉拿白蛇精，并将她镇压在一座塔下面。 Much enraged, he sent divine troops from heaven to capture White Snake, incarcerating her underneath a pagoda.,翻译方法,西湖的湖面波
7、光闪闪，湖边树木常绿，景色四季宜人。 The West Lake, with glistering water in the lake and ever-green trees along its bank, has pleasant landscape all the year round.,翻译方法,古老中国的图景被带往异域他乡，小小的农舍偎依在路旁的树丛中，袅袅炊烟飘向绿色的屏障，荫凉的蔷薇丛环绕着门庭；远处的小街可见一座设计不太规范的客店，灰色教堂的尖顶在不远处耸立于乡村墓地中。 The pictures of old England are carried away to other
8、 climes(地域，地方),a little cottage nestling（安卧） amidst the wayside trees, the blue smoke curling up against the green, and a bower(树阴处) of roses round the door，with its rambling （布局不规范的）old inn（酒店）in the steet a little distance away, and the hoary（灰白的）, grey church-tower in its township of tombstone.,课
9、堂讨论,1.英语译文的语序与汉语一致吗？ 2.翻译者运用什么英语语法构成了如此之长的句子？3.用多个英语短句翻译这个汉语长句，看看效果如何。,4.用多个英语短句翻译这个汉语长句与此译文有什么差异？,课堂练习,请同学们翻译：从前有个俊俏的年轻人，名叫小王，人人都欢他，可她总是闷闷不乐，因为他有一个说话尖刻，老套不休的继母。,参考译文： Once there lived a handsome young man named Xiao Wang who, though a favorite with everyone, was unhappy because he had a sharp-tongu
10、ed, nagging step mother.,课后练习： 在街上，我遇见了一个小孩，他哭得伤心极了，我问他，他说他饿极了，两天没吃东西了。 In the street I met a boy, who was crying as if his heart would break and said, when I spoke to him, that he had had no food for two days.,II. Division（分译） 把汉语长句分译成两个或两个以上的句子。 1. 上海大剧院自1998年8月27日开业以来，已成功上演过歌剧、音乐剧、芭蕾、交响乐、室乐内、话剧、戏
11、曲等各类大型演出和综艺晚会，在国内外享有很高的知名度，许多国家领导人和外国政要、国际知名人士光临大剧院后，给予了高度评价，认为上海大剧院是建筑与艺术的完美结晶。,Division（分译）,Since its opening on August 27, 1998, the Shanghai Grand Theater has successfully staged operas, musicals, ballets, symphonies, chamber music concerts, modern dramas, Chinese local operas and variety shows.
12、 It enjoys a high reputation both at home and abroad. Many state leaders, foreign VIPs and international celebrities who have been to the Grand Theater have spoken highly of it for its perfect combination of art and architecture.,II. Division（分译） 把汉语长句分译成两个或两个以上的句子。 1. 上海大剧院自1998年8月27日开业以来，已成功上演过歌剧、
13、音乐剧、芭蕾、交响乐、室乐内、话剧、戏曲等各类大型演出和综艺晚会，在国内外享有很高的知名度，许多国家领导人和外国政要、国际知名人士光临大剧院后，给予了高度评价，认为上海大剧院是建筑与艺术的完美结晶。,Since its opening on August 27, 1998, the Shanghai Grand Theater has successfully staged operas, musicals, ballets, symphonies, chamber music concerts, modern dramas, Chinese local operas and variety
14、shows. It enjoys a high reputation both at home and abroad. Many state leaders, foreign VIPs and international celebrities who have been to the Grand Theater have spoken highly of it for its perfect combination of art and architecture.,2. 应当承认，每个民族都有它的长处，不然它为什么能存在？为什么能发展？It must be admitted that eve
15、ry nation has its strong points. If not, how can it survive? How can it progress?3. 被观众鼓了几声掌就飘飘然，就忘乎所以，就选成了歌星，就坐飞机，就灌唱片，这简直是胡闹。Once one gets some applauses, ones head will swell. And one will be treated like a star, given free plane trips and invited to have voice recorded everywhere. Its ridiculous
16、.,请同学们翻译： 我们的政策是实行“一个国家，两种制度”，具体说，就是在中华人民共和国内，十亿人口的大陆实行社会主义制度，香港、台湾实行资本主义制度。,参考译文We are pursuing a policy of “one country with two systems”.More specifically, this means that within the Peoples Republic of China, the main land with its one billion people will maintain the socialist system, while Hon
17、g Kong and Taiwan continue under the capitalist system.,变序翻译,变序翻译：改变汉语句子的语序 这台机器性能稳定、操作可靠、维修方便，受到用户好评。 This machine has been well received by the customers because of its stability in service,reliabily in operation and simplicity in maintenance.,她，一个瘦弱多病的女孩子，以她的坚强的毅力写出了一部部催人泪下的小说。 Sickly and weak th
18、e girl is, she wrote one inspiring novel after another with her s trong will.,她，一个瘦弱多病的女孩子，以她的坚强的毅力写出了一部部催人泪下的小说。,The girl, who was sickly and weak, wrote one inspiring novel after another with her strong will. Although she was a sickly and weak girl, she wrote one inspiring novel after another with
19、 her strong will. Being so sickly and weak, the girl wrote one inspiring novel after another with her strong will. Although she was a sickly and weak girl, her strong will helped her writing one inspiring novel after another. With a sickly and weak body but a strong will, the girl wrote one inspirin
20、g novel after another.,请同学们翻译：,我们（1）为了顾全大局，（2）于同年（3）秋末，（4）在第三方的调停下，（5）开诚布公地（6）多次（7）强烈要求贵方赔偿我们的一切损失。 骨干结构： 我们要求贵方赔偿我们的一切损失。We demand that you should compensate all of our losses.,附加成分： （1）为了顾全大局 to take the whole interest into account，with the whole interest taken into account, considering the whole
21、interest into account, （2）于同年last year （3）秋末 the end of autumn， （4）在第三方的调停下，with the third party acting as an intermediary, intermediated by the third party, （5）开诚布公地with frankness and sincerity, frankly and sinceri ly （6）多次many times （7）强烈strongly,全句译文,根据各语法项目在句子中的位置和意群之间的逻辑关系。 Considering the whol
22、e interest into account and intermediated by the third party, we, with frankness and sincerity , demand strongly for many times at the end of the autumn of last year that you should compensate all of our losses.,本讲总结 充分理解，灵活翻译,翻译在于创造，创造不逾矩。 1）一定要言行一致，理论与实践相结合，反对华而不实和任何虚夸，少说空话，多找工作，理扎扎实实，埋头苦干。 译文1. D
23、eed and word must match ;theory and practice must be inteprated. We must reject flashness without substance and every sort of boasting.There must be less empty talk and more hard work.We must be steadfast and dedicated. 译文2.We must keep our deeds in conformity with our words(Our conducts must agrees
24、 with our words. Our deeds must be consistent with our words ),make theory and practice be inteprated, turn down flashness without substance and every sort of boasting, advocate less empty talk and immerse in our work.,2).她，一个瘦弱多病的女孩子，以她的坚强的毅力写出了一部部催人泪下的小说。 Sickly and weak the girl is, she wrote one
25、 inspiring novel after another with her s trong will. The girl, who was sickly and weak, wrote one inspiring novel after another with her s trong will. Although she was a sickly and weak girl, she wrote one inspiring novel after another with her strong will. Being so sickly and weak, the girl wrote
26、one inspiring novel after another with her strong will. Although she was a sickly and weak girl, her strong will helped her writing one inspiring novel after another. With a sickly and weak body but a strong will, the girl wrote one inspiring novel after another.,课后练习,教科书第15讲课后练习 翻译9个汉语长句子,The end o
27、f this lecture,The end of this lecture,division at the conjunction words1）声速随温度的升降会有轻微的增减，但不受气压的影响。 The speed of sound increases slightly with a rise in temperature and falls with decrease in temperature. It is not affected by the pressure of the air. 2）我在学堂里坐着，心里也闷，不如给他家放牛，倒快活些。 I feel sitting in s
28、chool boring anyway. Id rather look after our neighbors buffalos.,6. Starting a new sentence when the subject or predicate verb was changed. 1) 本世纪上半叶的上海曾经是中国工业、贸易、金融和商业的中心，有着远东大都会浪漫而传奇的历史，吸引过不少外来资本，因而一度成为“冒险家的乐园”。 In the first half of this century Shanghai served as the industrial, trade, financial
29、 and commercial center of the country. It attracted many foreign investors as a mysterious Oriental city and an adventurers paradise.2) 与会者对这个问题的观点差别太大，以致发生了争吵，一时会场紧张起来。 The opinions of the attendants were far from unanimous about this issue so that some of them began to quarrel with each other. The
30、 atmosphere at the meeting became tense at the moment.,III. CombinationCombination is a technique employed to achieve conciseness and contractedness in translation. We may combine a phrase into a word, a clause into a word-group, a complex or a compound sentence into a simple sentence, or two or mor
31、e simple sentences into one simple sentence, to make our translation concise or contracted.,1. 药价高涨原因有二。其一，药品要经药厂、医药代表、医生三次倒手才能到患者手中；其二，政府指导价制定者并不清楚药物成本。Two factors that cause drug prices to soar were the free market procedures of three layers - medicine factories, drug representatives, and hospital
32、 doctors; and government guided-price makers who know little about the costs of the drugs.,2. 我们往往从一个人所交往的朋友以及所阅读的书去看他的为人。因为人与人之间有友谊，同样的，人与书也就有书谊。A man may usually be known by the book he read as well as by the company he keeps, for there is a companionship of books as well as of men.,3. 阁下如认为该公司信守合
33、同，可以胜任我公司之代理商，则请告知，我们当不胜感激。It would be much appreciated if you would inform us whether the company can be relied on to abide by agreement hence qualified to be an agent on our behalf.,4) 近年来，中国面对复杂多变的国际形势，克服困难，深化改革，扩大开放，国内经济建设和对外合作均取得了新的发展。In recent years, in the context of complicated and ever-chan
34、ging international situations, China has, through deepening its commitment to reform and opening-up, overcome many difficulties and achieved progress in domestic economy and foreign cooperation.,IV. Invert the Original Order Because of the different thinking ways of the source and target languages a
35、nd different language expressing ways of both languages, we should always change and rearrange the sentence order of the source language when translated it into the target language. 1) 受梵蒂冈派遣，他远渡重洋，到日本来传教，已有20多年时间了。 It was more than twenty years since Vatican had dispatched him all the way across th
36、e ocean to Japan as a missionary.,2) 因此，如果要使学生充分利用他们（上大学）的机会，就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽得信息，做更多的指导，这个问题显得越来越重要了。It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advices.,3. 由于人民生活水平
37、的不断提高以及计划生育，中国的家庭结构发生着缓慢却又具有实质性的变化，必须根据这一历史背景考虑人到老年的问题。 Solutions of the problem of old age have to be considered against a historical back-ground of slow but substantial changes in Chinese family structure, caused by rising living standards and family planning.,2. 许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位，这在西方
38、则是人之常情。Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.,4) 环境好，图书设备充足，有良师益友指导启发，当然有很大的帮助，但是具备了这些条件，也不一定能保证一个人在学问上就有成就。You cannot be sure to succeed in learning even if you have got all the favorabl
39、e conditions such as good environment, sufficient books and equipment, as well as instructions and enlightenments from scholarly mentors and beneficial friends, which are of great help, though.,5) 合资企业的产品可能有一部分在国内市场销售，但为能满足合资企业再生产和其它方面对外汇的需要，至少应有70%的产品外销以赚取外汇。A portion of the products of the joint v
40、enture may be sold at domestic market while at least 70% must be exported to obtain foreign exchange in order to meet the joint ventures requirement for reproduction and other outlays on foreign currency.,1. Translate the following sentences into English,1. 睡觉前，我洗澡、铺床、弄干头发、刷牙、把明天的东西准备好，就这样。 2. 这家实业公
41、司建于四年前，隶属上海工业技术发展中心，注意协调帮助所属企业进行生产技术更新，老厂机制的转换，并且参与投资。 3. 我们工厂引进了最先进的工艺和设备来提高印花行业技术，我们创导高科技和高生产力，产品质量稳定，花样美观，另外我们还坚持高产低耗的原则。 4. 目前，中国的教育制度可以分为四个阶段：学前教育，也就是托儿所和幼儿园阶段，然后从六岁开始，六年小学，六年中学和四年大学。,5. 农民的生活水平不断提高，绝大部分农民以解决了温饱问题，不少的农民已过上了小康生活。 6. 这种经营方式的特点是共同投资，共同管理，共负盈亏，可使双方的关系更加密切，协作更为加强，对双方都是有利的。 7. 你可知道中国
42、一向坚持开放政策并对引进国外投资采取积极立场，已在平等互利的基础上与其他国家扩大经济和技术交流。 8. 最近几年，学校对教学制度进行了改革，最明显的一点就是学分制，也就是学生若修满规定学分，就可以提前毕业。,Key,1.Before going to bed, I take my bath, fix my bed, dry my hair, brush my teeth, get my things ready for tomorrow. That is it.2. Set up four years ago, the Enterprise Corporation is subordinate
43、 to the Industrial Technology Development centre os Shanghai. It helps to coordinate anf assist subordinate enterprises in updating production technology and to transform of old factories and take part in capital investment.,3. Our factory has updated the printing techlonogy by bringing in the most
44、advanced workmanship and equipment. We advocate sophisticated technology and high productivity. Our products enjoy stable quality and beautiful patterns. In addition, we adhere to the principles of low cost and high turnout. 4. At present, Chinese educational system can be divided into four stages.
45、Preschool education refers to the period of going to nuseries and kindergartens. School age begins at six. Primary education lasts for six years,so does the secondary education. It takes four years for students to finish tertiary education/ to complete college education.,5. The living standard of fa
46、rmers has been raised continuously. The majority of farmers have enough food and clothing and quite a few are leading a quite comfortable life. 6. The main features of this form of business are joint investment, joint managementand joint share in profits and losses. These are beneficial to both part
47、ies in that they will enhance business relation and cooperation.,7. You are probably aware that China has always persisted in an open policy and taken a positive stand with regard to introducing foreign investment, with a view to expanding economic cooperation and technical exchange with other countries on the basis of equality and mutural benefit. 8. We have been undergoing some educational reforms in recent years. An obvious method is to adopt credit system which means students can graduate ahead of schedule when hey complete the regular credits.,
