1、修辞的翻译,Warming up,1.The boy was creeping like snail unwillingly to school. 那男孩像只蜗牛慢慢向前挪动，嘟哝着不愿去上学。 2.The boy stood rooted. 那男孩一动不动地呆着。 3. We are dying for the greatest nothing. 我们为那伟大的一文不值的信念而死。,修辞的定义,所谓修辞格，就是为了在读者或听众心目中展现出一副形象生动的画面，使他们能够根据以往的经验产生某种联想，使得比较抽象的事物具体化而易于接受，起到修辞效果。,修辞的定义,英语修辞格和汉语修辞格有很大的差异
2、，掌握修辞格及其使用方法，能够帮助我们加深对阅读材料的理解，达到准确的翻译与表达，有助于我们更加充分地欣赏作者的写作风格。英语中的修辞格根据其格式是否固定可分为消极修辞和积极修辞两大类。,消极修辞 Passive Rhetoric Techniques,没有相对固定格式。它与语法、语言结构和词汇的关系密切，只是为了修辞和立意新颖的缘故，对之做了一些调整。譬如：为了增加文采，强化文章的表现力，常常避免重复使用同一词汇，而另选他词。这种无固定格式可循的消极修辞手法被称为“求雅换词”（Elegant Variation ）。,Lose Pounds,1. Try to shed a few extr
3、a pounds. 2. Studies show these efforts may shave off the pounds quickly. 3. Here are ten simple strategies that can help melt away your fat forever. 4. like a logical way to peel off a few pounds. 5. roughly the amount needed to burn off one pound. 6. You must eat less to lose weight. 7. A key obst
4、acle to dropping extra pounds is after-dinner snacking.,大词小用,1. Dont take the low-fat label as a license to eat。 不能因为食品标明低脂肪而敞开食用。,小词大用,2. If the term sounds unscientific to 20th-century ears, let us remember there is a definite connection between marshy lands and malaria 如果这个术语对生活在20 世纪的人听来不科学的话，那就
5、让我们记住沼泽地和疟疾之间是一定有联系的,积极修辞格（Active Rhetoric Techniques）,比喻 Simile，Metaphor 双关 Pun 借代 Metonymy 拟人Personification 夸张 Hyperbole 委婉 Euphemism 矛盾 Oxymoron 反语 Irony 排比 Parallelism,明喻（Simile）,常用比喻词有like, as if, as, as though 等 1. The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. 支票像一只断了翅膀的小鸟
6、似地飘落到地板上。,明喻（Simile）,2. He looked at me with an air of surprised disapproval, as a colonel might look at a private whose bootlaces were undone. 他带着一种吃惊的、不以为然的神态看着我，犹如一位上校看着一名没有系好靴带的二等兵一样。,暗喻（Metaphor）,暗喻也叫隐喻。是将甲事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。 “a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in
7、which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another” (Websters New World Dictionary),暗喻（Metaphor）,1. There were no more butterflies in my stomach when I opened up an abdomen or a chest. 当我切开病人的腹部和胸腔时，我不再紧张得瑟瑟发抖了。 2. What will parents do without the electronic baby
8、-sitter? 如果少了这位电子保姆，做父母的可怎么办呢？,提喻 （synecdoche),指在同性质、同种类、同一体的事物中，大小互代、部分和整体互代、抽象和具体互代、原料代替所构成的成品等，反之亦然。 “a figure of speech in which a part is used for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing, or the reverse of any of these”. (Websters New World Dictionary),提喻 （synecdoche),No one
9、grasped you by the shoulder while there was still time; and naught will awaken in you the sleeping poet or musician or astronomer that possibly inhabited you from the beginning. 也许你一生下来就具有成为诗人、音乐家或天文学家的天赋，但在时间还不算晚的时候，没有人拉你一把，时机一过，就再也无法唤醒在你身上沉睡着的才能了。,转喻（Metonymy）,转喻又称借代。它故意不用需要说的人或物的本称，而是借用与该人或物密切相关的
10、事物来代替。 “A figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated.” (Websters New World Dictionary),转喻（Metonymy）,1. What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave. 幼小所学，终生不忘。 2. The pen is mightier than the sword. 文人胜于武士。,夸张（Hyperbo
11、le),1. Ive been dying to meet you. 我非常非常想见到你。 2. She gave me the impression of having more teeth, white and large and even, than were necessary for any practical purpose. (from THE LUNCHEON)她给我的印象是：她有一口洁白整齐的大牙，为数之多已超过任何实际需要。 3. I lived a year in a minute.我度日如年。,矛盾（Oxymoron),1. His cruel kindness is
12、simply beyond words. 他那害人不浅的仁慈。 2. She cried ,with a touch of sorrowful gladness.她悲喜交加地哭了。,矛盾（Oxymoron),3. Parting is such sweet sorrow. (Romeo)别离是如此地又甜蜜又令人心酸。 4. We are terribly pleased to hear the good news.我们听到这一好消息真是欣喜若狂。,委婉（Euphemism),1. That luster has taken a fancy to Middle Eastern dancing.
13、那个好色之徒现在开始喜欢看肚皮舞。 2. Social diseases are now on the increase in the whole world. 现在全世界性病在不断增多。 3. She is a little confused.她疯了。,拟人（Personification),1. But the hope that was in his brain died. 2. The night crawled slowly like a wounded snake and sleep did not visit Rainsford . 3. Night found him leg
14、weary .(from The Most Dangerous Game),拟人（Personification),It is a matter of being dumb with wonder that his poor brain and body didnt burst under the torment of the demon if creative energy that lived inside him, struggling, clawing, scratching to be released; shrieking at him to write the music tha
15、t was in him.,拟人（Personification),这是令人惊讶得目瞪口呆的事。他体内充满创造力的魔鬼不停地挣扎，挥舞魔爪又抓又挖，试图冲出体外。魔鬼一边撕扯，一边尖声狂叫，要他谱写藏于体内的乐曲。他遭受这般折腾，可是他那可怜的脑袋和身躯却没有被压跨，岂不奇哉怪也。,双关 (Pun),-What does that lawyer do after he dies?-Lie still. - 那个律师死后能干什么？（1）-静静地躺着。（2）-躺着说鬼话。,Exercises,1. He was born with a silver spoon in his mouth. 他是嘴里
16、含着银汤匙出生的。（他天生富贵命）2. It cant be defined by the span of a single journey from diaper to shroud. (from In My Day) 它不能由从尿布到寿衣的单个旅程时间来解释。3. The kettle is boiling. 壶里的水开了。,Exercises,4. The whole room broke into laughter. 哄堂大笑 5. Children who were now gray with age. 已经步入中年的子女们 6. I hope your idea takes win
17、g. 我希望你的想法成真。,Exercises,7. All that sleepless night I replayed the moment those black gloves came up to the car window. 当晚我彻夜难眠，眼前不时出现那副黑手套伸向车窗的一瞬间。,Translation,由于中英两种语言、文化存在着差异，修辞手段与内容则各具特色。翻译时尽量保持原有的修辞风格，做到形神兼备。两者矛盾时去“形”保“神”。,一、形似（直译）,1. The fury of the crowd erupted like a volcano.群众的愤怒像火山一般爆发起来。
18、 2. I cant save myself any more than a clay idol can save itself while swimming across a river. 我本人是泥菩萨过河，自身难保。,一、形似（直译）,3. If we attack quickly, we can nip（掐掉） the enemys plans in the bud. 如果我们迅速进攻，就可以把敌人的计划消灭在萌芽状态。,一、形似（直译）,4. They were only crying crocodile tears at the old mans funeral because n
19、obody had really liked him. 在老头子的葬礼上，他们只不过挤了几滴鳄鱼的眼泪，因为老头子在世时他们都不喜欢他。,一、形似（直译）,5. Among so many well-dressed and cultured people, the country girl felt like a fish out of water. 同这么多穿着体面而又有教养的人在一起， 这位乡下姑娘颇有如鱼离水之感。,一、形似（直译）,6. He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushed into his wrink
20、led face. 他往后一跳，好像被什么东西叮了一下似的，他那张布满皱纹的脸顿时涨得通红。,一、形似（直译）,7. He bombarded her with questions. 他连珠炮似的向她提出了许多问题。 8. Most of us are too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise. 我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风，而不愿意给自己的同伴赞扬的阳光。,二、神似（意
21、译）,1. What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave. 少时所学，到老不忘。 2. I cant earn enough to keep my body and soul together. 我赚的不够吃。,二、神似（意译）,3. When my ship comes in, I will take a trip to Africa. 当我发了财时，我要到非洲去。 4. Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜有苦。 5. The man said to woman, “ We
22、 could make beautiful music together.” 我们也许会是和谐幸福的一对儿。,三、加注,加注既能传达原文的意思和神韵，又能扩展读者的知识面，尤其当原文所用的典故在上下文中起比较重要的作用时。 1. They did not reopen the Pandoras Box they had peeked into in 1972. 他们在1972年曾挖掘过这些丑事，如今却不再打开这个潘朵拉的盒子。 （注：潘朵拉的盒子原自希腊神话故事，里面藏有许多能给人们带来不幸的事物。）,三、加注,2. -Why are parliamentary reports called
23、“Blue Books”? -Because they are never red. 为什么议会报告称为“蓝皮书”？ 因为他们从来就不是红的。（注：red和read谐音，实际上是指“从来没有人读它们”）,四、归化,有些英语的修辞格译成汉语时，可以换用符合汉语习惯的其他辞格或是改变原文中比喻形象，使译文在思想上忠实于原作、风格和神韵上尽量求得与原文相接近的效果。 1. He was so fond of talking that his comrades nicknamed him “magpie”. 他如此唠叨，同伴们给他起了个“麻雀”的外号。,四、归化,2. “Dont be scared,
24、 chickens!” came her voice with teasing gaiety. “别害怕， 你们这些胆小如鼠的东西！”只听得她用戏谑的口气说道。 3. It is regrettable that our appeal remained a dead letter. 遗憾的是，我们当时的呼吁石沉大海。,四、归化,4. And I suppose shell tell all the boys, the old cat. 我猜想她会告诉所有的男人，这个长舌的老太婆！（英语中猫常用来比喻恶毒的女人） 5. Up and down he walked, up and down acr
25、oss the library floor. 他在书房里走过来又走过去，走过来又走过去。,多种译法并用，灵活处理,Doea dear, a female deer. Ray a drop of golden sun. Me a name I call myself. Far a long long way to run. Sew a needle pulling thread. La a note to follow sew. Tea a drink with jam and bread. That will bring us back to doe.,对比两种译文：,译文1. Doe 是鹿，
26、是一头母鹿，Ray是金色阳光，Me是我，是我自己，Far是奔向远方，Sew是引针穿线，La跟在Sew后面走，Tea喝茶加点心。那就重会到Doe。 译文2. 朵，美丽的花朵。来啊，大家都快来！密，你们来猜秘密。发，猜中我把奖发。索，大家用心思索。拉，快点猜莫拖拉。体，怎样练好身体，做茁壮成长的花朵。,Exercises,1. as rich as Croesus， 富得像克里萨斯（Croesus是公元6世纪小亚细亚吕底亚国王，十分富有。） 极为富有 2. as drunk as a fiddler 罪得像小提琴手（在英格兰早期文化生活中， 民间小提琴手在公共场合为舞蹈伴奏， 人们往往以酒酬谢，小
27、提琴手因此每每喝得大醉。） 酩町大醉,Exercises,3. They prolonged the clasp for the photographers, exchanging smiling words. 他们延长握手的时间，让摄影师照相，同时微笑着交谈。(英语transferred epithet) 4. You want your pound of flesh, dont you? 你要逼债, 是吗?（英语allusion ） 5. I spoke to them in hesitant English. 我结结巴巴用英语对他们说。（英语transferred epithet）,Ex
28、ercises,6. He is the mouth of the House in its relations with the Crown. 他是议会对王室的发言人。（英语metonymy） 7. Clearly a tug of war over key policies continues between the pragmatic and ideological camps. 不言而喻， 注重务实的和强调意识形态的两大营垒还会在重大政策上争吵不休。(英语metaphor),Exercises,8. Men are April when they woo, December when
29、they wed, maids are May when they maids, but the sky changes when they are wives. (Shakespeare)男人求爱时如和煦的4月，婚后却像寒冬腊月；闺中少女则宛若温暖的5月，而为人妇后却像易变的天气阴晴莫测。,Exercises,A good book is often the best urn of a life enshrining the best that life could think out; for the world of mans life is, for the most part, bu
30、t the world of his thoughts. Thus the best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, become our constant companions and comforters. “We are never alone,” said Sir Philip Sidney, “that are accompanied by noble thoughts.”,参考译文,好书常如最精美的宝器，珍藏着人的一生思想的精华。人生的
31、境界，主要就在于他思想的境界。所以，最好的书是金玉良言的宝库，若将其中的崇高思想铭记于心，就成为我们忠实的伴侣和永恒的慰籍。菲利普悉尼爵士说得好：“有高尚思想作伴的人永不孤独。”,Exercises,Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are f
32、resh today as when they first passed through their authors minds, ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time has been to sift out the bad products; for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.,参考译文
33、,书籍具有不朽的本质，是人类勤奋努力的最为持久的产物。寺庙会倒坍，神像会朽烂，而书却经久长存。对于伟大的思想来说，时间是无关重要的。多少年代前初次闪现在作者脑海里的伟大思想今天依然清新如故。他们当时的言论和思想刊于书页，如今依然那么生动感人。时间唯一的作用是淘汰不好的作品，因为只有真正的佳作才能经世长存。,翻译批评,It was a typical summer evening in June, the atmosphere being in such delicate equilibrium and so transmissive that inanimate objects seemed
34、endowed with two or three senses, if not five. There was no distinction between the near and the far, and an auditor felt close to everything within the horizon. The soundlessness impressed her as a positive entity rather than as the mere negation of noise. It was broken by the strumming of strings.
35、 (Tess of the d“Urbervilles, Chapter 19),译文一,那是六月里一个典型的夏季黄昏。一片大气，平静稳定，都到了精密细致的程度，而且特别富于传送之力，因此那些没有生命的东西，也都变得仿佛有了两种或者三种感官，即便不能说有五种。远处和近处，并没有什么分别，凡是地平线以内的东西，听的人都觉得，好象近在眼前。那种静悄无声的情况给她的印象是：与其说它单纯音响绝灭，不如说它积极具有实体。这种寂静，忽然叫弹琴的声音打破了。（德伯家的苔丝，人民文学出版社）,译文二,这是六月里一个典型的夏日黄昏，空气非常平静怡人，又是如此能传播的声音，以致没有生命的东西仿佛也具有了两三种官能
36、，如果说不是五种的话。远处和近处没有分别，地平线以内的一切对于听者来说都近在咫尺。寂静无声使苔丝产生的印象与其说是声音的不存在，不如说是感觉到一个明确的实体。有人拨动琴弦，打破了寂静。（苔丝，上海译文出版社）,译文三,那是一个典型的六月黄昏。大气的平衡如此精致，传导力如此敏锐，就连冥顽的无生物也有了知觉-如果不是五种知觉的话，也有两三种。远和近已失去了差异，地平线以内的声音都仿佛是一种积极的实际存在。而这寂静却被拨弄琴弦的声音打破了。（苔丝译林出版社）,译文四,这是六月里一个典型的夏天的傍晚，空气柔和均衡，特别具有传导性能，因此，没有生命的东西也仿佛有了感觉，即使不是五种，至少也有两三种。远方和近处没有了区别，凡是在地平线以内，任何东西听起来仿佛就在身边。万籁俱寂。她顿时觉得，这寂静本身就是一个积极的实体，而并非只是声音的消失。接着，这寂静忽然被琴声所打破。（苔丝浙江文艺出版社）,Assignments,Companionship of Books In My Day The Luncheon The Most Dangerous Game,
