1、1._sttIstIk n(常用pl.)统计；统计数字；统计资料 2_strgl vt.& vi.斗争；拼搏；努力 3._dekeId n十年；十年期 4_sjup adj.特级的；超级的 5._atpt n产量；输出,6_krp n庄稼；农作物；产量 7._hg n饥饿；欲望 vt.& vi.(使)饥饿 8_dIstbI adj.引起烦恼的；令人不安的 9_btl n战役；战斗；较量；斗争 vt.& vi.搏斗；奋斗 10_rId vt.摆脱；除去,11._ef adj.因此；所以；因而 12_IkwIp vt.& vi.配备；装备 13._reIn n谷物；粮食；颗粒 14_ekspt v
2、t.& vi.输出；出口 15._nnltI n国籍,16_kjpeIn n工作；职业；占领 17._rIgret vt.遗憾；惋惜 n遗憾；懊悔 18_bktIrI n(bacteriumbktIrIm 的复数形式)细菌 19_pest n害虫；害兽；害鸟 20._njutrIn n营养；滋养；食物,21_mInrl n矿物；矿石 22._dIskvrI n发现；发觉 23_fks n焦点；中心点 vt.集中；聚焦 24._sIl n土壤 25_rut n根；根源 26._skIm vt.浏览；略读 27_ndlaIn vt.画底线标出；强调,28_kment n评论；议论 vi.& vt.
3、表达意见；作出评论 答案：1.statistic 2.struggle 3.decade 4.super 5.output 6.crop 7.hunger 8.disturbing 9.battle 10.rid 11therefore 12.equip 13.grain 14.export 15.nationality 16.occupation 17.regret 18.bacteria 19.pest 20nutrition 21.mineral 22.discovery 23.focus 24.soil 25.root 26.skim 27.underline ment,1._vt.&
4、 vi.日晒；日灼；晒黑_adj.起晒斑的；晒黑的 2_vt.& vi.使变大；伸展；阐述_n. 3_vt.& vi.循环；流传_n. 循环；环流；运行 4_vt.使迷惑；使为难_n混淆；混乱,5_vt.减少；缩减；简化_n减少；下降 6_n总结；摘要；概要_vt. 答案：1.sunburn，sunburnt 2.expand，expansion 3.circulate，circulation 4.confuse，confusion 5.reduce，reduction 6summary，summarize,1.幸亏；由于_ 2.使摆脱；使除去_ 3对感到满意_ 4.逐渐增强；建立；开发_ 5
5、导致；造成_ 6.集中(注意力、精力等)于_ 7使免受(影响；伤害等)；使不含(有害物)_,答案：1.thanks to 2.rid.of 3.be satisfied with 4.build up 5.lead to 6.focus on 7.keep.free from/of,1.我从来没去过中国，所以知道的不多。(用therefore) _ 答案：Ive never been to China and therefore I dont know much about it.,2他带上一把锋利的斧子便朝森林走去。(用equip和set off) _ 答案：He equipped hims
6、elf with a sharp axe and set off for the forest.,3她为自己发了脾气而深感后悔。(用regret和lose ones temper) _ 答案：She deeply regretted losing her temper.,4你愿意看电影去还是待在家里？(用would rather) _ 答案：Which would you rather do，go to the cinema or stay at home?,5是什么使你这么想的？(用lead) _ 答案：What led you to think so?,一、帮你归纳 1struggle v
7、& n挣扎，奋斗，努力 struggle to ones feet 挣扎着站起来 struggle with/against 向(同)作斗争 struggle for.为而奋斗 struggle to do.努力做 同struggle意思基本相同的单词：fight。 fight for 为而斗争,fight against 与作斗争 fight over 因而斗争 辨析：conflict，fight与struggle (1)conflict指“由于严重不一致，而引起抵触或冲突”。如： Their account of the causes of the war conflicts with o
8、urs. 他们关于战争起因的报告与我们的相反。,(2)fight原意是“打仗，战斗”，指“任何形成的斗争”，特别强调“短兵相接”。如： The two boys fought. 这两个男孩子动手打起来了。 (3)struggle本义是“挣扎”，指“克服某种障碍或困难，以达到某种目的”，意味着“处境难”。如： They were struggling for peace. 他们为和平而斗争。,2expand vt.& vi.使变大；伸展；阐述 expand on/upon 详述；进一步说明 expand into 扩展成,可能这样考 The company has _ its operation
9、 in Thailand by building a new factory there. Aobtained Bexpanded Cdeclined Dimproved 答案：B,3circulate v(使)流通，(使)运行，(使)循环，(使)传播 circulation n循环，流通，发行额 circulative adj.循环的，促进循环的，流通的 circulate.through 使在中循环 in circulation 流通着，传播着 put into circulation 传播；使流通；发行 辨析：spread，circulate与distribute 这些动词均含“传播，散
10、播”之意。其区别是：,(1)spread为普通用词，使用广泛。指传播疾病、思想、文化、习惯或谣言等。 (2)circulate既指某物在一物体内循环流动，又可指在一定范围内传播物品、刊物或思想、语言等。 (3)distribute指把一定数量的东西分成若干等份进行分发。,4thanks to 由于，多亏，因为(为介词短语) 表示“由于，因为”的介词短语还有：due to，because of，owing to，on account of。 辨析：because of，owing to，due to，on account of，as a/the result of与thanks to (1)be
11、cause of意为“因为，由于”，在句中一般作状语，可置于句首或句末。如： Because of illness，the boy did not go to school. 因为生病，这个男孩没有去上学。,提示：很少说“His stay at home was because of the rain.”，而常说“He stayed at home；this was because of the rain.” (2)owing to意为“由于，因为”，在句中通常作状语，可置于句首或句末。如： Owing to my absence，they had to put off the class m
12、eeting till next week. 由于我不在，他们只好将班会推迟到下个星期。,提示：owing to引导的短语必须是修饰全句的。严格地讲，置于句末时应用逗号和主句隔开；而because of可以只修饰主句的一部分，放于句末时不用逗号与主句隔开。 (3)due to意为“由于”，它引导的短语在句中一般作表语或定语，但在很多场合，可与owing to通用，作状语。如： He was injured due to(owing to)a car accident. 他由于一起汽车事故受了伤。,(4)on account of意为“因缘故；由于”，它引导的短语在句中通常作状语，可置于句首或句
13、末。如： The train arrived late on account of a heavy snow. 由于一场大雪火车来迟了。 (5)as a/the result of意为“由于”，一般用作状语。如： As a result of the war，the lives of many people were lost. 由于战争，许多人丧了命。,(6)thanks to这一介词短语含有“幸亏，多亏；依赖，依靠”等意思。它引导的短语可以表达正面意思(近于“感谢”)，也可用于讽刺口吻中(近于讽刺口吻的“感谢”)，在句中作状语，大多放在名首，但也可置于句末。如： Thanks to you
14、r help，I passed the test. 幸亏你的帮助，我测试及格了。,这样考过 There would not be a good harvest of wheat this year _ the drought. Ain spite of Bapart from Cdue to Din case of,解析：四个选项都是介词短语，后接名词或动名词。in spite of“虽然，尽管”，与despite同义，表示让步的条件；apart from“除了(except for)，此外(in addition to，as well as)”；due to“由于”，表示原因，与短语owin
15、g to，because of和on account of同义；in case of“万一，如果”。语境：由于干旱，今年的小麦收成不会太好。所以答案为C。 答案：C,Unable to work at a steady job _ a terminal illness，he decided to volunteer at the local children center. Aat the cost of Bas a result of Cin case of Dat the risk of,解析：考查介词短语辨析。as a result of(作为结果)；at the cost of(以为代
16、价)；in case of(以防)；at the risk of(冒着的风险)。句意：由于他的疾病到了晚期不能从事固定的工作，于是他决定到儿童中心去做志愿者。故选B。 答案：B,5rid sb./oneself of sth.使某人摆脱 get rid of 处理、去掉 rob sb.of sth.抢某人东西 inform sb.of sth.通知某人某事 remind sb.of sth.提醒某人某事 cheat sb.of sth.骗某人某事 persuade sb.of sth.使某人相信某事 warn sb.of sth.警告某人某事,这样考过 Once formed，bad habi
17、ts are hard to _. Aget hold of Bget used to Cget rid of Dget along with 解析：get hold of 捉住；得到；get used to 习惯；get rid of 摆脱；get along with 进展。句意为：坏的习惯一旦形成就很难摆脱。 答案：C,6satisfy v满足；使满意 sth.satisfy sb.某事使某人满意 be satisfied to do sth.干某事满意 satisfy sb.that/of使某人确信 be satisfied with对感到满意 satisfaction n满意 提示：
18、satisfying令人满意的，一般与物有关。 satisfied感到满意的，一般与人有关。 二者均可作定语和表语。,这样考过 _with his newlywritten poem，he sat back comfortably into the chair，reading it aloud to himself. AHaving satisfied BHaving been satisfied CBeing satisfying DSatisfied,解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为：因为对他自己新创作的诗歌非常满意，于是他很自在地靠着椅子，同时大声地朗读诗歌。考查了短语“be satisfi
19、ed with”，此处satisfied是作为形容词化了的过去分词，表示心理活动。再如“Worried about the result of the race，the players waited nervously.”。 答案：D,7equip vt.& vi.配备；装备 equip sb./sth.with sth.用某物装备某人/物 equip sb./sth.for(doing)sth.为(做)某事而准备 sb.be equipped to do sth.使某人有准备做某事 equip sb.to do sth.使某人能够做某事 be equipped with sth.装备有某物,
20、这样考过 The laboratory was well _ for atomic research. Aoffered Bequipped Cprovided Dsupplied 解析：equip 装备。句意：这个实验室有齐全的设备供原子研究。offer，provide，supply意思都是“提供，供应”，后需有“所提供、供应的物品”句意才完整。 答案：B,8lead to 导致；造成(后果) lead sb.to sp.带领某人去某地 lead sb.to do sth.使得某人做某事 result in 引起 bring about 引起,这样考过 Though plastic bags
21、 really brought convenience to us，they also _ many problems for the environment. Aled to Breferred to Ccontributed to Dappealed to 解析：led to，“导致”；referred to，“提到，涉及”；contribute to，“有助于”；appeal to，“吸引”。 答案：A,I firmly believe：Acting before thinking always _ failure，so you should think twice over it. A
22、results in Bcomes from Cbreaks into Dgets through,解析：result in“引起，导致”；come from“源自，起因于，出生于”；break into“闯入，强行进入”，get through“完成，通过，用完，接通电话”。语境为“我坚定地认为：先行动后思考总是导致失败，因此你应该认真思考这件事”。只有result in符合语境。 答案：A,It is much easier to talk about social change than to _. Abring it on Bbring it about Cbring it up Db
23、ring it out 答案：B,9focus on 集中(注意力、精力等)于 focus too much on sth./doing sth.过分注意 focus ones attention on sth./doing sth. 把注意力集中到某事/做某事 focus sth.on sth.调节焦距对准 be the focus of attention 是人们最为关注的人事物 focussed adj. 集中注意力的；聚精会神的 concentrate ones attention on 把注意集中在 pay attention to 集中注意力于,提示：focus的现在分词为focu
24、ssing，过去式、过去分词是focussed或focused。 focus attention on和pay attention to意思相同，但不要混用了介词。,10free from 不受影响的 get/give sth.for free 免费得到/赠送 free of charge 免费 be free to do 自由地做，随意地做 be free of 没有的，摆脱的 set free 释放 be free with 对大方，随便 of ones own free will 出于自愿 a smokefree room/area 无烟室/区,这样考过 She cant free he
25、rself _ the idea that someone is watching her all the time. AAgainst Bof Cfor Dat 解析：free of/from是固定搭配。题意为：她总认为有人一直注意着她。 答案：B,二、帮你解疑 1would rather句型 该句型表示“宁愿做某事”，常用来表示选择的意愿。其中would是情态动词，无人称和数的变化，无时态的变化。,I would rather you didnt smoke in the office. 我希望你不在办公室里抽烟。 Id rather you hadnt told him the news
26、 that day. 我真希望你那天没有把消息告诉他。 Id rather have left a note on her desk. 我本想留张字条在她书桌上的(事实上没有留)。 I would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema.,我宁可在家看电视也不愿去看电影。 Facing the enemies，our soldiers would die rather than surrender. 面对敌人，我们的战士宁死不屈。 A lot of my friends eat sweets every day but I would rat
27、her eat a nice piece of fruit. 我的很多朋友每天都喜爱吃甜点，但是我更喜欢吃点水果。,这样考过 Did you say something rude to her because of what shed done? Yes，but I _ so. Ahad better not do Bwould rather not do Coughtnt to do Dwould rather not have done,解析：考查would rather句型。说话者是想表达“我宁愿没这么做”，所以用would rather not have done。 答案：D,2the
28、refore与so的区别 这两个词语都可译为“因此”，其区别是： (1)therefore是一个副词，常用做插入语，其后常用逗号与句子分开，通常指引出一个推断出的必然结论，是正式用语。例如： He works hard at his lessons.Therefore，he will pass the exam.他学习很努力，因此，他将会通过考试。,(2)so则是一个并列连词，它常用来连接两个并列句，后一个句子通常表示结果。 它用于比较随便的场合，口语中多用，推论一般不严格。例如： I had broken my glasses，so I couldnt see what was happen
29、ing.我的眼镜坏了，因此我看不见正在发生什么。,这样考过 Once entering the university，the students are not expected to devote all their hours to studying._，they should learn to divide their time between clubs and studies. AWhats more BTherefore CIn addition DOtherwise 解析：这里的上下句为因果关系，只有B项合乎题意。 答案：B,3since then与ever since的区别 (1
30、)since then意为“从那时以来”，通常与动词的现在完成时连用，指从过去某一时刻起到现在为止的一段时间。例如： She has lived here since then. 从那时以来，她就一直住在这儿。,(2)ever since意为“从那时起一直到现在”，其中since是副词。ever since后面也可跟名词或从句，意为“从时起一直到现在”，通常与持续性动词的完成时态连用。例如： He went to Tibet in 1956 and has lived there ever since.1956年他去西藏，从那以后就一直住在那里。 John has kept up his st
31、udy of English ever since he began to work.约翰自从参加工作以来，一直坚持学习英语。,三、语法重点 本单元主要学习动名词的用法。动名词的一般式有主动式doing，被动式being done；完成式的主动式是having done，被动式是having been done；其否定式是在其前加not。 动名词在句中相当于名词的作用，可以做主语、宾语、定语、表语和同位语。 物主代词或名词所有格加动名词构成动名词的复合结构，如果不在句首，这个结构的逻辑主语常可以用普通格。,这样考过 Bill suggested _ a meeting on what to d
32、o for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation. Ahaving held Bto hold Cholding Dhold 解析：句意：比尔建议在假期中召开一个有关上海世博会事宜的会议。suggest doing sth.建议做某事。 答案：C,I still remember _ to the Famen Temple and what I saw there. Ato take Bto be taken Ctaking Dbeing taken,解析：句意：我仍然记得曾被带去过法门寺，而且还记得我在那里所看到的一切。此题考查动词remember的用法
33、。remember to do sth.记住要去做某事，事情未发生；remember doing sth.记得已经做过某事，事情已经做完。根据句中“what I saw there”可知动作发生在过去，已完成，故排除A、B。又因为take为及物动词，选C缺少宾语，成分不完整，故排除此项。所以此处选动名词的被动式符合语法和句意。 答案：D,Come on，Mary！What makes you cry your heart out? _ apart. ABecause Jacob tore my Teddy Bear BJacob tearing my Teddy Bear CJacobs te
34、aring my Teddy Bear DMy Teddy Bear being torn,解析：由句中的“what makes you.”知提问的是主语，故回答中应是能作主语的动名词，用名词所有格动名词结构，故选C。A是because引导的原因状语从句，不能作主语；B、C两项也是动名词复合结构，但由于动名词用的是普通格，决定了其不能用作句子的主语。 答案：C,_ the water run while you brush your teeth wastes water. ADont let BLet CNot letting DLetting 解析：动名词做主语，“你刷牙时让水流着费水”。
35、答案：D,Chinese News reported today that a woman in Hongbai had been rescued after _ in a tunnel for nine days. Atrapping Bbeing trapped Chaving trapped Dto be trapped 解析：此处表“被困在”且强调状态，所以选B。D项表还没有发生，显然不符合语境。 答案：B,1What made elevenyearold Ajani that sad? _. AHis parents died of the same year BHis parent
36、s dying of the same disease CHis being able to cure his parents DNot his being able to treat his parents 答案：B,2Something as simple as _ vegetables in childhood may help to protect you against serious illness in later life. Ato eat Beating Cto be eating Deaten 答案：B,3. The driver braked hard to avoid
37、a child coming in his way. A.Hit B.to hit C.Hitting D.to have hit 答案：C,4The silence of the library is sometimes broken by a sudden cough or the sound of pages _. Aturning Bturned Cbeing turned Dhaving turned 答案：C,5Living in the dormitory means _ to take care of yourself，understand each others differ
38、ences and share _ interests. Ato learn，common. Blearning，ordinary Cto learn，ordinary Dlearning，common 答案：D,Have you ever noticed the colour of the water in a river or stream after a heavy rainfall？What do you think caused this change in colour？It is soil that has been washed into the river from the
39、riverbank or from the nearby fields. Components of Soil,Soil is made up of a number of layers(层)，each having its own distinctive colour and texture.The upper layer is known as the litter.It acts like a blanket，limiting temperature changes and reducing water loss.The topsoil layer is made up of small
40、 particles of rock mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus(腐殖质)，which is black and gives the topsoil its dark colour.This layer is usually rich in nutrients，oxygen，and water.Below the topsoil is the subsoil，,a layer that contains more stones mixed with only small amounts of organic ma
41、tter.This layer is lighter in colour because of the lack of humus.Beneath the soil lies a layer of bedrock.,Soil forms from the bottom up.Over time bedrock is attacked by rain，wind，frost，and snow.It is gradually broken down into smaller particles in a process called weathering.Plants begin to grow，a
42、nd rotten materals enrich the topsoil.Most of the soil in Eastern Canada.for example，was formed from weathered rock that was exposed when the ice disappeared 12,000 years ago.,Water Beneath the Soil Surface water collects and flows above the ground in lakes,ponds,and rivers.Once in the soil or rock,
43、it is called groundwater.Gravity pulls groundwater through the soil in a process called percolation(渗透).Eventually the water reaches a layer called the water table.Under this is bedrock through which water cannot percolate.,As water percolates downward，it dissolves organic matter and minerals from t
44、he soil and carries them to deeper layers.This causes a serious problem because plants require these nutrients for growth. Soil pH Soil can be acidic，neutral，or basic.The pH of the soil is determined by the nature of the rock from which it was formed，and by the nature of the plants that grow and rot
45、 in it.,The acidity of rain and snow can lower the pH of the groundwater that enters the soil.By burning fossil fuels such as coal，oil and gasoline，humans have been contributing to highter levels of acidity in many soils.When fossil fuels are burned，gases are released into the air and then fall back to earth as acid rain.Acid soil increases the problem of carrying nutrients to lower soil levels.As nutrients are removed，soil is less fertile.Plants grow more slowly in acidic soil，and also become easily attacked by diseases.,
