1、11. 现在完成时（1）现在完成时的定义：现在完成时表示过去发生的动作现在有了结果，对现在造成影响。该时态还可表示开始于过去并持续到现在一段时间内发生的动作。它是一个把过去和现在密切联系起来的时态。（2）现在完成时的构成：have/has+过去分词（3）现在完成时的基本用法：1） 表示（不确定的）过去发生（可能刚结束）的动作（通常为短暂性动词） ，但它所造成的状态目前依然存在，后面通常不用时间状语，但句中常出现 just, recently, lately, already, yet（用于疑问句和否定 句）等副词。如：Ive just finished reading the novel. 我
2、刚刚读完这本小说。Have you seen the doctor yet? 你看过医生了吗？2） 表示从过去某时开始的动作或状态一直延续到现在（有可能到将来） （通常为延续性动词） ，常和 for+时间段（for 可以省略）或 since +时间点（如：then/1998/five years ago/he left）, today, now, so far, up to now, up till now, this week/month/year, in/during/over/for the last/past few years/days 等时间状语连用。如： She has been
3、 a teacher for twenty years. 她已经当了 20 年的老师了。I havent seen Justin since last Friday night. 自上周五晚到现在我一直没看到贾斯廷。3） 表示从过去到现在的反复性和习惯性动作，常和 always, often, from time to time, frequently, ever, never, seldom, before, once, times 等表示频度的副词和短语连用。如：I have often/never heard her sing this song. 我经常/从未听她唱这首歌。Some v
4、illagers say that they have seen UFOs many times. 有些村民说他们多次看到过飞碟。4）现在完成时还可用于时间和条件状语从句中代替将来完成时, 此时强调动作的完成。如：Let wait until the rain stops/has stopped. 让我们等到雨停了。If anyone has found a watch, would they please leave it on my desk? 如有人发现一块手表，可否请他放在我桌上？I will write the letter when I have finished the book
5、. 我看完这本书后就写信。5）现在完成时还可用于某些固定句型中。如： “It/This/That is the first/secondtime +that 从句”，从句谓语动词用现在完成时。Bill is phoning his girlfriend again. Thats the third time that hes phoned her this morning. 比尔又在给他女朋友打电话了。这已是他今天上午第三次给她打电话了。 “ is the +形容词最高级+ 名词+定语从句”，从句谓语动词用现在完成时。He is the most diligent student that I
6、 have (ever) taught 他是我教过的最勤奋的学生。 “It is +一段时间+since+一般过去时（谓语动词为短暂性动词） ”。如：It is two years since he left the country. 他离开这个国家已有两年了。=He left the country two years ago.=He has been away from the country for two years. leave 等短暂性动词必须改换成相应的状态动词。成对的词有：become-be; come/arrive-be here, go/leave-be away, ret
7、urn/get back-be back, die-be dead; join the army-serve in the army, marry-be married to, borrow-the book-keep the book, catch a cold-have a cold, start/begin-be on (开始，进行，放映 )，end/finish/stop-be over, appear-be there, disappear-be gone, get lost-be missing（丢失） 。22 现在完成进行时(1) 现在完成进行时定义：现在完成进行时表示动作从过去
8、某时开始，一直延续到现在，可能刚停止，也可能还在继续（视上下文确定） 。现在完成进行时一般不用于被动语态。（2）现在完成进行时的构成：have/has+been+现在分词（3）现在完成进行时的基本用法：1） 表示过去开始的动作一直延续到现在并仍在继续之中。它常和 how long, for+时间段, since+时间点结构及 all the time, this week, all day/night, all the morning 等连用。如：I havent been sleeping well since I returned home. 回到家以来我一直睡得不好。We have be
9、en looking at other possibilities too, such as murder. 我们一直在调查其他的可能性，比如说谋杀。2） 表示过去开始的动作刚结束并在某种情况下与现在有关联。如：Sorry, Im late. Have you been waiting long? 对不起，我迟到了。你等了很久了吗？Yes. Ive been waiting for an hour. 是的，我等了一个小时了。3） 表示现在以前这段时期反复发生的动作（强调次数多，动作不一定持续） 。如：He has been cycling to work for the last three
10、weeks. 三周以来，他一直骑自行车上班。Weve been seeing quite a lot of each other recently. 最近我们经常见面。Jim has been phoning Jenny every night for the past week. 一周来吉姆每晚都给杰妮打电话。3. 现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别：1） 现在完成时表示到现在为止动作已经完成，强调结果；而现在完成进行时强调动作本身的持续性，不管动作是否完成。如：I have read this novel. 我已读过这本小说。 （可能刚读过，也可能是很久以前读的）I have been re
11、ading this novel. 我一直在读这本小说。 （不一定看完） 这种词包括 write, build, design, repair, clean 等。2） 现在完成时表示反复发生的动作，询问或说明已经完成动作的多少或次数，用 how many times；而现在完成进行时表示持续的不间断的动作，询问或说明动作的延续性（长久） ，用 how long。如：How many times have you visited Egypt this month? 你本月访问过埃及几次？How long have you been reading that book? 那本书你读了多长时间了？3
12、） 一些表示感情和情绪的词，如：like, care (=like), love, fear, hate, desire, mind, value, want, wish；表示精神活动的动词，如：agree, appreciate (=understand), believe, expect (=think), imagine, feel (=think), think, trust, forget, remember, know, mean, realize, recognize, doubt；感官动词，如：appear, look, seem, see, notice, observe,
13、sound, hear, taste；状态动词，如：have, belong, owe, own, possess, exist, last, contain, weigh, deserve 等不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时。如：Theyve known each other since 1970. 自从 1970 年起他们就相互认识了。4） 现在完成时的句子中可以用像 never, yet, already 和 ever 这样的词，而现在完成进行时的句子中不可以用这些词。如：I have already been to London. 我已去过伦敦。5） 现在完成时表示的重复行动
14、有时可以用现在完成进行时表示为连续的行动。如：3Ive written six letters since breakfast. 早饭后我已经写了六封信。Ive been writing letters since breakfast. 早饭后我一直在写信。I have knocked five times. I dont think anybody is in. 我已敲了 5 次门。我想屋里没人。I have been knocking, and I dont think anybody is in. 我一直在敲门。我想屋里没人。6） 在表达从过去开始现仍在继续或刚刚结束的动作时，某些动词因
15、本身就有持续性，故用现在完成时与现在完成进行时（与 for+时间段,或 since+时间点）均可，只是现在完成进行时更强调动作的持续性。如：rain（下雨） ，snow（下雪） ，lie（躺） ，sit（坐） ，stand （站） ，sleep（睡觉） ，live （居住） ，stay（待，逗留） ，learn/study（学习） ，teach （教书） ，work （工作） ，wait （等待） ，expect（期待，盼望。等） ，hope（希望） ，want（想要）等。如：How long have you learnt/have you been learning English? 你学
16、习英语多长时间了？单项填空: 从 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1. I _ the American TV series Prison Break these days and I can finish watching within two days.A. have watched B. have been watching C. watch D. am watching2. If Newton lived today, he would be surprised by what _ in science and technology. (2007 天津卷)A.
17、had discovered B. had been discovered C. has discovered D. has been discovered3. I got caught in the rain on the way home and my new suit_. (改编自 2007 北京卷)A. has ruined B. had ruined C. has been ruined D. had been ruined4. I have got a headache.No wonder. You in front of that computer too long. (2007
18、 江西卷)A. work B. are working C. have been working D. worked5. When you get the paper back, pay special attention to what _. (2007 四川卷)A. have marked B. have been marked C. had marked D had been marked6. Danny hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular. (2007 福建卷)A. works B. is working C
19、. has worked D. worked7. Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she _ English for a year. (2007 湖南卷)A. studies B. studied C. is studying D. has been studying 8. -If the traffic hadnt been so heavy, I could have been back by 6 oclock.-What a pity! Tina _ her
20、e to see you. (2005 湖南卷)A. is B. was C. would be D. has been 9. Have you got any job offers? No. I _. (2008 辽宁卷)A. waited B. had been waiting C. have waited D. am waiting10. I like these English songs and they _many times on the radio. (2008 安徽卷)A. taught B. have taught C. are taught D. have been ta
21、ught11. Do you think we should accept that offer? （2008 江西卷）Yes, we should, for we _such bad luck up till now, and time _ out.A. have had; is running B. had; is running4C. have; has been run D. have had; has been run12. -Im sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.-I think so. He _ for it f
22、or months. （2008 江苏卷）A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been preparing13. Are you going to attend the concert tonight?Well, Id like to, but I _ the ticket.A. didnt get B. hadnt got C. havent got D. cant get14. About 87.5% of the Chinese people feel that their living burden
23、s are heavier than ten years ago, but their incomes _.A. have increased B. increase C. increased D. are increasing15. Is the meeting held in Room 302 or 303?It should be 302. But I hear that it _ till tomorrow.A. was put off B. will put off C. has been put off D. put off16. How long has this booksho
24、p been in business? _ 1982, （NMET 1994）A. After B. In C. From D. Since17. -I am sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes. （NMET 1994）A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be18. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times. （NMET 1995）A. had met B. have met C.
25、met D. meet19. - _ the sports meet might be put off. - Yes, it all depends on the weather. （NMET 1995）A. Ive been told B. Ive told C. Im told D. I told20. -_ my glasses?-Yes, I saw them a minute ago on your bed. （NMET 1996）A. Do you see B. Had you seen C. Would you see D. Have you seen21. -Who is Je
26、rry Cooper?-_? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting. (NMET 1997)A. Dont you meet him yet B. Hadnt met him yet?C. Didnt you meet him yet D. Havent you met him yet22. -I havent heard from Henry for a long time.-What do you suppose _ to him? (1997上海卷)A. was happening B. to happen C. has happ
27、ened D. had happened23. -Oh, its you! I _ you. -Ive just had my hair cut and Im wearing new glasses. (1997上海卷)A. didnt recognize B. hadnt recognized C. havent recognized D. dont recognize24. -Hi, Tracy, you look tired. -I am tired. I _ the living room all day. (NMET 1998)A. painted B. had painted C.
28、 have been painting D. have painted525. -Hey, look where you are going!-Oh, Im terribly sorry. _. (NMET 1999)A. Im not noticing B. I wasnt noticing C. I havent noticed D. I dont notice26. The price _, but I doubt whether it will remain so. (NMET 1999)A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D.
29、was going down 27. -How are you today?-Oh, I _ as ill as I do now for a long time. (NMET 2000)A. didnt feel B. wasnt feeling C. dont feel D. havent felt28. All the preparations for the task _, and we are ready to start. (NMET 2000春招)A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been complet
30、ed29. I wonder why Jenny _to us recently. We should have heard from her by now. (NMET 2002)A. hasnt written B. doesnt write .C. wont write D. hadnt written30. John and I _friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we _ each other a couple of times before that.
31、 ( 2002春招)A. had been; have seen B. have been; have seenC. had been; had seen D. have been; had seen31. All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness _.(NMET 2003)A. has grown B. is growing C. grew D. had grown32. Millions of pounds worth of damage _ by a storm wh
32、ich swept across the north of England last night. (2005 重庆卷)A. has been caused B. had been caused C. will be caused D. will have been caused33. Customers are asked to make sure that they _ the right change before leaving the shop. (2006 重庆卷)A. will give B. have been given C. have given D. will be gi
33、ven 34. I _ in London for many years, but Ive never regretted my final decision to move back to China. (2006 重庆卷)A. lived B. was living C. have lived D. had lived35. Although medical science _ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are returning. (2006 江苏卷)A. a
34、chieved B. has achieved C. will achieve D. had achieved36. My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He _ there for a few months and then went to America. (2006 江西卷)A. worked B. would work C. would be working D. has been working 37. I wont tell the student the answer to the maths problem until he _ on
35、 it for more than an hour. (2006 湖北卷)A. has been working B. will have workedC. will have been working D. had worked38. It is said that the early European playing cards _ for entertainment and education. (2006 辽宁卷)A. were being designed B. have designedC. have been designed D. were designed639. -Have
36、 you seen the movie “Speed”?-Yes, I _ it when I was at college.A. saw B. have seen C. would see D. had seen40. My father _ too much recently. He should smoke less for the benefit of his health. A. was smoking B. would smoke C. has been smoking D. had smoked 41.The old couple have been married for 40
37、 years and never once _ with each other. (NMET 2003)A. they had quarreled B. they have quarreledC. have they quarreled D. had they quarreled42. Never before _ in greater need of modern public transport than it is today. (2005 上海卷)A. has the city been B. this city has been C. was this city D. this ci
38、ty was 将下列各句中的汉语译成英语使整个句子意义完整：1Great changes _（发生）all over China in the past 30 years. 2This topic is very difficult. I _（没写) a single sentence now.3Anns face and clothes are covered in paint. She _（油漆）the ceiling (天花扳).4Its nice to see you again. What _ you _（干）since we last met? 5You are out of br
39、eath. _ you _ (跑步)?6My hands are very dirty. I _ (修理) my daughters bicycle。7Every morning they meet in the same caf. They _ (去) there for years. 8I _（工作）very hard, so what I need most at the moment is a good sleep. 9He _ (学) German for a whole year in college, but now he _（忘）most of it. 10Your car l
40、ooks very clean. Where _ you _ (洗) it? 7单项选择：BDCCB CDBDD ADCAC DABAD DCACB CDDAD CABAB AADAC CA填充题：1. have taken place 2. havent written 3. has been painting 4. have, been doing 5. Have been running 6. have been repairing 7. have been going 8. have been working 9. learned/studied, has forgot 10. did, wash
