1、英语词汇学课程课件,课件名称：构词法(I) 制作人：寻阳、孙红梅 单位：曲阜师范大学外国语学院,General introduction,Affixation(30%-40%) Compounding(28%-30%) Conversion (26%),The most productive methods,Shortening (8%-10%),Blending 1%-5%,clipping,acronymy,Backformation,Sound reduplication,4.1 Affixation/derivation,Affixation falls into two catego
2、ries: prefixation and suffixation and the differences between them are just the differences between prefixes and suffixes.,Classification of prefixes,The major prefixes can be classified into 10 categories by their meaning. Negative Prefixes否定前缀 Reversative or privative prefixes逆反前缀 Pejorative prefi
3、xes贬义前缀 Prefixes of degree or size表范围和程度的前缀 Prefixes of orientation and attitude表方向和态度的前缀 Locative prefixes方位前缀 Prefixes of time and order表时间和顺序的前缀 Number prefixes数字前缀 Conversion prefixes转化前缀 Miscellaneous prefixes其他类型的前缀,1. Negative prefixes (1),un,1. Negative prefixes (2),non,1. Negative prefixes
4、(3),dis,1. Negative prefixes,2. Reversative prefixes (1),un,2. Reversative prefixes (2),de,2 Reversative prefixes (3),dis,2. Reversative prefixes,3. Pejorative prefixes (1),mis,3. Pejorative prefixes (2),mal,3. Pejorative prefixes (3),pseudo,3. Pejorative prefixes,4. Prefixes of degree or size (1),a
5、rch,4. Prefixes of degree or size (2),super,4. Prefixes of degree or size (3),out,4. Prefixes of degree or size,5. Prefixes of attitude (1),co,5. Prefixes of attitude (2),counter,5. Prefixes of attitude (3),anti,5. Prefixes of attitude,6. Locative prefixes (1),sub,6. locative prefixes (2),inter,6. l
6、ocative prefixes (3),trans,6. locative prefixes,7. Prefixes of time and order (1),fore,7. Prefixes of time and order (2),pre,7. Prefixes of time and order (3),post,7. Prefixes of time and order,8. Number prefixes (1),semi,hemi,8. Number prefixes (2),uni,mono,8. Number prefixes (3),bi,di,8. Number pr
7、efixes,8.Number prefixes,9. Conversion prefixes (1),a,9. Conversion prefixes (2),be,Before nouns and adjectives to form transitive verbs befriend (to behave as a friend to) becloud (to cover with clouds使遮暗, 蒙蔽) benumb (To make numb, especially by cold;To make inactive; dull:使失去知觉：使失去活力；使迟钝 belittle
8、becalm (To make calm or still; soothe.使平静：成为安静的或静止的；使镇静) With nouns plus ed to yield adjectives bespectacled( Wearing eyeglasses) Benighted(Overtaken by night or darkness陷入黑暗;Being in a state of moral or intellectual darkness; unenlightened.蒙昧的：处于道德或智力的愚昧状态的；未启蒙的),9.Conversion prefixes (3),en,en-( e
9、m before p,b,m),Before nouns or adjectives to create transitive verbs. 使成为 使处于状态 Before nouns, enslave(cause to be); empower(v. 授权） embody (v. 体现） endanger(V.使处于危险之中) Before adjectives to form verbs enable enrich enlarge endear使受喜爱 ensure担保,9. Conversion prefixes,10. Miscellaneous prefixes (1),auto,
10、10. Miscellaneous prefixes (2),neo,2. Suffixation,Question: Why is the classification of suffixes different from the classification of prefixes? Prefixes primarily function as a semantic modification of the base, while suffixes have only a small semantic role and their primary function are to change
11、 the grammatical function of the base. Prefixes are classified on a semantic basis and suffixes on a grammatical basis,Types of suffixes,Noun suffixes Adjective suffixes Verb suffixes Adverbs suffixes,Noun suffixes,De-nominal noun suffixes De-verbal noun suffixes De-adjective noun suffixes Noun and
12、adjective suffixes,De-nominal Noun suffixes (1),ster,Involved in,De-nominal Noun suffixes(2),eer,Skilled in；engaged in,De-nominal Noun suffixes (3),ful,De-verbal Noun suffixes (1),ant,Occupation and participation;,De-verbal Noun suffixes (2),ing,De-adjective Noun suffixes (1),ness,De-adjective Noun
13、suffixes (2),ity,De-adjective Noun suffixes (2),ity,Noun and adjective suffixes,Some suffixes, when added to bases related to human beings or nationality names, yield words that can be used both as nouns and adjectives. -ese: Chinese; Lebanese; officialese -an, -ian: Australian, Cambodian -ist: raci
14、st, socialist -ite: Chomskyite, Thatcherite,1.1 Noun suffixes,1.1 Noun suffixes,Verb suffixes (1),-ify,make, endow with,Verb suffixes (2),ize,involving or related to,Verb suffixes (4),ate,Give or make or become,Adjective suffixes,De-nominal adjective suffixes De-verbal adjective suffixes,De-nominal
15、Adjective suffixes (1),like,De-nominal Adjective suffixes (2),less,De-nominal Adjective suffixes (4),y,De-verbal Adjective suffixes (1),able (ible),De-verbal Adjective suffixes (2),ful,Adjective Suffixes,Adjective Suffixes,Adjective Suffixes,Adverb suffixes (1),ly,Adverb suffixes (2),ward (s),Adverb
16、 Suffixes,4.2 Compounding 复合法,The definition of compounding and compound Characteristics of compounds Phonological features Semantic features Grammatical features Orthographical features,3. Formation of Compounds Noun compounds Adjective compounds Verb compounds Through conversion: nickname; first-n
17、ame Through backformation: lip-reading to lip-read chain-smoker to chain-smoke,4.3 Conversion 转化法,Question: What is conversion? Why is it called zero-derivation? change of word-class; functional shift derivation process without the addition of an affix,Types of Conversion,Conversion to Nouns Convers
18、ion to Verbs Conversion to AdjectivesWords produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives and verbs, among which the conversion between nouns and verbs are the most productive.,4.3.1 Conversion to nouns,De-verbal De-adjectival Miscellaneous conversion,1) Deverbal （由动词转化而来的名词） Almost all mono
19、morphemic (单语素结构的)verbs can be used as nouns， which are semantically related to the original verbs in various ways.State (of mind or sensation) (doubt; want; desire) Event or activity( search; laugh; teach-in) Result of the action (catch; find, answer) Doer of the action( help; cheat, bore) Tool or
20、instrument to do the action with (cover; wrap) Place of the action (pass; walk; divide),2) De-adjectival 由形容词转化成的名词,Full conversion完全转换:A noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns. It can take an indefinite article or (e)s to indicate singular or plural number.,Part
21、ial conversion 部分转换Nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with definite articles as nouns while retaining some of the adjective features. The gradable adjectives can keep their comparative or superlative degrees. Words in th
22、is category generally denote a group of the kind.,3). Miscellaneous conversion 其他类型的转换,Nouns converted from other classes as conjunctions, modals, finite verbs, prepositions, etc.,Conversion to verbs,The use of the verb converted is both economical and vivid. Three kinds of conversion to verbs Denominal: to pocket the money; the nurse the baby De-adjectival: The photograph yellowed with age. Miscellaneous conversion: The students tut-tut the idea.,Conversion to adjectives,It occurs mostly between nouns and adjectives.,Assignment,Questions and Tasks on P93-96,
