1、英语测试的 基本理论与技巧,湘潭市教科院 苏沙平,第一部分 英语测试的基本理论,一、英语测试的类型 1、常模参照考试 将某个学生的成绩与其他学生的成绩进行比较； (不适合用于平时课堂测验，因为课堂测验的目的不是把学生分为三六九等。),2、标准参照考试 将考生的成绩与事先制定的标准进行对比，不受其他考生成绩的影响。即用一个既定标准/尺度来衡量学生的学习结果。,二、试题命制应注意的“四度”,1、难度 题目难度是题目的难易程度，它是题目对被试者知识和能力水平的适合程度的指标。测验难度水平的适当与否取决于考试的目的、性质和题目的形成。对于一般的常模参照考试而言其目的是测量个体差异，其题目的平均难度最好
2、为0.50，各题难度可在0.50+0.20之间。当考试用于选拔时，题目的难度值应更多地接近录取率。,试题的难度通常分为A、B、C、D四个层次： A类试题为容易题，相当于70%以上的考生能够正确回答，难度值处于0.7-1之间。 B类试题为中等偏易题，相当于50%-70%的考生能够正确回答，难度值处于0.5-0.7之间。 C类试题为中等偏难题，相当于30%-50%的考生能够正确回答，难度值处于0.3-0.5之间。 D类试题为难题，相当于30%以下的考生能够正确回答，难度值处于0-0.3之间。,2、区分度,区分度是指考试题目对学业水平不同的考生的区分程度的指标。具有良好区分度的题目，对考生有较强的鉴
3、别能力，水平高的考生得分高，反之则得分低。在常模参照考试中，题目的区分度是一个非常重要的指标，一般依据选拔的目的和选拔率来确定。对于标准参照考试，只有及格线附近的考生对题目的区分度要求较高。,3、信度,信度是指测试的结果是否稳定、可靠。如果让一个考生把同一份试卷做两次，如果两次结果相近，那么测试具有较高的信度。 主观题的信度尤其重要。由于评分者的信度难以保证，主观题的信度也往往难以保证。,4、效度,效度是指测试是否有效地考查了希望考查的内容。 就语言水平测试而言，效度直接关系到测试结果能否准确反映考生的语言能力。 考试内容、考试形式与命题技术都直接关系到测试的效度。,如果通过让学生写单词的音标
4、来考查学生的语音能力，那么测试就缺乏效度。能写音标不等于能正确发音。 现在中考中经常使用的间接口语考试的效度也不高。,如果不讲究命题技术，试题也会缺乏效度： Which of the following does paper burn in? A. CO2 B. N2 C. O2 D. H2,第二部分 英语试卷的命题技术,一、试题编写基本规则 (1)语言正确、地道、得体、简洁； (2)避免偏颇性，注意中西文化背景的差异； (3)考点明确，且通常只考一个考点； (4)试题设计要具有严密的科学性和严谨性,要保证试题的答案没有争议； (5)题干与备选项之间在逻辑关系或词语使用上应避免有所暗示或包含；
5、,(6)同一套试卷中不能有互为答案的试题； (7)备选项的长度、结构、语言表达要尽量一致； (8)单选题通常只包含阐明问题所需要的条件，没有空白的句子对选项起限制作用，一般没有冗余信息； (9) 备选项要求同质，干扰项要有较大的似真性，应与正确选项在逻辑上和语法上跟题干保持一致，不应拼凑明显不合理的选项； (10)正确选项出现在各个位置(A、B、C、D) 的次数应大致相等。,二、各种题型编制的具体要求,1、听力题 （1）选材 a)应该为口头英语材料，听起来自然、真实； b)材料应该创设一个较为明确的语境； c)应该是一段完整的语言材料； d)谈话双方的身份应该明确，应尽量选差异较大的两个人进行
6、的一段对话；,e)材料应该有足够的信息量，以供试题设计之用； f)材料中不应该存在生词； g)材料内容应该尽量符合考生的年龄层次，不应该使考生这一年龄层次的人感到过于生疏； h)材料不应该过长或过短。,（2）试题命制的基本原则,a)考查的必须是关键信息，而且必须是只有通过听才能获得的信息。 b) 题目应按材料中有关内容的先后顺序排列； c)考点对材料内容的覆盖应尽可能全面；,d)试题应测试考生对对话内容、场景等的理解情况，数学运算和一般生活常识类的试题不应该在听力部分出现； e)各选项的长度、难度、句子结构应该基本一致；f)应避免各选项相互牵连与包容。,（3）试题设问技巧, 问谈话本身的意思
7、W: Excuse me, would you mind if I used your phone? M: Help yourself. Its on the table over there. Q: What does the man tell the woman to do? A. Bring some food to the table. B. Help herself to some food. C. Use the phone on the table.,问从谈话可以推断的情况 W：I was at the bus stop at 1:00. Why didnt I see you
8、there? W: I got there at a quarter to 12 and waited a while. But I guess I left before you got there. When did the man probably leave the bus station? A. 11:00. B. 12:00. C. 1:00.,问谈话的情景或语境 W: Sorry, you can only borrow three books at a time. M: OK. But must I put these two books back to the book sh
9、elves or I can leave them here? W: Of course you must put them back yourself. Where did this conversation probably take place?In a book store. B. In a library. C. In a laboratory.,2、单项选择题（略）,3、完形填空题,a)所选短文应该主旨明确，大意清楚，有较好的连贯性； b)语言难度适当，题材是学生比较熟悉的内容； c)所选短文的长度要适当。太短的材料不利于挖空，可能使删词过于密集；太长的材料则会增加学生的阅读负担和
10、考试时间； d)不宜在短文的首句和末句中挖空；,e)空白之间的间距要适当。一般间距为7至9个单词为宜。间距过小会增加试题的难度；间距太大则会降低难度，同时增加材料的篇幅和阅读的时间； f)要注意所删词语在文段中确实有上下文线索，使学生能够依据这些线索进行推断。 g)不宜把语言知识以外的其他知识作为考查的重点，如一般不把专有名词等挖空。 h)完形填空属于阅读理解的范畴，不要考纯语法的项目。,One day there was an argument between the wind and the sun. “Im much 1 than you,” said the wind. “No. I
11、dont agree with you,” said the sun. While they were arguing, they saw a man 2 along the road. He is wearing a heavy coat. The sun said to the wind, “Now let 3 see who can make the man take off his coat. Then we will know who is stronger.” A. strong B. strongly C. stronger D. strongest 2. A. walking
12、B. walked C. to walk D. walks 3. A. we B. our C. us D. ours,Once upon a time a poor farmer 1 a bag of wheat to the mill did not know 2 to do when it slipped from his horse and fell into the road. The bag was too heavy 3 him to lift, and his only hope was that presently someone 4 come by and 5 a hand
13、. 1. A. bringing B. carrying C. taking 2. A. how B. what C. which 3. A. about B. for C. of 4. A. shall B. should C. would 5. A. borrow B. lend C. help,Once upon a time a poor farmer was taking a bag of wheat to the mill. When the bag slipped from his 1 and fell to the ground, he didnt know what to d
14、o. It was too 2 for him to lift, and his only hope was that 3 someone would cone by and 4 a hand. 1. A. hand B. shoulder C. horse 2. A. wet B. heavy C. loose 3. A. presently B. at present C. quickly 4. A. borrow B. lend C. help,It was not 6 a rider appeared, but the farmers heart 7 when he recognize
15、d him, 8 it was the great man who lived in a castle nearby. The farmer would dare to ask another farmer to help, or any poor man 9 might have come along the road, but he could not beg a favor of 10 . However, as soon as the great man came up he got 11 his horse, saying, “I see youve had bad luck, fr
16、iend. How good it is 12 Im here just at the right time.” Then he took one end of the bag, the farmer 13 and between them they lifted it on the horse. 6. A. after long B. before long C. long before 7. A. sank B. sanked C. sink 8. A. because B. for C. owing to 9. A. he B. one C. who 10. A. a great so
17、man B. a so great man C. so great a man 11. A. away B. off C. down 12. A. if B. that C. when 13. A. another B. other C. the other,It was not 5 a rider appeared, but the farmers heart 6 when the man came nearer, 7 it was the wealthy lord from a nearby town. The farmer would not have hesitated to stop
18、 another farmer or any 8 for help. But how could he stop this great lord and ask him to 9 a bag of wheat. 10 , as soon as the great lord came up he got off his horse without being asked to. “I see youve had bad 11 , friend,” he said to the farmer. “What a 12 thing that I came just at the right momen
19、t.” Then 5. A. before long B. long before C. after long 6. A. sank B. broke C. stopped 7. A. and B. for C. since 8. A. poor man B. rich man C. rider 9. A. lift B. take C. carry 10. A. Otherwise B. On the contrary C. However 11. A. luck B. horse C. time 12. A. funny B. good C. strange,4、阅读理解题,A选材原则 a
20、)短文的主题应该得当，应该对各类考生均公平合理； b)短文应该语言地道、条理清晰、结构紧凑； c)语言难易适度；文章内容恰当；内容不要过于专业； d)文章长短适宜，要有新信息； e)材料里信息的呈现，要符合不同的阅读方式的要求； f)文章应该自成一体，有头有尾。,B.试题命制,a)考查的应该是只有通过阅读才能获得的信息。 b)考点对材料内容的覆盖应尽可能全面； c)避免将阅读题出成语法、词汇或句子释义题； d)各选项的形式、长度、结构应基本一致； e)各选项不应相互牵连或包容； f)正确答案一般不应是材料中的原句。,C、阅读新题型命制举例,(1)任务型阅读 A)图片 B)广告 C)表格 D)告
21、示与海报 E)文章标题 F)图书目录,Look at the poster and choose the right one. A. All the students can go to the club on Friday morning. B. It costs you 2.5 a month if you go to the club every weekend. C. A 15-year-old student can go to the club at 21:00 on Saturday.,（2）阅读填空,主要考查学生的阅读策略。它要求学生通读全文，在全面理解文章的意思和结构的基础上
22、，进行仔细的推敲，通过上下文把摘出来的句子还原到文章中。此题型十分有利于考查学生把握文章结构及上下文逻辑推理的能力。,（3）阅读归纳,本题是一道阅读匹配题，它给学生提供五段简短的段落和六个备选的段落标题或中心意思，要求考生阅读每一个段落后进行概括，并找出与之匹配的中心短语或中心句。要求学生读懂原文，了解原文大意，对每一段短文做一个精炼的概括，找到相应的答案。,5、写作技能题,（1）摘录要点 A)文章必须有足够的信息量； B)考点应涉及归纳与演绎能力； C)考点与答案均不要过于直白。,Courses of American High Schools,（2）完成对话,A)选择材料时应考虑对话的长度
23、适中，信息点充分； B)挖空以问句为主，以利于调控答案的基本一致； C)考点以句而不是以单词或词组为单位； D)所填句子必须受上下文或全篇控制，而不是以常识为依据。,（3）情景作文,A)体裁应多样化，考生应熟悉命题作文、看图（表）写话、书信、电子邮件、日记等 B)书写至少以句为单位； C)评分以达意为基本准则，不宜求全责备，要求过高。,6、试题命题的流程,（1）选定命题教师,（2）确定考试性质,（3）制定双向细目表,（4）选择语言材料,A）题材广泛、体裁多样,B）有强烈的时代感,C）贴近学生生活实际,（5）命题、审题、校对、制定评分标准,_, I would like take an umbr
24、ella with me. Had I been you B. I were you C. Were I you D. I had been you,The family ate dinner at the restaurant.caf B. tea house C. hospital D. clinic,I broke my legs and_ in bed for weeks.A. lied B. lain C. lay D. laid 2. If my legs had not been broken, I should not_ in bed for weeks. lie B. lay
25、 C. have lain D. have laid 3. If my legs had not been broken, I_ in bed for weeks. should have lied B. should not have lain C. should have lay D. should not have laid,The boy is very thirsty. Would you_ him some _, please?A. take, bread B. bring, drinkC. get, eggs D. help, cakes,Youre going to the m
26、ovies, _you? A. arent B. dont C. are D. do,The three months of spring in China are _.A. December, January and FebruaryB. March, April and MayC. January, February and MarchD. February, March and April,By the time we got home, I_ all about it.had forgot B. had forgotten C. forgot D. was forgettingYou
27、look hungry. Dont you want _ to eat? A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything,This is a photo of the power station that_ in my home town.has set up B. has been set up C. was set up D. is set up,He _ before seven oclock. ate, dressed and washed B. washed, ate and dressed C. washed, dressed a
28、nd ate D. ate, washed and dressed,This arrangement suits me down to the ground.is exactly as I wantedis the last thing I wantedis against my wishesis not what I wantis a burden to me,He is a cruel man and so everybody_ him. A. loves B. likes C. dislikes D. respects,The frown on the mans face showed
29、that he was displeased.look of fear B. look of anger C. look of delight D. look of surprise He thought it was lawful to buy a gun without a permit. allowed by law B. against the law C. a pleasure D. necessary,23. He didnt attend the meeting. If he had, you_ him. would see B. had seen C. would have s
30、een28. If you_ here yesterday, you would have seen his mother. A. were B. had been C. came,That man was dead to all sense of shame. quite deaddead, and could not feel shame any moretoo ashamedshameless,How long did the meeting_ yesterday afternoon? Not more than two hours. We went home at about 5 oc
31、lock. A. stay B. last C. live D. do,He hasnt slept at all for three days. he is tired out.AI dont thinkBIt is impossibleCIt is no wonder DIt is no way,_! Things are not so bad as they seem.A. Happy up B. Get upC. Cheer up D. Sit up Marie_ to the store; youve missed her.A. is just going B. had just b
32、eenC. has just went D. has just gone,Its too windy to go for a walk. A. swim B. sail C. drive D. stroll,Text (omitted) Questions: Why do so many people become addicted to cigarettes?A. Because they liked the taste of tar.B. Because smoking makes them relaxed.C. Because smoking cures them of cancer.
33、2. What is the substance in cigarettes that causes cancer?A. Cigarette ashes. B. Nicotine. C. Tar. 3. Health experts are trying to persuade people to_.A. buy cigarettes with less tarB. smoke only a few cigarettes a day C. give up smoking entirely 4. Smokers welcome low-tar cigarettes because _.A. th
34、ey are less harmful B. they cost less C. they taste better,听短文，填写文中所缺的单词。将该词填入答题卡。It is 1 to find your way from the station to the school. When you come 2 of the station, turn left and walk until you 3 the traffic lights. Turn left 4 . You will be 5 Flower Street. Keep 6 until you come to the cinema
35、.,Listen to me, boys and girls,Were going to see a film in the Red Moon Cinema this afternoon. The name of the film is My brothers and Sisters. It starts at 2:30. Please get to school before 2 oclock. We are going to the cinema together. 1. Which cinema are the students going to this afternoon?A. Th
36、e Red Moon Cinema. B. The Blue Star Cinema. C. The Red Sun Cinema. 2. What is the name of the film?A. My Parents. B. My Brothers and Sisters. C. My Uncles and Aunts. 3. When does the film start?A. At 2:00. B. At 2:30. C. At 3:00.,W: You speak English very well. How long have you been learning Englis
37、h? M: Ive been learning English for five and a half years. How long has the man been learning English? Four years. B. Five years. C. Five and a half years.,M: Have you heard of a Mr Smith living in this neighborhood? People say hes very old. W: Yes, he was born in 1908. But his sister is even older.
38、 She is eight years older than he. How old is Mr Smiths sister now? A. 99. B. 105. C. 110.,Look! That house is on fire. Lets call _ quickly. A. 119 B. 114 C. 120 D. 121,W: Mike! How dare you say such words to me? I am your mother! M: Yes, youre my mother, but you dont have the right to read my diary. How does the woman feel? Shes angry.Shes happy.Shes delighted.,Being less clever than Tommy, Jimmy had to work_ than Tommy. A. harder B. less hard C. more quickly D. less steadily,谢谢！,2005.12.9,
