1、1,吕中舌 博士清华大学外语系教授 英国诺丁汉大学客座教授地址：北京清华大学文南楼211室 邮编：100084 电话：62784969 传真：62785568,2,清华大学博士生入学考试题型及各部分比例分配,听力 20% 词汇 10 阅读 40 综合填充 10% 写作 20%,3,清华大学博士生入学 考试考前辅导 词汇部分 清华大学外语系吕中舌,4,I. 攻读博士学位考试大纲词汇量要求：,清华大学博士生入学时其英语水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生水平。根据研究生英语教学大纲中的规定：硕士生应领会式掌握词汇5500个，其中大部分为实义词，如：名词、动词、形容词、副词。动词所占比例最大，约占五分之一
2、；名词应不亚于动词，而且词汇级别越高名词的比例就越大。但这并不意味介词、连词就可以忽略。 掌握一定数量的常用词组。 掌握一定数量的常用词缀，并能根据构词法和语境意思识别常见的派生词。,5,II. 词汇部分的考试形式及重点：,形式：10个单句有下划线，选出同下划线意义相同的单词；10个单句选择填空以完成句子。 题量: 20个句子(10%)，每道题0.5分，共10分。 重点：是对名词、动词、形容词、短语及固定搭配的判断和理解，其中包括区分同义词、近义词、反义词等。如： In order to achieve your goals, you must work hard. A. make B. ac
3、complish C. require D. develop As they cant afford to let the situation get worse, they will take some necessary _. A. decisions B. sides C. directions D. steps The first, second, and third prizes went to Jack, Tom and Harry _. A. equally B. differently C. similarly D. respectively,6,III. 单词记忆方法：,通过
4、阅读记单词 通过做练习题记单词 通过联想方式记单词: 邻近联想:lightening-thunder-storm; winter-freeze- snow-frost; spring-blossom-awake; 类比联想: result-effect-impact; because of, on account of, due to; 对比联想: stupid-clever-smart; advance-backward等.。 分类记忆单词：根据单词的词性、词义、读音等方式将单词分类。如按意义分类：vehicle, truck, jeep, taxi 等。按单词词性分类：reduce, de
5、cline, decrease, fall, drop等。 掌握构词法：如，前缀、后缀、词根。,7,前缀： 名词后缀： 动词后缀： 形容词后缀： 副词后缀： 常见词根：,8,IV. 四种命题方式：,1近形词题目：考单词辨认、近形词辨认的能力。如： The problem is caused _ by a lack of money. A. prominently B. profoundly C. primarily D. proportionally The new director of the television station wants to _ its program. A. di
6、vide B. decide C. diversify D. divert,9,2 近义词题：词义相近、用法不同。如：Generally _, that city is less crowded than the others in the same state.A. talking B. speaking C. saying D. tellingIn the big flood, only 20 % of the people in that village _.A. remained B. stayed C. lived D. survived,10,语境词汇题：根据单词所处的具体语言环境
7、，确定正确选项。 In 400 A.D. Chinese children played with a fan-like toy that span upwards and fell back to earth as _ ceased.A. rotation B. suspension C. emission D. motivation As a good photographer, you must develop an awareness of the world around you and the people who _ it. A. innovate B. inhabit C. i
8、ntegrate D. inherit,11,固定搭配：动词与介词或副词的搭配，形容词与名词的搭配等。 Not all persons arrested and _ with a crime are guilty, and the main function of criminal courts is to determine who is guilty under the law.A. sentenced B. accused C persecuted D charged If you are a member of a club, you must _ to the rules of th
9、at club.A. conform B. appeal C. refer D. access,12,词汇部分的主要词类及要点在词汇考试中，考生应该重视主要性及其要点，如名词、动词、形容词和副词。,13,名词：名词是词汇考试的一个重要组成部分；考生应注意名词在不同的语境中所体现的不同含义和用法，同时需通过练习熟悉这批名词，以及了解名词的外延和内涵和一定量的同义词。1、除了英语本族语及少量外来语等拼写简单的名词外，名词多数是由希腊及拉丁词根加上前缀、后缀构成。大量的名词后缀是表示性质、状态和行为的。参见III. e. 掌握构词法之名词后缀及成绩词根。,14,2）名词的复数(1) 以-f结尾的名词
10、，构成复数时只加-s，如：cliffs（悬崖）gulfs（海湾）proofs（证据） safes（保险箱） 有些-f结尾的名词可有两种复数形式。如：dwarfdwarfsdwarves（侏儒） hoofhoofshooves（蹄）(2) 源自拉丁语、希腊语及法语的一部分外来 词的 复数形式仍然保留不变。1）来自拉丁语的：stratum / starta（地层） larva /larvae（昆虫的幼虫） stimulus / stimuli（刺激） bacterium / bacteria（细菌）,15,2）来自希腊语的：analysis / analyses（分析） hypothesis /
11、hypotheses（假设）synopsis / synopses（概要，大意） thesis / theses（论文，论题）criterion / criteria （标准） phenomenon / phenomena（现象）,16,(3) 一些外来词兼有原有复数形式和英语规则复数形式。外来词 原有复数 规则复数形式syllabus（拉） syllabi syllabuses（大纲）medium （拉） media mediums（媒体）symposium（拉） symposia symposiums(研讨会）,17,(4) 复合名词的复数形式1）daughter-in-law / dau
12、ghters-in-law（儿媳） 2）looker-on / lookers-on（旁观者） 3）stand-by / stand-bys（可依靠的人或物） (5) 一些名词的单复数意义不同。anxiety（焦虑）/ anxieties（令人忧虑之事）security（安全）/ securities（证券，债券） kindness （善意）/ kindnesses（善行）,18,(6) 有些名词的复数形式兼有单数形式的意义和新的意义。 letter字母；信 letters 字母；信 / 文学，学问manner方式，方法 manners方式，方法 / 礼貌pain 痛 pains 痛 / 努力
13、color 颜色 colors 颜色 / 军旗,19,动词: 动词的测试重点：1) 动词的认知能力和辨别能力；2) 动词的用法；3) 动词的搭配关系。在考试大纲的词汇表中，约有五分之一是动词。因此，掌握好这批词汇直接关系到考试成绩。,20,1. As a result, they had to _ answering their letter by three days.A. decide B. refrain C. surpass D. delay2. The diplomatic relations between the tow countries have _.A. ticked aw
14、ayB. gone outC. broken offD. rung up,21,1) 动词不规则词型变化,动词原形 过去时 过去分词abide 遵守 abode, abided abode, abided arise 升起 arose arisenawake 唤醒 awoke awoke, awakenbid 表示 bade, bid bidden bidbreed 繁殖 bred bredcast 投、掷 cast castcreep 爬 crept creptdwell留居 dwelt, dwelled dwelt, dwelledforbid 禁止 forbade, forbade fo
15、rbidden,22,2) 动词词型相近，词义不同compliment vt. 赞美 He is complimented for his fine plement vt.补充 They need to complement the factory with more workers. affect vt. 影响 award vt. 授予、给予effect vt. 产生、引起 reward vt. 奖赏、报答adapt vt. 使适应 contract vt. 缔结、订约adopt vt. 采用 contact vt. 使接触，compress vt. 挤压 confirm v. 证实comp
16、rise vt. 包括 conform v. 符合inquire vt. 打听、询问 compel vt. 强迫、迫使屈从require vt. 要求、命令 impel vt. 促成、推动ensure vt. 保证、担保 rescue vt. 援救、营救insure vt. 给.保险 secure vt. 保护、使.安全extinguish vt. 熄灭 respect vt. 尊重distinguish vt. 区别，辨别 suspect vt. 猜想,23,3) 动词词义相近，用法不同 arrive vi. 该动词后面需采用 at, in, on 等介词He arrived in Beij
17、ing yesterday. reach vt. 该动词为及物动词，直接跟宾语。They reached the village yesterday. insist v. insist 后面需用介词on He insisted on going to the hospital tomorrow. persist v. persist 后面需用介词 in He persisted in working on this experiment. consist vt. 这个动词一般用于主动态 This class consists of forty students. compose vt. com
18、pose 常用于被动语态 This country is composed of ten nations.,24,4) 动词后需用动名词band enjoy complete imagine consider deny practice acknowledge anticipate avoid delay envy escape miss mind risk appreciate favor facilitate postpone quit resent resume include permit involve admit favor,25,例如： denyHe will consider
19、giving us a chance to do the experiment.resumepermit,26,5) 动词后需用不定式afford refuse decide seekagree care learn expectintend pretend promise managedesire consent prepare resolvepresume undertake,27,例如： She refused to offer her help. agreedintended consenteddecided,28,6) 动词后可用动名词或不定式continue dislike pre
20、fer beginremember regret propose like continue intend forget deserve remember neglect attempt,29,7) 动词固定搭配 1) 动词与介词的搭配bring about 产生，引起 bring forward 提出，提议break out 逃出，爆发break through 突破，突围carry off 夺取，夺去come by 得到，获得get across 使人了解get at 够得着,30,2) 动词与名词的搭配 arrive at a conclusion 得出结论 take into cons
21、ideration 考虑到 commit a crime 犯罪 make a decision 决定，果断 reach an agreement 达成协 break ones promise 违约 take action 采取行动 keep balance 保持平衡,31,3) 动词与名词和介词的搭配make an apology to sb. 向某人道歉 make comments on sth. 评论谋事 hold an inquiry into sth. 对某事进行调查 express sympathy for 对某人表示慰问,32,形容词: 形容词测试点包括： 1）形容词的认知能力和辨
22、别能力； 2）词形及词相近的形容词的区分； ）形容词和介词的搭配。 例如：1. All the off-shore explorers were in good mood when they read _letters from their family. A. affectionate B. intimate C. passionate D. considerate 2. All the girls seem to be _ of her beauty and intelligence. A. envious B. indifferent C. distinct D. enthusiasti
23、c,33,形容词应注意的要点:1.词形相近的形容词。如： mechanized, minimized, standardized, modernized 2. 同义词和反义词。 如wonderful 的同义词有：marvelous, excellent, extraordinary, remarkable等。如generous 的反义词有mean, stingy, selfish 等。 3. 形容词和动词的。如：indicate - indicative; receive -receptive; inquire - inquisitive等。4. 名词和形容词的结合。如：defect -def
24、ective, intention - intentional等。 5. 以 -ly 结尾的单词的词性。名词加 -ly 多构成形容词。如：friendly, heavenly, womanly, worldly 等。,34,6. 不规则形容词的比较级和最高级的变化形式。如：原级 比较级 最高级 bad worse worstgood better bestlittle less (lesser) leastfar farther (further) farthest (furthest),35,7形容词与介词of 的搭配：guilty , jealous, envious, ignorant,
25、 hopeful, aware, conscious, considerate, thoughtful, desirous, short, irrespective, exclusive, independent, tolerant, worthy, capable, sure, certain, confident, critical, characteristic, suspicious, wary 等等。8形容词与介词to的搭配：accessible, available, accustomed, adjacent, advantageous, beneficial, alert, al
26、ien, agreeable, comparative, attentive, awake, relevant, subject, contrary 等等。9. 形容词与介词with 的搭配：consistent, compatible, identical, popular, satisfied 等等。,36,副词: (1) 副词的分类 副词按其词义和作用,可分为下列几类:1) 时间副词: 如now, yesterday, soon, next, last, before, already, yet, early, late, ago等2) 频度副词: 如never, sometimes,
27、often, usually, hardly, seldom, always, frequently等.3) 地点副词: 如here, there, somewhere, everywhere, up, down, in, out, on, off, over, away等;4) 方式副词: 如well, fast, quickly. slowly. together等5) 程度副词: 如 very, so, too, enough, rather, fairly, much, little, quite, almost 等6) 疑问.连接副词: 如 when, where, why, how
28、, however等,37,(2) 副词的用法：1) 修饰形容词:：The flower is very beautiful. 2) 修饰动词： He studies hard. 3) 修饰其他副词：He works very hard. 4) 修饰名词词组：Even a child can do it. 5) 修饰全句： Probably he will come back.,38,(3) 副词的构成 1) 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的; 如: politely, sadly 2) 当形容词以-y 结尾时, 在加 -ly 之前,先变 y 为 i: heavily, busily
29、3) 以 -le 结尾时, 去e 加 -y 即可: simply, ably 4) 以 -ll 结尾时, 只须加 -y: dully, shrilly 5) 以-ic 结尾时 , 则在-ic 之后加 -ally; economically, basically 6) 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward (s)构成, 意义是“向“ 如: backward (s), downward (s), forward (s), northward (s), onward (s), upward (s) 等 7) 另外, 有些副词是由名词加后缀 -wise 构成, 表示方向, 位置, 状态, 样子等;
30、 如: clockwise, lengthwise 等。,39,(4) 与形容词同形的副词有些形容词与副词同形, 但有着不同的句法功能。 如: We had an early breakfast We had breakfast early有些表示时间的词可同时用作形容词和副词。 如：daily, weekly, quarterly, monthly, yearly,40,(5) 兼有两种形式的副词有些副词有两种形式: 一是与形容词同形, 二是由该形容词加-ly 构成。这两种不同的形式, 有些含义相同, 有些略不同, 有些完全不同。如a) close 作“近“解: He works close
31、 to his home. He was following close behind.作其它解释时用closely: Watch what I do closely. The prisons were closely guarded.,41,b) dead 作“突然地“ “ 完全地“ 解: She stopped dead.在非正式用语中作“ 完全地“ “直接地“解:He was dead tired. / The wind was dead against us.deadly 作“死一般地” 或“非常”解, 例如： deadly pale, deadly serious, deadly dull 等。,42,介词: 虽然介词不是实词，但因其用法非常活跃，跟不同的名词搭配有不同的意义；跟不同的动词搭配又有不同的意义，故很难掌握。 介词的用法:介词必须同名词或动名词或代词一起构成介词短语；on the street; with you 名词搭配：in proportion, in general, in school 动词搭配: depend on,43,连词: 连词也是虚词，不能单独使用，只能用来连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子。,
