1、一，不定式的形式,时态,语态,主动语态,被动语态,to do,to have done,to be doing,to have been doing,to be done,to have been done,/,/,否定,主动被动转换,1. We dont allow you to take the books out of the reading room.The books are not allowed to be taken out of the reading room.2. The manager wants his secretary to type the letter at
2、once.The manager,wants the letter to be typed,3. We have to make laws to stop killing those rare species of marine life.Laws have to be made to stop killing those rare species of marine life.4. We are to make laws and to enforce regulations to prevent overfishing.Laws are to be made and regulations
3、are to be enforced to prevent overfishing.,句子合并,1. I am invited to give a lecture here. I feel this is a great honor.It is an honour for me to be invited to give a lecture.2. We will discuss a subject today. The subject is something about body language.The subject to be discussed today is something
4、about body language.,3. He often scratches the deer. The deer likes it.The deer4. You should use some aid in your speech. Eye contact is a very important aid.Eye contact is a very important aid,likes to be scratched.,to be used in your speech.,5. He was criticized by the teacher in class.That made h
5、im very unhappy.To be criticized by the teacher made him very unhappy.,The passive form of the infinitive:,1. 主动式：表示主动的意义。如果动词不定式的逻辑主语（即：动词不定式所表示的动作的发出者）和不定式所表示的动作是主动关系，不定式一般要用主动语态形式。,I wish to send you to work in the country. （I和不定式所表示的动作是主动关系） （不定式作宾语） He went to the hospital to examine the studen
6、ts.（He和不定式所表示的动作是主动关系（不定式作状语）,但有时不定式需要有自己的逻辑主语时，常由介词for引出。e.g. The chalk is for the teacher to use. e.g. We found it impossible for students to answer the question.,Its a great honour (for somebody)to invite him to Marys birthday party.（somebody和不定式所表示的动作是主动关系）（不定式作主语） It was impossible for him to m
7、ake up for lost time. （him和不定式所表示的动作是主动关系）（不定式作主语）,2. 被动式：表示被动的意义。如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者，即和不定式所表示的动作是被动关系，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如,Its a great honour (for somebody)to be invited to Marys birthday party.（somebody是不定式所表示的动作的承受者，是被动关系）（不定式作主语） It was impossible for lost time to be made up. （lost time是不定式所表示
8、的动作的承受者, 是被动关系（不定式作主语）,He went to the hospital to be examined.（He是不定式所表示的动作的承受者，是被动关系）（不定式作状语） The shoes seem to have been repaired. （The shoes是不定式所表示的动作的承受者，是被动关系。注意本句的时态）（不定式作宾语）,注意：1) 在It is / was + adj. + of / for +逻辑主语+不定式短语的结构中，介词for / of后的宾语即是不定式的逻辑主语；用of表示此结构中的形容词是针对做出不定式的行为的这个“人”加以评论；用for表示
9、那形容词是对整个不定式所指的那件“事”加以评论。,e.g. Its impossible for you to give up smoking. e.g. It was rude of you to stare at her like that.,2) 在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表被动含义，这种句型的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。comfortable/easy/dangerous/difficult/expensive/impossible等,Relativity theory isnt easy to understand. This book is interesting to rea
10、d.,3) 有一类不定式短语不属于句中的任何人或事物，而是修饰全句。它的作用是说话者对他所说的话表示出心理上的态度等，称为独立的不定式短语 (Absolute Infinitive)，不用考虑主动还是被动。 e.g. To be frank with you, he isnt a man worthy of trust. e.g. To tell the truth, I dont like him. e.g. To begin with, he is warm-hearted. e.g. Strange to say, I was wondering the same thing mysel
11、f. e.g. To make a long story short (or To be brief), I need money.,4) 特例：在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).(不要掌握） 但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：These is nothing to do now. ( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now. (We can do n
12、othing now.),Practice,I think a nice salad is better_ than all that junk food, _? A. for youisnt it B. /dont I C. of youisnt D. /is it The best advice about _ to eat is _ we should eat all kinds of food. A. what what B.thatwhat C. whatthat D. thatthat,To go shopping on Sundays seems to my mother a r
13、ule _. A. to never break B. never to be breaking C. never to be broken D. never to have broken,_, the matter stands thus.A. Briefly saying B. To be brief C. Speaking brief D. To speak briefly He is said _ abroad, but I have no idea what country he worked in.A. to work B. to have been working C. to be working D. to have worked,
