1、英语的时和体,时（tense）：表示时间区别的动词形式。（章振邦（教参），2009:8）。,体（aspect）表示一个动作处于何种状态，或者以什么方式存在的动词形式（章振邦（教参），2009:8）。,两时两体+将来时间表示法,现在时，过去时 进行体，完成体 英语动词没有将来时，因而也没有过去将来时（章振邦（教参），2009：9）,时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。英语时态分为16种：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时.重点讲解一下最常见的7种时态的用法和注意
2、事项,Tense(时态),以 do 为例,was/were+ doing,am/is/are+ doing,did,do does,will/shall + do,has/have+ been doing,has/have+ done,had+ done,will/shall+ have done,will/shall+ be doing,英语的十六种时态,I work.,I worked.,I shall work.,I should work.,I am working.,I was working.,I shall be working.,I should be working.,I h
3、ave worked.,I had worked.,I shall have worked.,I should have worked.,I have been working.,I had been working.,I shall have been working.,I should have been working.,Tense(时态),1.根据句子里的时间状语判断动作发生的时间(熟记每个时态常用的时间状语)2.根据句意判断动词的状态3.根据时间和状态,确定动词的形式,11.28,时态与时间状语,参见 章振邦 P125 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。 时间
4、状语： every, sometimes, at, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round,1.一般现在
5、时,4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I dont want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now. 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用现在进行时。,参
6、见 章振邦 P1281）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 Where did you go just now? 2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 3）句型： It is
7、 time for sb. to do sth “到时间了“ “该了“ It is time sb. did sth. “时间已迟了“ “早该了“ It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示宁愿某人做某事 Id rather you came tomorrow. 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。 I thought you might have som
8、e. 我以为你想要一些。 2,2.一般过去时,比较： 一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。 Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. ( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去) 注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。 Did you want anything else? I wondered if y
9、ou could help me. 2）情态动词 could, would. Could you lend me your bike?,Scarf used to _(take) a walk. Scarf is used to _(take) a walk. used to + do：“过去常常”表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如：be used to + doing： 对已感到习惯，或“习惯于“，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。,见 章振邦151 1) 用法： A) 基本结构是will / shall do B) be going to do 。C)表示“即将、正要”时，可用
10、be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。 D) “be to do” 表示约定的,计划中,或是按责任,义务要完成的动作,3. 一般将来时,用一般现在时表示将来的情形:1)有些动词，如：arrive, come, do, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等，用于一般进行时，并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用，可以表示将来时。主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如： The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。,注意事项,2）在时间
11、或条件句中 在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词（immediately, the moment, directly）等引导的状语从句，一般用现在时代替将来时。When Bill _（come）, ask him to wait for me. Ill write to you as soon as I _ there. A will arrive B arrive C arrived D am going to arrive3) 以here, there等
12、开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。,comes,1.) 用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表 示将来。Im leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？2) 不用进行时的动词 (1)表示事实状态的动词 have,
13、 belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。I have two brothers. This house belongs to my sister.,4.现在进行时,(2)表示心理状态的动词 know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
14、等。 I need your help. He loves her very much. (3)瞬间动词 accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse I accept your advice. (4)系动词 seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。 例如：You seem a little tired.,1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。 2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候
15、，另一个短动作发生。 3） 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。 例如： My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. It was raining when they left the station. 典型例题 1） Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making
16、 C. was making D. makes 2） As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read；was falling B. was reading； fellC. was reading； was falling D. read；fell,5.过去进行时,1） 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。 例如：Dont worry, you wont miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time. 2）常用的时间状
17、语有at this time， 例如：At this time tomorrow, Ill be lying on the beach. 明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。例：This time tomorrow you _ there doing some more exercises. A) will sit B) will be sitting C) sit D) shall sit,6. 将来进行时(will be doing),1) 概念：现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，其构成：have （has） +过去分词。2)
18、用法： A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。 例：I _a new house, but I havent sold my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses. A) will buy B) would buy C) have bought D) buy B) 表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。 The couple have lived here for 20 years.The c
19、ouple have lived here since1986.,7. 现在完成时(have done),1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）eg. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 2
20、）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用, 如yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。如f or, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。(错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.,2) 比较一般过去时与现在完成时,3）一般过去时常用的非持续性动词
21、有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。1）Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2）Harry h
22、as got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.,Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.,1）It is the first / second time that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city. This is the
23、first time （that） Ive heard him sing.注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is +形容词最高级+that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如：This is the best film that Ive （ever） seen.,3)用于现在完成时的句型,典型例题 （1 -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am c
24、oming （2） -Have you _ been to our town before?-No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come,1） 概念：表示过去的过去 -|-|-|- 其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前 那时 现在 2） 用法：表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的：表示“过去的过去的动作或状态”。 Until then, his family _ from him for six m
25、onths. A) didnt hear C) hasnt heard B) hasnt been hearing D) hadnt heard 3)通常用过去完成时句型a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。She said （that）she had never been to Paris.,8.过去完成时(had done),b. 状语从句过去完成时的时间状语before, by+过去的时间, until , when, after, once, as soon as。在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用
26、一般过去时。例如：When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himselfc. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本，未能“。例如： We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.,d) 与hardly when, scarcely.when, no soo
27、ner than 连用,先发生的动作用过去完成时, 表示 “还没等 就” “刚 就”I had hardly opened the door when he hit me. He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.,1） 构成will have done 通常用于by+ 将来的某一时间 2） 用法 a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如： They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之
28、前，已经完成的动作。 例如：You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. The conference _ a full week by the time it ends. A) must have lasted B) will have lastedC) would last D) has lasted It is reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _ by about 10%. A) will have risen
29、 B) has risen C) will be rising D) has been rising,9. 将来完成时(will have done),P224,1) 用法： 表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.（到目前为止，我们一直在处理那个项目，已经花了一个多月时间了。）2) 注意事项： 与现在完成时相比，现在完成进行时更强调：在从过去到现在的时间里，动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。 It seems oil _ from this pipe for some time. Well have to take the machine apart to put it right. A) had leaked B) is leaking C) leaked D) has been leaking,10.现在完成进行时have been doing,
