1、Chapter 3,3.1 What is Morpheme? 什么是语素？,3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology语素和形态学3.1.2 Types of Morphemes语素的类型3.1.3 Morphological change and Allomorph形态学的变化和词素变体,We saw that some words can be analyzed into smaller components. Ex. chairman chair, man townhall town, hall boys boy, -s checking check,- ing dis
2、appointment dis- ,appoint , -ment,1 、Morphemes 语素,Definition:The smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步划分为更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变其词汇
3、意义或语法意义。such as: chair , dog , cup and so on.,2. Morphology 形态学,Morphology: The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics.形态学是语言学的一个分支。 It studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.它研究词的内部结构和构造规则。,E.G.purify pur(e) , -ify amplify(放大) simplify(简单化)
4、electrify(充电) falsify(伪造)A new verb can be created by adding -ify to an adjective.,3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology语素和形态学3.1.2 Types of Morphemes语素的类型3.1.3 Morphological change and Allomorph形态学的变化和词素变体,1 、 Free morpheme and Bound morpheme自由语素和黏着语素A. Freemorphemes: Those that may occur alone, those whic
5、h may make up words by themselves.(可以单独出现，独自构成单词。)E.g. dog, nation, closemono-morphemic words（单语素词）.All mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.,Compounds（复合词）:there are poly morphemic words(多语素词),which consist wholly of free morphemes.e.g. paymaster, moonwalk, babysit, godfather, sunflower.,B. Boun
6、d morphemes(黏着语素):They cannot occur alone. (不能单独出现)They must appear with at least one different morpheme.（至少有一个不同的语素）e.g. dogs, national, disclose.distempereddis temper -edbound morphemes free morphemes,2.Root, affix and stem 词根，词缀，词干,Root（词根）: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed
7、 without destroying its meaning,that is to say,it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed.(词根是构成词的基础成分，不能再作进一步分析而不破坏其意义。也就是说，把一个词的所有词缀去掉之后的部分就是词根。)eg: friend as in unfriendliness. All words contain a root morpheme.所有的词都至少包含一个词根词素。Roots may be Free（自由语素）: those that can
8、 stand by themselves, eg: black in blackboard, blackbird; Bound（黏着语素）: those that cannot stand by themselveseg: -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.,B. Affix（词缀）: is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme（the root or stem).词缀是那些只能附着于另一个词素（词根
9、或词干）上的一类语素的总称。Normally divided into: prefix (dis-, un-)前缀 dislike undo suffix (-ize, -tion)后缀 colonize revolution Infix （-ee-） 中缀 feet,A word,root,prefix,suffix,determine,The meaning of a word,change,The meaning of a word,determine,The characteristic of a word,C. Stem 词干any morpheme or combination o
10、f morpheme to which an inflectional affix can be added. 词干是指能够附加上屈折词缀的语素或语素组合,friends,friend,friendships,friendship,请看课本54图,3 、Inflectional affix and derivational affix 屈折词缀和派生词缀,A.Inflectional affixes very often only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem.屈折词缀常常在词干后面添加一个微小的或微妙的语法意
11、义。例如：toys,walks,Jonhs, Derivational affixes often change the lexical meaning.派生词缀常常改变词汇意义.BInflectional affixes do not change the Word class they attach to.屈折词缀不改变词类。Derivational affixes might change the word class派生词缀可能改变词类,C.Inflectional affixes are conditioned by Nonsemantic linguistic factors ou
12、tside the word they attach to but within the phrase or sentence.屈折词缀受到的限制是非语义性的语言因素，这一因素在它们所依附的词以外，但是在短语或句子之内。 Eg. The boy likes to Likes就是由句子的主语决定的。Derivational affixes are more often based on simple meaning distinctions.派生词缀更多是根据简单的意义区别。 例如，clever和cleverness之间的选择依赖于我们要谈论性质“clever”还是要谈论处于聪明的状态“clev
13、erness”D.Inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes.屈折词缀绝大部分是后缀。如：drums, walks, MarysDerivational affixes can be prefixes or suffixes.派生词缀可以是前缀也可以是后缀。E.g. depart, online, teacher, workable,3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology语素和形态学3.1.2 Types of Morphemes语素的类型3.1.3 Morphological change and Allomorph形态学的变化和词素
14、变体,Allomorph,An allomorph(词素变体) is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.同一语素在不同环境中出现时的不同表现形式。,Allomorphs in prefixes,morpheme negative morpheme in-morph1: im morph2: ir morph3: ilimpossible irregular illegalA morpheme may take various shapes or forms.
15、,allomorphs,Allomorphs in suffix,morpheme noun morpheme -ionmorph1: tion morph2: ation morph3: siondescription modernization decision describe modernize decide -ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same suffix.,allomorphs,Other instances are such as the variation of plural forms
16、（复数形式） of nouns:e.g. s, -es, -en, -ee-, and so oncat dog horse,s,z,iz,morpheme,morph,morph,morph,allomorphs,PLURAL,Morphological change 形态变化,研究当代词汇与古词汇的不同 inflectional changes in affix 屈折词缀的不同e.g. 第三人称单数做主语一般现在时动词形式ancient form present form-eth -s, -es do do(e)th does go goeth goes find findeth find
17、s,The change of verb form and plural form of noun 名词复数形式的变化 seedes/wayes seeds/ways Thou,ye,yee you Thy your,第二人称单数做主语一般现在时动词形式ancient form present form-est 原形do do(e)st 原形 play playest 原形 hear hearest 原形,the possessive case 所有格变化 古词汇中多用名词加 -s表示，现在我们通常用：“of phrase”表示无生命物体的所有格。但现在也有趋势重新使用以前的表达方法。如：universitys campus or Chinas modernization. the Queen of Englands crown这种表达也不再算语法错误。古时候的表达为the Queens crown of England.,
