1、高三复习时态和语态,第一节：时态,时态概念 时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生的时间的各种形式。英语有16种动词时态形式，但常见的有9种，见下表：,时态和语态的主要考点 1、考查在语境中判断动词时态的运用能力。常考的时态为：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、现在进行、过去进行、现在完成、过去完成、现在完成进行、过去将来等。 2、时间、条件、让步等状语从句中动词的时态；主从句时态呼应问题。 3、持续性动词和终止性动词的用法区别。 4、及物动词的被动语态。 5、系动词的用法特点。 6、某些以主动形式表被动意义的动词的用法。,动词的分类,I. 一 般现在时 1)现在习惯性或经常性的动作、存在的状态 C
2、lass begins at eight every morning. He looks tired. 常用的时间状语有：often, sometimes, usually, always, seldom, every day, in the morning, on Sunday, etc. 2)客观事实或普遍真理Three plus seven is ten. 3)在含时间和条件状语从句的复合句中主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时表将来。I will stay at home if it rains tomorrow.,4)表已安排或计划好将来必定会发生的动作或存在的状态一般用be, co
3、me, go, arrive, leave, start etc.My plane takes off at 9:00 a.m. 5) 有几个由here, there开头的句子用一般现在时表现在正在进行的动作。There goes the bell. Lets hurry!Here comes the teacher.,对一般现在时的考查 1.考查其基本概念：一般现在时表示一个习惯性、经常性的动作。常与表示习惯的副词always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually 等连用。但近几年
4、，对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态对考生进行干扰。1) Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which _the Pacific, and we met no storm.（2005年辽宁卷） was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called,考查一般现在时的替代用法：在以when, till/ until, as soon as, by the time, after, before等引导的时间状语从句，在以if, unl
5、ess, once等引导的条件状语从句和以no matter, however, even if 等词引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句中的动词用一般将来时，从句中的动词通常用一般现在时或现在完成时代替一般将来时。What would you do if it _ tomorrow? We have to carry it on ,since weve got everything ready. （2005年全国卷） A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining,II. 一般过去时1. 构成:由动词的过去式表示。规则如下：,注：不规则动词的过去式各不相同，
6、必须逐一熟记。 行为动词在一般过去时态的句子里没有人称、数的变化，而be动词有变化，其过去式was用于第一、三人称单数，were用于其他各种人称。 When I was at college, I wrote home once a week. When they were at college, they wrote home once a week.,2.用法 1）过去时间里发生的的动作或存在的状态 常与表过去的时间状语连用，如a few minutes ago, yesterday, last Sunday, etc以及由when引导的时间状语从句。如He traveled in Eur
7、ope last year.He was in Beijing some years ago.When I was at college, I wrote home once a week.He went to town, bought some books and visited his daughter.,2）表过去经常或反复发生的动作可与时间状语often连用；used to + do “”或would + do( “总是，常常”）也可表示过去经常、反复发生的动作。如： When I was a boy, I often went to play in that park. He use
8、d to smoke, but now he doesnt. When Mr. Johnson was young, he would work on the farm. 3)现在或将来非真实的动作或状态，属虚拟的语气范畴 Its time we went. If he arrived tomorrow, I should meet him at the airport.,对一般过去时的考查 一般过去时表示在过去某时某刻发生的动作或存在的状态，它常与表过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, th
9、en, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。但是一般过去时也经常用在没有说明过去的时间状语的句子中，这是高考的命题方向。I bought a new car three days ago.More than a dozen students in that school _ abroad to study medicine last year.（2005年上海卷） A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent,III.一般将来时表将来要发生的动作或状态，常与表将来到时间状语tomorrow, next
10、year, in a few years, etc连用；更多地用于带有条件从句的主句中 When shall we meet tomorrow? Ill ask her as soon as she comes. Your dress will be ready soon. 现在预测现在某事可能要发生了 Its eleven oclock. Mary will be in bed by now. 现在的习惯 A lion will never attack an elephant. 现在的需要 Shall I help you ? 对将来的事情现在作出决定 Which shirt do you
11、 want ? Ill take the blue one, please.,一般将来时的几种形式 is/ am/ are going to doMr. Green is going to buy a new car. 2) is/ am/ are doing (现在进行时）,表按计划即将发生的动作，多与表移动的动词come, go, arrive, leave, fly, start等连用。He is leaving for London. 3) be to do指安排好的事。Are you to meet at the entrance to the park?你们约定在公园入口碰头吗？
12、4）be about to do指即将发生的事。I was about to leave when the telephone rang. 5) 一般现在时表已安排好或计划好的将来动作或状态。,IV.一般过去将来时 1.构成：would/should + do。第一人称I, we用should或would,其余人称都用would. 2.用法表过去某一段时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用在宾语从句中。如： Johnson said that there would be a concert that evening. They wondered when we would/ should
13、finish our composition. 一般过去将来时也可用was/ were going to + do，was/ were to + do, was/ were about to + do, was/ were + doing(多与移动动词come, go, leave等连用)来表示。如： I didnt know when they were leaving for Shanghai.,V.现在进行时 (记住现在分词的变化规则) 1.构成:is/am/are +doing。am用于第一人称单数，is用于第三人称单数, are用于其他各种人称。 2.用法1) 表此时此刻正在进行的动
14、作 He is writing a letter now.2) 表目前这段时间内正在进行的动作She is visiting Beijing this week.3) 现在进行时常与副词always,constantly等连用,表反复出现或习惯动作,含有说话者的赞扬、不满、遗憾等感情色彩。4)（在时间或条件从句中）表示将来的动作When you are cycling along the street, dont forget the traffic light.,对现在进行时的考查 由上下文语境表示时间。 1) Whats the terrible noise？ The neighbors
15、_ for a party（2004年北京卷） A. have prepared B. are preparing C. prepare D. will prepare 2)Because the shop _, all the T-shirts are sold at half price. （2004年浙江卷34题） has closed down B. closed down C. is closing down D. had closed down 3) Are you still busy? Yes, I _ my work, and it wont take long. Ajust
16、 finish B. am just finishing Chave just finished D. am just going to finish,VI.过去进行时1.构成:was/ were + doing。was用于第一、三人称单数，were用于其他各人称。 2.用法过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作。 I was doing my homework this time last night. They were listening to the teacher attentively when the bell rang. While I was reading, my sist
17、er was playing.故事发生的背景The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.过去说话前不久的动作I was telling him his mother was ill.,对过去进行时的考查 I was walking down the street when it began to rain.,When it began to rain,I was walking,now,1.把过去进行时放在when, while, as 等引导的时间状语从句中考查。如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去，动作时间长的用过去进行时，表达谈话背景；动作时间
18、短的用一般过去时，表达新的信息。You were out when I dropped in at your house. Oh, I _ for a friend from England at the airport. （2004年福建卷） A. was waiting B. had waited C. am waiting D. have waited,2.把过去进行时放在某特定的语境中考查。Has Sam finished his homework today? I have no idea. He _ it this morning. （2004年全国卷） A. did B. has
19、 done C. was doing D. had done3.考查过去进行时与一般过去时的比较。 Shirley _a book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it.(98） A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing,VII.过去将来时 1.过去间接引用某人过去的话和想法 He warned us that the journey would be dangerous. 2.过去习惯性动作 At dusk, these old la
20、dies would sit in rocking chairs and talk. 3.现在非真实的动作或状态 If I were you, I would study French. 4.客气的请求 Would you mind helping me ? 5.愿望 I would like (to have) a cup of tea.,VIII.现在完成时 1.构成：have/has + pp。has用于第三人称单数，have用于其他各人称。 2.用法1)表从过去某一段时间开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。常用延续性动词，常与表时间长度的时间状语连用，如:for ten minutes,
21、since 2001,etc, 也可带有表示到目前为止的时间状语，如:so far, up to now, until now,etc. I have sat for hours in the reading room, reading a novel. The weather has been cold so far this winter. He has lived in Beijing since last summer.,2) (在时间或条件从句中)表示在将来某个时间前先要做完的动作 Ill return the book to you as soon as I have finish
22、ed it. 3) 现在时间前完成的动作留下的结果或影响 He has turned off the light. I have been to Beijing twice. 4)现在时间前已做的动作 He is reading the book that he has bought recently.,对现在完成时的考查 1.现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在的影响或表示经验。 2.现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续至今并可能继续下去，常与for或since 等短语连用。,I_(graduate) in 1993 and in that year I _(begin) to teach Engli
23、sh in a middle school. I _(teach) there for five years . Five years later ,I _(move) to Pinghu. I_ (teach) senior English in Danghu High School for nearly 9 years ever since then.,graduated,began,taught,moved,have taught/have been teaching,1) He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _ that they wo
24、nt support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.(2005湖北) were deciding B. have decided C. decided D. will decide2) Millions of pounds worth of damage _by a storm which swept across the north of England last night. （2005重庆） has been caused B. had been caused C. will be caused D. will have bee
25、n caused,3.考查现在完成时与一般过去式的区别： 一般过去时着重说明动作发生的时间、地点、方式等，与现在不发生联系，且句中一般有表示过去的时间状语；而现在完成时只说明现在的情况，对现在有影响。Where _the recorder? I cant see it anywhere.（98NMET） I _ it right here. But now its gone. A. did you put; have put B. have you put; put C. had you put; was putting D. were you putting; put,IX过去完成时 1.构
26、成;had + pp。在时间上是“过去的过去”，因此句中一般都有一个明确的状语或状语从句来表示时间。 2.用法1) 过去某一时间或某一事件前完成的动作或状态 By the end of last term we had learned twelve units. He had been in this college for five years before I came to study. 2) 过去某一时刻或某一事件前已发生但未完成的动作 By December last year, he had worked in Beijing for five years.,3) 其他用法表示非真
27、实的，想象的过去动作或状态.尤指过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图（常与hope, intend, mean, expect, think, want, suppose等动词连用）。 I wish I had told him about it. If the had worked harder, she would have succeeded. They had meant to see me off at the airport, but they got there too late.,对过去完成时态的考查 过去完成时，经常以“过去”为背景，要想表达比这一背景更早的动作，即“过去的过去”，
28、常用此时态。Eg. When we got to the theatre, they had sold all the tickets. What a pity!, George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding? No, I _. Did they have a big wedding? （2004年湖北卷）A. was not invited B. have not been invited C. hadnt been invited D. didnt invite,常见考点有：把过去完成时放在含有whe
29、n, before, after, until, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句的复合句中考查。1) When the old man _ to walk back to his house, the sun _ itself behind the mountain.（2005年湖北卷） A. started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden C. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid,把过去完成时放在by + 过去时间点或by the time + 从句（
30、一般过去时）的句子里考查。By the end of last year, another new gymnasium _ in Beijing.（2003年上海春）A. would be completed B. was being completed C. has been completed D. had been completed,.现在完成进行时 1.构成：have/has been + doing 2.用法 现在完成进行时主要表示动作开始于过去某时，一直持续到现在，当然中间动作有时并非无停顿。可能刚停止，也可能仍要继续下去，两者在大多数情况下可以换用，但口语中更倾向于用现在完成进
31、行时。如： He has lived here for 10 years. 也可以说成：He has been living here for 10 years.,下列最好用现在完成进行时，因为带有一定的感情色彩。 Where have you been ? Ive been telephoning you the whole morning! Hes been talking to me since this morning.,The CCTV has been broadcasting English programs ever since 1977.,对现在完成进行时的考查构成: hav
32、e / has been+ doing 概念: 表示从过去某一时刻发生的动作，一直延续到现在，并且还可能继续下去。,1)Now that she is out of a job, Lucy_going back to school, but she hasnt decided yet.（2004年北京卷）had considered B. has been considering C. considered D. is going to consider2) - Hi, Tracy, you look tired. “- I am tired. I _ the living room all
33、day.A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted,. 将来进行时 1.构成：will/ shall be + doing 2. 用法 1) 表将来具体的某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作When you get to the station at nine tomorrow, your uncle will be waiting for you there.2) 表按计划即将发生的动作I hope you will be coming on time.They will be having their hol
34、iday in June.,.将来完成时1.构成：will/ shall have done 2. 用法1) 表动作或状态延续到将来某一段时间，常跟by+将来时间Will he have been in the army for 10 years by next June?2) 表动作或状态在将来某时间以前已经结束，但其影响去延续到那一时间。常用非延续性动词。 I shall have finished my homework by ten oclock.When the old man comes next week, his son will have left for Shanghai.
35、,用于现在完成时的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late.注意比较 Its time that 结构：It is high time that we went to school. 2）This is the that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that Ive (eve
36、r) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。,典型例题 (1) - Do you know our town at all? - No, this is the first time I _ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming (2) - Have you _ been to our town before? - No, its the first time I _ here. A. even, come B. ev
37、en, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 （错）I have received his letter for a month. （对）I havent received his letter for almost a month.,B,D,几种时态的替代问题 A：一般现在时代替将来时 ：除了在时间、条件、让步状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时外，表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动也用一般现在时来代替将来时。如： The museum opens at
38、 ten tomorrow. 博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。) B：一般现在时代替完成时：句型 “It is since”代替“It has been since ” It is (= has been) five years since we last met C：一般现在时代替进行时： 在全部倒装句中都用一般现在时代替现在进行时。如：Look, here comes Mr. Li.,练习一：动词时态与语态（1） 1. When I saw Mary, she _ on the piano. is playing B. playsC. was playing D. played 2
39、. She _ the door before she goes away. had locked B. is locking C. has locked. D. was locking. 3. A hunter is a man who _ animals. catch B. catches C. will catchD. was catching,4. What _ if I drink this? happens B. is happening C. will happen D. is happened 5. I will visit you if Father _ me. A. let
40、 B. lets C. is letting D. will let,6. Look out! That tree _ fall down. A. is going to B. will be C. shall D. would 7. My uncle _ to see me. Hell be here soon. A. comes B. is coming C. had come D. came 8. They cant leave until they _ their work. A. did B. are doing C. have done D. has done,9. “Has he
41、 seen this film?“ “ Yes. He _ it several days ago. “ A. saw B. has seen C. had seen D. was seeing 10. Now Mike isnt here. He _ Mr Greens. Perhaps he _ back in a few minutes. A. went to; is coming B. has gone to; will come C. has been to; will be D. is going to; has come,11. That day he ._ his clothe
42、s before he came to see me. A. has washed B. washed C. had been washing D. was washed 12. I havent finished my composition. I _ for two hours and a half. A. have written it B. have been writing it C. wrote it D. am writing it 13. I will take my daughter with me when I _ ShangHai,A. go to B. will go
43、to C. have been to D. have gone to,14. This bright girl _ the truth in front of the enemy. A. didnt say B. couldnt speak to C. said D. didnt tell 15. The bridge which _ last year looks really beautiful. A. was built B. built C. was set up D. had been built,16. “ When _ school begin?“ “ Next Monday.
44、“ A. has B. does C. did D. is going to 17. I will _ here till you give me some money.A. leave B. not leave C. come D. return 18. I _ here since I moved here.A. will work B. worked C. work D. have been working,19. Every time I _ there, I will buy him something nice. A. went B. will go C. go D. have g
45、one 20. It was said that his father _.A. has died B. died. C. has been dead D. had died,21. We wont go unless you _ soon. A. had come B. came C. will come D. come 22._six years since I began studying English. A. They have been B. it is C. It was D. There are 23. They _ the Summer Palace three times.
46、 A. have gone to B. have been to C. have been in D. have gone into,24. “How long havent we seen each other? “Well, it _ nearly two years since we _ last. “ A. is/have met B. was/had met C. is/met D. has been/had met 25. “Have you seen the art exhibition?“ “No, _ there. “ A. it was not being held B.
47、they didnt hold C. it had not held D. they were holding it,26. Dont get off the bus until it _. A. stop B. will stop C. stopped D. has stopped 27. “Where _ the recorder? I cant see it anywhere.“ “I _ it right here. But now its gone. “ A. did you put/have put B. have you put/put C. had you put/was pu
48、tting D. were you putting/have put 28. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was 10 years since I _ a good drink. A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying,29. Dont come tonight. I would rather you _ tomorrow.A. come B. came C. will come D. coming 30. _ you _? A. Do/marry B. Have/married C. Have/been married D. Are/married,
