1、大学英语四级讲座 语法篇,一、虚拟语气 二、名词性从句 三、动词不定式 四、动名词 五、分词 六、介词 七、倒装语序 八、主谓一致,第一部分,虚拟语气,语气(mood),语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。,语气的种类,、陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如： There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。 Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗？ How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊
2、！ 、祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如： Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。 Dont forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。 、虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如： If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。 May you succeed!祝您成功！,第一章 简单句中的虚拟语气,一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时
3、，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。如： .Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？ .It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。,二、表祝愿。 1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。 、May good luck be yours!祝你好运！ 、May you be happy!祝你快乐！ 、May you do even b
4、etter!祝你取得更大成就！ 、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。 、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。 、May you be happy. (注意那个be ) 祝你幸福。 2、用动词原形。例如： (1).Long live the people! 人民万岁！ (2).“God bless you,” said the priest.牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！” (3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！,三、表示强烈愿望。（该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人
5、称单数也不加“s”） (1).God save me (2).Heaven help us 四、表命令 1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。 2.句子尾通常加上感叹号：！ 3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go 4.否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词do，加上not。 (1). Work ! (2). Work harder ! (3). Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词Be) (4). You go out ! (5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否
6、定的虚拟语气) (6). Dont be afraid. (口语中常用dont 代替do not),五、在一些习惯表达中。如： (1).Youd better set off now.你最好现在就出发。 (2).Id rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。,补充：条件句,英语中，条件句一般分两种：真实条件句和非真实条件句。 一般来说，虚拟语气只用于非真实条件句中。但在实际的用法上，在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时，用虚拟语气，表示主观愿望或表示某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。,第二章 虚拟语气在条件句中的运用,例句1 与现在实事相反,I
7、f I knew the answer to all your questions, I would be a genius. If wishes were horses, beggars might ride. He wouldnt feel so cold if he were indoors. If they treat me as a slave, I had to resign.,例句2 与过去实事相反,If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. If he had taken my advice, he woul
8、d not have made such a mistake. If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li.,注意：,1.如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如： I wished I hadnt spent so much money. 我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。 2. 如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求 I wish he w
9、ould answer my letter. I wish prices would come down. I wish you would help me. I wish you would stop asking silly questions.,例句3 与将来时间相反,If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time. If he were to come here, he would tell us about it. If she were to be there next Monda
10、y, I would tell her about the matter.,在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气,由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形，常用的此类动词有： 表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg 表示“提议、劝告、建议”的：move, propose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote
11、表示“决定、命令”的：decide, order 表示“主张”的：maintain, urge 表示“同意、坚持”的：consent, insist,例如,1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight. 2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news. 3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(当我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说“剃刀和
12、水就行了”。) 4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据，直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。) 5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an Englishspeaking country. (我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。),在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍
13、，其结构如：order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +. (should) do 6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 7.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there. 但注意：在insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气. 8.she insists that she is right. 9.she insisted t
14、hat I should finish the work at once. 或者说，suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。 10.The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.,例题分析：,It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ after 11 oclock at night. A. were not played B. not be played C. n
15、ot to play D. did not play 全句意思是：“旅馆管理部门恳请客人晚上11点后不要打开收音机”。句中的谓语动词request（请求）所引出的从句应当用虚拟语气，即动词原形或“should动词原形”。本句的主语从句中，主语radio是谓语动词play 的客体，谓语应当用被动语态。所以，答案是C) not be played。在上述这类句子中不能用动词过去时形式表示虚拟语气，所以A)不正确。选项B) not to play是动词带to的不定式，不能在句中作谓语。选项D)did not play也是动词play的过去时形式，同样不能在本句中作为虚拟语气来使用。而且，它是主动语态
16、形式，而本题要用被动语态。,在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气,在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。 I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier. 我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。,would rather ， would sooner，had rather， would (just) as soo
17、n ，would prefer之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气,would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示”宁愿做什么”或“对过去做的事的懊悔“。 I would rather he came tomorrow than today. John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday even
18、ing. Don t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die. I would rather you go tomorrow. The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office Id rather you didnt make any comment on the issue for the time being我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。 Frankly speaking ，Id rather you di
19、dnt do anything about it for the time being坦白地说，我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不要做。 Wouldnt you rather your child went to bed early？为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床呢？ I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。,注：,若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用动词原形 I would rather stay at home today would ratherthan中用动词原形 I would r
20、ather stay at home than go out today,“had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气,用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。 I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美国去念书，但她说她喜欢留在中国。,第三章 主语从句中的虚拟语气,一、“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that”结构中的虚拟语气 在形如此结
21、构中，使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。表达形式为should 动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形。 常用的形容词：natural (自然的)appropriate (适当的)advisable (合适的) preferable (更可取的) better (更好的)necessary (必须的) important (重要的) imperative (急需的),urgent (急迫的) essential (本质的) vital (必不可少的) probable (很可能的) possible (可能的) de
22、sirable (极好的)advisable(合理的)compulsory(必须的)crucial(紧急的)desirable(理想的)essential(必要的)imperative(迫切的) incredible (惊人的)necessary(必要的)possible(可能的)strange(奇怪的) urgent(紧迫的) 常用的过去分词: required (需要的) demanded (要求) requested (被请求的) desired (要求) suggested (建议)recommended (推荐) ordered (命令),1. It is necessary tha
23、t we (should 可省略,下同）have a walk now. (necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步) 2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time. (necessary, should + make) (表示有必要事先做好准备) 3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here. (required, should + smoke) (表示要求不要在此抽烟) 4. It is important t
24、hat every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule of school. (important, should + be) (表示重要的是学生都能了解校规) 5. Its important that we (should) take good care of the patient. (important, should + take) (表示重要的是照顾好病人) 6. It is natural that she should do so. (形容词natural, should+动词原形do) 7.It is essential
25、 that these application forms be sent back as early as possible这些申请表应尽早地寄回，这是很重要的。 8.It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project重要的是募集足够的钱，为这个项目提供资金。 9.It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening希望我们今晚一切都准备就绪。 注：在上述所列形容词后面用that引出的宾语从句中，谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。 10.I dont thi
26、nk it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。,Its amazing (odd, strange, surprising, wrong, astonishing, annoying, irritable, upsetting, embarrassing, discouraging, disconcerting, disappointing, perplexing, bewildering, incredible, frightening, al
27、arming, shocking, dreadful, despicable, contemptible, tragic, inconceivable, a pity, a shame, a thousand pities, to be regarded)和I am surprised ( sorry, upset, ashamed, embarrassed, pleased, happy, glad)等结构后的that从句中要用should，一般不可省，意为“竟然，居然”，表示说话人的惊讶、懊悔、失望等。如： its amazing that she should have learnt s
28、o much in such a short time. Its a pity that Tom should be so careless. Its a shame that he should have done such a thing. I am surprised that he should have been so rude to you.,有时可将表示情感等的句子前一部分省略，只保留that后的部分，成为虚拟化的感叹句。如：That he should miss such a golden opportunity.(= It is a pity that.)That they
29、should resort to violence!(= Im surprised that)他们竟然使用暴力！,主句中的表语为形容词true, certain, sure, natural, evident, apparent, likely, probable, possible, confident等，或为no wonder时，其后的从句中谓语应用陈述语气。如： Its apparent that she is worried about something. Im confident that he will win the next election.,二、It is (high,
30、about) time句型,此时，谓语动词用过去式，指现在或将来的情况，表示“早该干某事而现在已经有些晚了” It is high time that we off.我们该走了。 It is time that we went to bed.我们该睡觉了。 这种结构中的过去式可以改作should+动词原形（should不能省）,但用的不多。 Its about time we should go to bed. 以上结构均可以用it is time for sb. to do sth.来代替。,三、在It is 名词that的主语从句中的虚拟语气,在It is 名词that的主语从句中，常用虚
31、拟语气，表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。这类名词有：advice，decision，desire，demand，idea，motion，order，pity，preference，proposal，recommendation，requirement，resolution，shame，suggestion，surprise，wish，wonder等。 It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad我建议派他去国外进一步学习。,第四章 虚拟语气用在表语从句或同位语从句中,当某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语
32、时，其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为should 动词原形或直接用动词原形。这类名词常见的有： demand (要求), desire (请求)requirement (要求)advice (劝告) recommendation (建议)suggestion (建议)order (命令)necessity (必要地), preference (优先) proposal (计划) plan (计划) idea (办法) recommendation以及plan，idea，resolution等。 We are all for your proposal that the di
33、scussion be put off我们都赞成你提出的将讨论延期的建议。 The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by everyone由市长颁发奖金的建议被每个人接受。 . The advice is that we (should 可省略，下同) leave at once. (名词advice，should + leave) (表示加以劝告) . My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference. (idea, sh
34、ould + get) (表示做出主意) . I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week. (proposal, should + hold) (表示做出计划),第五章 虚拟语气的倒装形式,条件句中有were, had, should, could时，可省略if，将were, had, should, could放在主语前，用倒装结构。 If I were you，I would do it at once. Were I you，I would do it at once. If he should fail，he
35、would kill himself. Should he fail，he would kill himself. 上移至句首的 had不一定是助动词，如果是实义动词也可倒装： If he had money，he would buy a car. Had he money，he would buy a car.,注意：,1. 在同一句子中，不能一部分表示真实，另一部分表示非真实，否则句子无一致性。If she comes, she would tell you.(错) If she comes, she will tell you. If I had the book, I will len
36、d it to you .(错) If I had the book, I should lend it to you. 2. 条件从句中不可用would，否则就是语病。If he had come yesterday, I should have told you. If he would have come yesterday, I should have told you .(错) 3. 但是如果表示某种愿望，条件从句也可用would，相当于be willing to，这常表示说话人不相信主语有这种愿望。If you would, you could.要是你愿意的话，你能够。,第六章 错
37、综时间条件句,在错综时间条件句中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致。因此，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自不同的时间选用恰当的虚拟语气形式。,例如,Had I taken my umbrella with me when I came out this morning, I should not be wet now.要是早上出门时我带了伞，现在我就不会被淋湿了。 If they had left home in early morning, they would arrive in half an hour.要是他们一大早就离开家的话，再过半个小时就该到了。 If Marry shoul
38、d arrive today, she must have started 3 days ago.如果玛丽今天到，那她一定在3天前就动身了。 If you hesitate this moment, you might suffer in future.你现在犹豫的话，将来会吃苦头的。 If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night.如果我是你，我不会错过昨晚的那场电影。,注意：,如果条件句做宾语从句，其动词不定式不受主句谓语动词的影响。如： I often tell her that if she had made anoth
39、er try, she might have been successful.我经常跟她说，要是她再试一次，她可能会成功了。 I will tell her that is she would/ were to make another try, she might be successful.我将告诉她，如果她再试一次，她可能会成功。 I have told her that if she made another try, she might be successful.我告诉过她，如果她再试一次，她可能会成功。,第七章 “无条件”的虚拟语气句子,所谓“无条件”，指句子表层没有if, I
40、wish等引起表示条件的句子，但其深层结构或上下文中有条件。这种条件可以用介词、形容词、名词、代词、连词、动词、分词、不定式、定语从句或者上下文表示，用的是跳层或间接的方式。表示“无条件”的词有with, without, but for, but, or, otherwise, even, in case of, what if(如果.将如何)等。这种句子通常有主句无从句。（含蓄条件句）,例如：,But for your help we couldnt have succeeded.要不是你帮忙，我们是不会成功的。 They couldnt have reached the agreemen
41、t so easily without that common ground.没有共同立场，他们不会那么容易达成协议的。 此两句中的but for 和without可以用if it were not for代替。 I would do so in your place.假如处于你的位子，我也会那么做的。（介词短语） Cooked a little longer, the meat would be more delicious.再多煮一会儿，肉会更美味。（分词） A gentleman wouldnt say so.一个绅士是不会那么说话的。（名词） What would people say
42、 about him, whose wife should take bribes?要是他的妻子受贿的话，人们会怎么说他呢？（定语从句） I wouldnt be deceived so easily.我是不会这么轻易受骗的。（代词，if I were you）,第八章 虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用,一、动词wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气 与现在事实相反，用were或动词不定式；与过去事实相反，用had+过去分词或者would/ could + have+过去分词;表示将来没有把握或不大可能实现的愿望，用would/ could/ should/ might+动词原形。,例如：,I wish h
43、e were here. I wish the sun were shining at the moment. I wish that I had never seen her. I wish you wouldnt be so nervous. He wish he would do better next time. I should like to have taken his advice.我现在真希望那时采纳了他的建议。I should have liked to take his advice.我本希望采纳他的建议的。I should have liked to have take
44、n his advice.我本希望采纳他的建议的。,二、if only 和would that后的虚拟语气,谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。“要是就好了” If only she had known where to find you.她要是知道到哪里去找你就好了。 If only I could speak several foreign languages.要是我能讲几门外语就好了。 Would that I could fly.但愿我能飞。 Would that I were young again.但愿青春重在。,三、在for fear
45、that, in order that, so that, lest引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词一般用虚拟语气,从句谓语动词用should (could, might)+ 动词原形。在以lest引导的从句中，谓语动词用should+ 动词原形， should有时可省。 He kept quiet lest he disturb her. I will not make a noise for fear that I should disturb you. I have come all the way here in order that you should understand me. 若 in order that, so that前的主句是现在时，其后的从句有时可用can, may+动词原形。,
