1、Subjunctive Mood,1,English,2,Conditionals Present Real Conditionals,3,4,5,Conditionals Future Real Conditionals,whether/ if,if不能引导位于句首的主语从句，whether可以。,6,If she likes the present is not clear to me.,if不能引导表语从句，whether可以。,What we want to know is if the goods come up to the mark.,7,if不能充当介词的宾语，whether可
2、以。,He was worrying about if he had hurt her feelings.,if不能引导动词不定式，whether可以。,I dont know if to see my dentist today.,if后面不能直接接or not，whether可以。,Please tell me if or not you agree.,If条件虚拟语气的形式,1. 与现在的事实相反,If 动词的过去式(be用were而不用was) + would(第一人称可用should)+动词原形,If you were free to choose among all the car
3、s available today, what type of automobile would you buy ？,8,2. 与过去的事实相反(有时主句中的should have done表示责备或后悔),If had+ -ED分词, would(第一人称可用should) +have + -ED分词,If Mike had been able to finish his homework，he would have come to class.,If the United States had not entered the Second World War，probably the 19
4、40 unemployment rate of 14% would have risen still further.,9,3.与将来事实相反,If were to + 动词原形, would(第一人称可用should) +动词原形,It is said Tom will go to an appointment tomorrow. If he were to come tomorrow, I would ask him to go to your place.,If you were to see Mary，what would you tell her?,10,与将来事实可能相反,If s
5、hould + 动词原形, would(第一人称可用should)+动词原形,If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.,If I should see her next Monday, I would tell her about it.,11,虚拟错综条件句,上面几种假设类型中，主句与从句的谓语动词形式应前后呼应。但是，如果主句与从句的动作发生的时间不一致，谓语动词形式应做适当调整,12,If I had a bike(now), I would have lent it to you yesterday.,If the United
6、 States had built more homes for poor people in 1955，the housing problems now in some parts of this country wouldnt be so serious.,If you had not studied the problem carefully until recently, you would find it difficult now.,13,省略虚拟条件句,虚拟条件从句中的谓语动词如果是were或should(could, might), had等词时，可以省略连词If, 但要将we
7、re或should(could, might), had助动词移至主语前形成句子例装,14,Were he to start out today, he would get there by Thursday.,Had he listened to me, John would not have failed.,Had I known it，I should have told him.,Had he not been taken good care of, he would not have recovered so quickly.,15,虚拟语气的特殊表现形式,一、表示“好像”：除了if
8、条件从句外，由as if和as though等引导的状语从句表示方式时，意思是“好像”,这时从句中的谓语动词应用虚拟语气。其动词形式用过去时(be用were的形式)表示所说的与现在的事实相反；用过去完成时表示所说的与过去的事实相反,16,Victoria has a curious expression on her face as though she were smiling about something that amused her.,17,二、特殊连词的需要：lest, for fear that和in case引起的从句(这时谓语多用should加动词原形),We dare no
9、t play jokes on Mr. Wang lest he should become angry.,He hurried on, lest he should drop out in the forced march.,Every attention must be paid to him lest he (should) feel that he is inferior to my other guests.,我对他特别关照，唯恐他感觉比我的其他客人低一等。,18,三、介词短语表示虚拟： 有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语来表示，或通过上下文或其他方式表示出来
10、。如 but for, but that, in case, otherwise, supposing, under more favorable conditions, without 等表示让步假设,19,He worked very hard; otherwise he might have failed.,We could have done better under more favorable conditions.,But for his help，I should not have succeeded.,The complex society of a modern civil
11、ization would be impossible without the art of writing.,But that he came to help me, I could not have succeeded.,20,Supposing your parents had refused, how would you have felt?,21,He left early in case he should miss the last train.,从句中须用虚拟语气的情况,一、在wish的宾语从句中 1. 动词wish后跟由that引导的宾语从句(that经常被省略)要用虚拟语气
12、表示一种不可实现的愿望。宾语从句中用过去时(be 用were的形式)表示与现在事实相反,用过去完成时表示与过去相反,22,She wishes she had more money. I wish I didnt say that. I wished I were not so worried. Then I would not have had the accident.,23,2. 当wish的宾语从句表示一种愿望、要求时，可用过去时，也可用would动词原形,24,I wish you would stay here longer. She wishes you wouldnt go.,
13、3. would rather(宁愿),would sooner(宁愿), had rather(宁愿) 等词或短语后面的从句中的谓语动词应使用一般过去时表示虚拟语气，表示与过去相反的也可用过去完成时,25,Id rather you gave me a cash refund. A coupon is no use to me.,Id sooner you didnt smoke here.,如果表达优选选择的人和做出选择的主语相同，则用动词原形而不是过去时。,Id sooner spend it on something frivolous.,二、在某些特殊概念词的宾语从句中：一些表示提议
14、、主张、要求、命令、紧要等概念的词语，由于它们本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形。这些词可分为下列几类,26,1. 下列动词后“that”引导的宾语从句 suggest(建议)， propose (提议)， recommend(建议)， move (提议)， advise(建议)， insist(坚持)， urge(极力主张)， ask, require, request(要求), demand, desire, order, comman
15、d(命令), decide, intend(打算)， prefer(宁愿)， urge(敦促),27,When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”,28,He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work.,One can suggest that students should spend two or
16、 three years in an English-speaking country.,The doctor advised that he give up smoking, but he simply turned a deaf ear to it.,29,It was moved that the bill be considered by the committee.,The workers insisted that they be paid before they left for their homes.,2. 下列表示主张、要求、命令、愿望、建议等概念结构后的主语从句或逻辑上的
17、主从结构(如下列形容词作宾语从句的补足语时，这时宾语从句一般用it来代替)：这时that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用“should 动词原形”或省略should，只用动词原形,30,it is necessary 【 essential (重要的)， vital(极重要的，不可缺少的)，important, imperative(必须的)，urgent(紧要的)，advisable(应该的)，proper(适当的)，obligatory (必须的)，desirable(令人满意的)，appropriate(合适的)，fitting (合适的), strange (奇怪)】that；it i
18、s(was, has been) desired 【suggested , requested, ordered , proposed, decided】 that .,31,I deem it appropriate that he have a heart-to-heart talk with his father.,32,Do you think it essential that I reconsider his proposal? For the record, Im not particularly fond of him.,3. 下列表示主张、要求、命令等概念的名词后面可以跟接“
19、that”引导的表语从句和同位语从句。这种由that引导的从句其谓语动词通常用should动词原形或省略should。这类词有：order, request, requirement, insistence，suggestion, command, necessity, importance, idea, plan, motion(提议)，proposal(建议)，recommendation(建议)，understanding resolution(决定，决议),33,4. 在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句，我们经常用“sho
20、uld动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等,34,I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.,三、it is (high/about) time， 该(必须)做等词或短语后面的 从句 中的谓语动词应使用过去时表示虚拟语气,35,It is high time that you went home.,If only the patient _a_ a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive
21、now. (2007)A. had receivedB. receivedC. should receiveD. were receiving,36,考题,Nancys gone to work but her cars still here. She _ by bus. (2010)A. must have goneB. should have goneC. ought to have goneD. could have gone,37,专四考题,He would have finished his college education, but he _C_ to quit and find
22、 a job to support his family. (2007) A. had had B. has C. had D. would have,38,A safety analysis _B_ the target as potential dangerous. Unfortunately, it was never done. A. would identify B. would have identified C. will identify D. will have identified,39,It is necessary that he _A_ the assignment
23、without delay.(2010) A. hand in B. hands in C. must hand in D. has to hand in,40,It is imperative that the government _ more investment into the shipbuilding industry. A. attracts B. shall attract C. attract D. has to attract,41,如果有可能，我早去医院看他了。可是，上周我的时间都排得满满的。,42,I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.,他站那一动不动，像生了根似的。,43,He stands there as if he were rooted to the ground.,这在过去会被认为是个奇迹。,44,That would have been considered miraculous in the past.,
