1、特殊句式,知识梳理,一、倒装英语中有时出于语法或达到某种修辞目的（强调、承上启下、平衡等）的需要，要把谓语或谓语的一部分放在主语之前，称为倒装。倒装分为完全倒装和部分倒装：完全倒装把整个谓语放到主语之前；部分倒装只把谓语的一部分（如助动词、情态动词等）放到主语之前。,必备清单,1. 有些副词（如here, there, up, down, in, out, away, off等）置于句首，且主语是名词时，句子要用完全倒装。 注意：主语是人称代词时不倒装。如： John opened the door. There stood a girl he had never seen before. H
2、earing the dog barking fiercely, away fled the thief. Here it is.,完全倒装,部分倒装,1. 当“only +副词”、“only +介词短语”或“only +状语从句”位于句首作状语时，句子/主句需用部分倒装。 Only with the greatest of luck did she manage to escape from the rising flood waters.,1) only修饰状语从句时，从句不可倒装。 Only when he returned did we find out the truth.()2)
3、only修饰主语时，句子不可倒装。 Only he can answer the question.()3) 在部分倒装句中，如果谓语部分无助动词，则须找助动词来“帮助”它构成倒装句。 Only after the war did he learn the sad news.(),2. 具有否定意义或半否定意义的副词以及含有否定词的介词短语、连词固定搭配置于句首时，需用部分倒装。(1)常见的否定或半否定的副词有：never，seldom，little(少)，hardly，nowhere，rarely，scarcely，not等。 Never before has she seen anybod
4、y who can play tennis as well as Robert.,(2) 常见的否定的介词短语有： at no time(从来没有)，by no means(决不)，in no way(决不)，in no case(决不)，under no circumstances(在任何情况下都不)等。 e.g. By no means will this method be effective.,(3) 常见的否定连词有： not only.but also.，no sooner.than.，hardly.when.，scarcely.when.，not until.等。 在含有hard
5、ly . when, no sooner . than, not only . but also的句子中，要在hardly, no sooner, not only分句中进行主谓语的部分倒装，而在含有not until分句的句子中，要在not until分句之后的主句中进行主谓语的部分倒装。,Not only should we not be afraid of difficulties, but also we should try our best to overcome them.Not until I began to work did I realize how much time
6、I had wasted.,(4) so, neither, nor 位于句首，表示前面所说的（否定）情况也适用于另一人（或物）时，句子用部分倒装。如： This is not my story, nor is it the whole story. My story plays out differently.,3. 在so / such . that结构中，若“so +形容词/副词”或“such +名词”位于句首时，则主句用倒装语序；such充当表语位于句首时，主句也用倒装语序。 So sudden was the attack that the enemy had no time to
7、escape.,4. as引导的让步状语从句用倒装。(1) 表语的倒装。Tired as he was, he kept on working.(2) 谓语动词的倒装。Try as he might/did, he didnt pass the exam.,(3) 状语的倒装。 Much as I travel, Ive never found a more beautiful place.注意以上as倒装结构也适用于though，但although不能用于倒装句。,5. 频度状语often，always，once，many a time，now and again，every other d
8、ay等；方式状语thus；程序状语so；地点状语in the distance，in front of等位于句首时，需要部分倒装。 e.g. Many a time has he helped me with my computer. So fast does light travel that we cant imagine its speed.,5. 频度状语often，always，once，many a time，now and again，every other day等；方式状语thus；程序状语so；地点状语in the distance，in front of等位于句首时，需要
9、部分倒装。 e.g. Many a time has he helped me with my computer. So fast does light travel that we cant imagine its speed.,倒装高考链接1. Only by increasing the number of doctors by 50 percent _ properly in this hospital. A. can be the patients treated B. can the patients be treated C. the patients can be treate
10、d D. treated can be the patients 当“only +介词短语”位于句首作状语时，句子要用部分倒装，即把助动词或情态动词置于主语前。,B,2. Only when he apologizes for his rudeness _ to him again. A. I will speak B. will I speak C. do I speak D. I speak 当“only +状语从句”位于句首作状语时，主句要用部分倒装，即把助动词或情态动词置于主句主语前。,B,3. Not once _ to Michael that he could one day b
11、ecome a top student in his class. A. occurred it B. it did occur C. it occurred D. did it occur 否定副词not置于句首，句子要用部分倒 装，故在此把助动词 did放在主语前。,D,4. Not until he went through real hardship _ the love we have for our families is important. A. had he realized B. did he realize C. he realized D. he had realize
12、d not until置于句首，主句要用部分倒装，且realize所表示的动作发生在went through之后，因此主句要用一般过去时。,B,5. At no time _ the rules of the game. It was unfair to punish them. A. they actually broke B. do they actually break C. did they actually break D. they had actually broken at no time置于句首，句子要用部分倒装，同时结合was可知，题干中第一句陈述过去的情况，故谓语要用一般
13、过去时。,C,6. “Never for a second,” the boy says, “_ that my father would come to my rescue.” A. I doubted B. do I doubt C. I have doubted D. did I doubt 否定副词never置于句首，句子要用部分倒装，且由that从句的时态可知，主句谓语要用一般过去时。,D,1. 对谓语动词的强调强调谓语动词时，用“do/does/did动词原形”来表示，意为“确实，一定，肯定”。Do be careful when crossing the street.The t
14、rain does move.They did come to see you yesterday，but failed to meet you.,二、强调,2. It强调句型1) It强调句型的基本形式It强调句型最基本的句式结构为：It be被强调部分that/who句子；被强调部分是除谓语之外的其他句子成分，可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句；当强调人时，可以用who 或that；强调其他成分，则只能用that。 It is I who/that am right. (强调主语),2) 对not.until.结构的强调 句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + t
15、hat + 其他部分 。 I didnt realize she was a famous film star until/till she took off her dark glasses. It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.,注意强调句只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not . 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。,3. 强调句的一般疑问
16、句和特殊疑问句(1) 强调句的一般疑问句的基本句型为： Beit被强调部分that/who句子其他成分 Is it Professor Wang who teaches you English?(2)强调句的特殊疑问句的基本句型为： 特殊疑问词beitthat/who/whom句子其他成分 What is it that you want me to do?,注意强调句的特殊疑问句用于名词性从句中，要用陈述语序。I have no idea when it was that I lost my wallet.,4. 含有情态动词的强调句的疑问句结构(1) 一般疑问句的基本强调句型为： 情态动词
17、或助动词itbe被强调部分that句子其他成分 Might it be in the office that she left her keys?(2) 特殊疑问句的基本强调句型为： 特殊疑问词情态动词或助动词itbethat主语句子其他成分 Where might it be that the accident happened?,5. 强调句型应注意的问题(1) 谓语动词人称和数的一致性。 在强调句中，如果强调的是句子的主语，其后谓语动词应和被强调部分的人称和数保持一致。 It is Mary and Tom who often do good deeds.,(2) 强调时间、地点、原因、
18、方式状语时，一律用that，不用when，where，why，how。 It was because he was ill that he was absent. 他缺席是因为他病了。,(3) 强调句型的反意疑问句，其问句部分用isnt/wasnt it。 It was yesterday that he met Li Ping，wasnt it?(4) 当原因状语从句由as，since等引导时，强调原因状语应改as，since为because，即只能强调由because引导的原因状语从句。 It was because he didnt know much about English tha
19、t he looked up the word in the dictionary.,1. 不定式后省略动词在特定的语境下，为避免重复，常用不定式符号to来代替不定式的内容。若不定式中含有be, have, have been时，通常保留be, have和have been。如：Whats the matter with Della?Well, her parents wouldnt allow her to go to the party, but she still hopes to.Arent you the director?No, and I dont want to be.,三、省
20、略,2. 动词不定式省略to1) 在感官动词后作宾语补足语的不定式省略to。2) 在使役动词make, let, have等后作宾语补足语的不定式省略to。3) 在rather than等表示“与其不如”短语后的不定式省略to。,4) 介词but / except前边有实义动词do的某种形式时，其后的不定式省略to。如： He can do nothing but / except lie down and sleep.5) 在can not but do sth.，cant choose but do sth.，can not help but do sth.句式中，but后跟的不定式（短语
21、）省略to。,3. 并列句的省略(1) 如果后面的分句中有与前面相同的部分，常可省略后面分句中的相同部分。Jack must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework.(2) 有时并列句中省略前一分句中的一部分内容，需联系后一分句才能理解句子的含义。Mr Wang can (finish the work on time) and Mr Wang ought to finish the work on time.,4. 复合句中的省略1) 宾语从句的省略(1) 宾语从句中可以省略与前面相同的部
22、分；在两个并列宾语从句中，第一个连词that可以省略，第二个则不可省略；that引导的宾语从句如被谈到，则可用so或not代替。如：She said she would come, but I didnt know when (she would come). I believe (that) she can manage the company and that it will be a success.Will you be there?I guess so.,(2) 由which，when，where，how和why引导的宾语从句，可全部或部分省略。 He will come back，
23、but he doesnt know when (he will come back),2) 状语从句的省略(1) 在状语从句中，如果谓语动词是be或含有助动词be，且其主语与主句的主语一致或是it时，常省略从句的主语和be。如： Film has a much shorter history, especially when compared to such art forms as music and painting.,(2) 在由than或as . as引导的状语从句中，常会有一些成分在上下文清楚的情况下被省略掉。如： He has made greater progress than
24、 (he did) before. I like the black one. The blue one isnt as good (as the black one).,4) 定语从句的省略(1)在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词whom，which，that可省略。The girl (who/whom/that) the teacher spoke to is Liu Ying.(2)先行词为way且在定语从句中作状语时，用that/in which引导定语从句，亦可都省略；当先行词是time，reason，place时，作状语的关系副词when，why，where也可以省略。I do
25、nt like the way (that/in which) you treat your mother.,注意:以下是已被看成约定俗成的省略结构，为考查重点：if so，“如果是这样的话”；if not，“如果不的话”；if ever，“如果曾经有的话”；if necessary，“如果有必要的话”；How come？“怎么会这样呢？”What if.？“倘若会怎么样？”How/What about.？“怎么样？”So what？“那又怎么样呢？”,省略高考链接1. The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was as
26、ked by the police _. A. not to do B. not to C. not do D. do not but后的部分是省略句，补全应为：was asked by the police not to park his car near the roadside，为了避免重复，用not to代替。,B,2. It rained cats and dogs this morning. Im glad we took an umbrella. Yeah, we would have got wet all over if we _. A. hadnt B. havent C.
27、 didnt D. dont 答语中用了虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反，故if从句中谓语要用过去完成时，且题干if从句是省略句，补全应为：if we hadnt taken an umbrella。,A,(一) 祈使句1祈使句的否定式和强调式(1) 祈使句的否定式是在整个结构前加dont或never。Never come late. Please dont forget to take your medicine.,四、祈使句、感叹句和反意疑问句,注意：以let开头的祈使句的否定形式通常是在lets或let us/me后加not。Lets not waste our time arguing a
28、bout it!(2)祈使句的强调式是在整个结构之前加do。Do give my regards to your parents!,2祈使句表假设的情况祈使句常用于固定句式“祈使句and/or/otherwise一般将来时陈述句”，若前后表顺承关系，用and；若前后表转折关系，用or或otherwise，祈使句则相当于一个条件状语从句。,(1) 祈使句and陈述句名词短语and陈述句if条件状语从句主句 Have a little patience and well look into it soon. Just a little patience and well look into it
29、soon. If you have a little patience，well look into it soon.(2)祈使句or陈述句if.not.主句 Work harder，or youll fail. If you dont work harder，youll fail.,(二) 感叹句表示强烈情绪(喜、怒、哀、乐、惊、恐等)的句子叫感叹句，通常由what或how引导。1. 基本形式(1) What(a/an)形容词名词主语谓语！What a clever boy he is! What wonderful ideas you have!,(2) How形容词a/an单数可数名词主
30、语谓语 How difficult a problem it is!(3) How形容词/副词主语谓语！ How clever the boy is!,2. 其他形式的感叹句(1) how直接修饰谓语动词：How主语谓语！ How (much) we love our motherland!(2) 常见的其他形式 How can you be so silly！ The designs and the colours！,(三) 反意疑问句反意疑问句又可叫做附加疑问句，由“陈述句反意问句”构成。反意问句的动词总是助动词、情态动词或be动词的某种形式，反意问句的主语用代词充当。基本原则是“前否后肯
31、，前肯后否”。,1. 陈述部分含有must的反意疑问句(1)陈述句部分谓语动词含有must时，must如表示“必须”，反意问句用mustnt，如表示“必要”，则用neednt；如mustnt表示“不允许，禁止”，其反意问句部分用must或may。You must get to school at 8 a .m., mustnt you?We must start working right now, neednt we?You mustnt smoke here, must/may you?,(2)当must表示推测，作“一定，准是”讲时，反意问句部分根据must后的谓语动词形式及含义采用相应
32、的动词形式。 You must be tired, arent you? He must have done it last night, didnt he? Tom must have been to Shanghai before, hasnt he?,2. 陈述部分含有used to和ought to的反意疑问句(1) 陈述部分谓语动词是used to时，用didnt或usednt两种方式反问。He used to go swimming in summer, didnt/ usednt he?(2)陈述部分谓语动词是ought to时，用oughtnt或shouldnt反问。He ou
33、ght to be praised for what he has done, oughtnt/shouldnt he?,3. 当陈述部分有neither，none，nobody，nothing，few，little，never，hardly，seldom等否定意义或半否定意义的副词时，反意问句应用肯定形式。 Nobody understood his speech, did they? His sister seldom argues with people, does she?,注意:陈述部分出现含有否定意义的前缀或后缀的词时，反意问句仍用否定结构。He is unfit for his
34、job，isnt he?,4. 含有宾语从句的反意疑问句当陈述部分带有宾语从句时，疑问部分的主语与助动词应和主句保持一致。He never said she would come, did he?,注意:当陈述部分谓语动词是think，believe，suppose，expect，imagine且主语为第一人称时，疑问部分的主语和谓语动词均应和宾语从句的主语和谓语保持一致，且应注意否定转移；但如果主语不是第一人称，反意问句则与主句保持一致。I dont believe he will succeed, will he?Mary thinks you will come to the party
35、, doesnt she?,并列句的反意疑问句则根据最接近的分句来完成。We forgot to bring our tickets, but please let us enter, will you?,5. 陈述部分谓语动词是dare，need时，如果作情态动词，用dare，need本身反问；如果作实义动词，则用do的适当形式反问。 You darent climb the rock, dare you? The little girl doesnt dare to go alone at night, does she? We need to help them, dont we?,6.
36、 陈述部分谓语动词have作“有”解时，可用dont或havent反问；作其他意义解释时用do的某种形式反问。 He hasnt any sisters, does/has he? They have to receive strict training beforehand, dont they?,7. 感叹句的反意疑问句陈述部分是感叹句时，一律用be或助动词的否定形式反问。What a naughty boy he is, isnt he?How hard she works, doesnt she?,8. 祈使句的反意疑问句祈使句的反意疑问句的构成，必须按其句子结构及讲话人的语气来决定其
37、反意部分，有四种形式。(1) 祈使句的肯定形式，其反意问句表示“请求”时，通常用will you；表示“邀请，劝说”时，用wont you。Be sure to write to us, will you?？(表示“请求”)Come to have dinner with us this evening, wont you?(表示“邀请”)Try to be back by two, wont you? (表示“劝说”),(2)祈使句的否定形式，其反意问句通常只用will you构成。Dont smoke in the meeting room, will you?(3)以let开头的祈使句，
38、构成反意问句时，除lets用shall we构成外，其他均用will you。Let the boy go first, will you?Lets take a walk after supper, shall we?,9. 反意疑问句的回答反意疑问句的回答，不是根据汉语习惯来确定用yes还是no，而是根据答语的内容来确定，不管主句为否定，还是反意问句为否定，回答时只看所提到的事情是否已/会发生。如果发生了，用肯定回答，否则用否定回答。要特别注意陈述部分是否定结构，反意问句部分用肯定形式时，回答的yes要译成“不”，no要译成“是的”。,He likes playing football,
39、doesnt he?Yes, he does. 是的。No, he doesnt.不是。You havent seen the film, have you?Yes, I have. 不，我看过。No, I havent. 是的，我没有看过。,10陈述部分主语和反意问句主语的对应关系在反意问句中，代词用人称代词I，we，you，he，she，it或they，谓语动词用助动词、情态动词或be动词。You wouldnt like to take these pills, would you?His father cant name the plant, can he?You like trave
40、ling, dont you?This is very important, isnt it?,五、there be句型,there be句型表示“某处存在某物”，there是引导词，本身没有词义，be是谓语动词，be后面的名词是主语，主谓语的数必须一致。be可以有不同的时态，而且可以和各种助动词或情态动词连用。如果有两个或两个以上的主语，谓语动词be常和最近的那个主语在数上保持一致。There is a pen, two books on the desk.There are two books, a pen on the desk.,1. there be结构的变体there be结构中的
41、谓语动词be，有时可用seem to be，happen to be，remain，exist，live，stand，lie等词或词组来替代。There seems to be something wrong with me.There remained just twenty pounds.,2. 含there be的固定句型There is no possibility/probability/chance of/that. 不可能There is no sense/point(in)doing sth. 干某事没意义。There is no doubt about/that.毫无疑问Th
42、ere is no need(for sb.)to do sth.(某人)没必要干某事。,There is no lack of.有很多的，不缺乏There is no denying.无可否认There is some difficulty/trouble in.方面有困难。There is no sign of.没有的迹象。,考点归纳,特殊句式主要指：省略、倒装、强调、祈使、反意疑问句和主谓一致。其中高考考查的重点是祈使、倒装和强调结构。,1. 感叹句、祈使句和反意疑问句 (1)what与how引导的感叹句作为宾语从句出现在试题中，其难点有两方面：一是复数名词或不可数名词前面用what还是
43、how; 二是感叹句的语序。(2)祈使句的主要考点是：根据句式特点判断是祈使分句还是状语成分； 祈使句and/or结果分句。(3)反意疑问句主要考查主从复合句和并列句后面的反意疑问句。,2. 强调句型 (1)强调句型的几种构成形式。如：疑问形式、It might be/must have beenthat等含有情态动词的形式。 (2)强调句型和其他带有it的复合句型的区别。如：强调句型与主语从句、定语从句、时间状语从句的区别。 (3)not until的强调。,3. 主谓一致 主谓一致主要以单项填空题的形式来测试语法一致的原则、意义一致的原则、就近一致的原则，同时还涉及动词时态、语态等。高考试
44、题一般不会单独考查主谓一致，而是借助于时态、语态及句式(如倒装句)等间接考查。,2015年高考将注重考查各知识点之间的交叉现象，加大了综合考查语法知识的力度，在考查强调句的同时考查定语从句，把省略句以及强调句与时间状语从句、地点状语从句的考查等融合到一起，强调了学生综合把握语法知识的能力。,重点 1 倒装1. 完全倒装。(1)here, there, now, then等副词放在句首时, 句子要完全倒装, 谓语动词常用come, go, be, lie, run等。完全倒装句常用一般现在时或一般过去时。注意: 上述完全倒装句子中主语若为人称代词, 主谓不颠倒: Here he comes.,(
45、2)表示方位的副词in, out, back, up, down, off, away等置于句首时, 句子要全部倒装, 句子的谓语动词常是come, go等表示运动的词。 (3)表语提到句首, 采用完全倒装: “表语+系动词+主语”。(进行时态也可这样)。 Present at the meeting are some famous scientists.,(4)有时当句子没有宾语而主语又比较长, 或者为了使上下文紧密衔接, 常把作表语的形容词、副词、介词短语或作地点状语的介词短语提至句首, 主语、谓语采用完全倒装形式。 At the foot of the hill lies a beaut
46、iful lake and near the lake are some farmhouses hidden in trees. (5)用于there be结构之中。,2. 部分倒装。(1)否定词: not(不), seldom(很少), never(从不), hardly(几乎不), barely(几乎不), scarcely(几乎不), little(完全不), never before(以前从不), not. . . until(直到才), no sooner. . . than(刚就)=hardly. . . when, by no means(决不), under no circumstances(决不), in no case(决不), nowhere(没有地方), neither, nor, rarely, no longer, not until, at no time, on no account等放在句首, 需用部分倒装。not only. . . but also(不仅而且)连接并列句时, 前一分句用部分倒装。,
