1、12006 Part A Text 11. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse,and thecasualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture.【译文】 (美国社会出现)“服饰和话语趋于平民化的一致,随意和尊重的缺失”,这样正是通俗文化的特点。【析句】 注意句子的表语是引号中的句子成分,表语实际是三个内容:the democrat-izing uniformity,the casualness 和absence of
2、 deference。形容词短语(characteristic of popular culture)是表语的后置定语。对此句的理解在很大程度上取决于对单词的理解。【讲词】 democratize 意为“民主化”,本句中意为“平民化”。uniformity 意为“相同,一致”。Since then,the nation has sought uniformityin education to expand opportunities to all students.(自那时起,国家就致力于向所有的学生提供相同的教育机会。)This procedure has produced gratifyi
3、ng resultsin achieving uniformity in recommendations and decisions.(这一程序统一了建议和决定,效果令人满意。)discourse 表示书面和口头的表达,因此一般译成“话语”,语言学的说法是“语篇”。casualness 表示随意的态度、举止、穿着等。deference 意为“顺从,尊重”。In deference to my friend and colleague Dr. B-rundtland,I won t show those slides at this symposium.(为了以示对我的朋友和同事布伦特兰博士的尊
4、重,我就不在这次研讨会上播放那些幻灯片。)Out of deferenceto Grandma,the father neglected to tell her that he had become a Christian.(为对尊重奶奶,父亲没有告诉她自己已经信了基督教。)22. Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are f-ans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks,yet “some Americans fear
5、 that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immun-e to the nation s assimilative power.”【译文】 罗德里古兹指出,尽管世界边远乡村的孩子崇拜阿诺德施瓦辛格和加斯布鲁克斯,然而“有些美国人却担心生活在美国的移民不知何故不受这个国家同化力量的影响。”【析句】 这是一个复合句,yet 在句中起转折作用。【讲词】 note 意为“注意,记录,作笔记”,作动词表示口头或书面表达他所注意到的事件或观点,因而有时可以译成“指出,写到,注意到,说”等。He noted that ma
6、ny issues had been discussed at the conference.(他说会上讨论了许多议题。)immune 意为“免疫的;免除的;豁免的”。The criminal was told he would be im-mune from punishment if he helped the police.(罪犯被告知,如果他协助警方就可以免受惩罚。)Small businesses started by the unemployed urban dwellers are immun-e from taxes for a certain period of time.(
7、城市失业人员经营小本生意在一定时间里可以享受免税待遇。)The operation of the company will be immune to any outsid-e interference.(公司的运营不会受外界的干扰。)3. Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Ind-eed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when view-ed against America s turbulent
8、 past,today s social indices hardly suggesta dark and deteriorating social environment.【_译文】 美国是否存在分裂社会的问题和极度愤怒的群体?确实存在。美国太大了,什么都会存在。但是,尤其是与美国动荡的过去相比,今天的社会指数根本就不说明存在着黑暗和恶化的社会环境。3【析句】 此句的难点在于对一些词语的理解。a bit of everything 是一种口语化的表达,意为“什么都有一点”。【讲词】 divisive 意为“区分的,分裂的”,divisive issues 意为“分裂社会的问题”。pocket
9、 除了“口袋”之意,还可以表示“孤立的地区,保护区:被隔离的或被保护的小地区或集团”,在句中应该理解为“社会群体”。seething 意为“火热的,沸腾的”,例如:a seething revolutionary struggle(火热的革命斗争),a seething flood(滚滚的洪水)。seething anger 意为“极度的愤怒”。to be viewed against 意为“对着观察;与相比;鉴于”。Viewed againsthis family background,he must have worked hard to become what he is today.(
10、鉴于他的家庭背景,他一定非常努力才有了今日的成就。)12005 Part A Text 420. In his latest book,Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language andMusic and Why We Should Like,Care,John McWhorter,a linguist andcontroversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views,sees the triumph of1960s counter culture as responsible for
11、the decline of formal English.【译文】 在其近作做我们自己的事:语言和音乐的退化及为什么我们应该喜欢或在意?中,约翰麦克沃特一位语言学家,一个兼有自由主义和保守主义思想的争议人物认为60 年代反文化运动的胜利应对正式英语的退化负责。【析句】 该句子的主干是John McWhorter sees the decline。in his latest book 做状语,书名充当book 的同位语。主语和谓语之间的成分是主语的同位语,说明约翰麦克沃特的身份。本句的难点是对两个同位语的把握。【讲词】 controversialist 意为“争论者,好争论者”或“引起争议的人
12、”,controversy意为“论争,辩论,争议”,controversial 意为“争论的,争议的”。see 在句中表示“考虑;认为”,seeas 意为“认为是”或“视为”。在2003 年考研试卷的第一篇阅读文章中,就有类似的句子: He sees the firmsoutsider status as the key to its success.(他把公司的“局外人”地位视为它成功的关键。)21. Mr. McWhorters academic specialty is language history and change,and hesees the gradual disappea
13、rance of “whom”,for example,to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case endings of Old English.【译文】 麦克沃特先生的学术专长是语言史和语言变化。举例来说,他认为“whom”一词的逐渐消失是自然的,并不比古英语中词格尾缀的消失更让人惋惜。2【析句】 本句是一个并列句,包含两个以and 连接的分句,其中第二个分句比较复杂:宾语是the gradual disappearance of “whom”,后面是插入语for example,紧跟着to benatura
14、l of Old English 作上述宾语的补足语。句中的see 是“考虑,认为”(consider)的意思。【讲词】 specialty 的意思有“专业,专长,特长,特制品”,饭店的“特色菜”也可用specialty 表示。His specialty is biology,mine is physiology.(他的专业是生物学,我的专业是生理学。)Wood carving is a specialty of this village.(木雕是这个村子的特产。)22. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when
15、 they put pento paper before the 1960s,even the most well regarded writing since then hassought to capture spoken English on the page.【译文】 在20 世纪60 年代以前,仅受过一般教育的人在下笔时都会寻求一种更高雅的腔调;在此之后,即使是最受人关注的文章也开始逮住口语就写在纸面上。【析句】 句首的连词while 表示“虽然”,两个even 都表示让步,同时加强了前后两部分的对比;since then 意思是“从那以后”,then 指的是the 1960s。本句
16、的难点是对连词以及时间副词的理解。【讲词】 to put pen to paper 等于write 的意思。to capture words on the page 也是写的意思。the modestly educated 指受过一般教育的人。如果是受过很好的教育,英文就说thewell educated;如果没有受过多少的教育,英文就说the little educated。elevate 表示“提起,抬高,提拔”。Reading good books elevate one s mind.(阅读好书可提高人的心灵修养。)323. As a linguist,he acknowledges
17、that all varieties of human language,including non standard ones like Black English,can be powerfully expressivethere exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complexideas.【译文】 作为语言学家,他承认所有的人类语言,包括像黑人语言这样的非标准语言,都具有强大的表达力世上没有一种语言或方言无法传达复杂的思想。【析句】 all varieties of human languages
18、等于all human languages。本句涉及语言学的一个基本理论,即所有的语言都能表达复杂的思想。句子的主干是he acknowledgesthat all varieties can be expressive,谓语acknowledges 后面是that 引导的宾语从句。从句中主谓之间插入了介词短语including non standard ones like Black English。破折号后面分句对前面话语进行补充说明。【讲词】 在英语中,acknowledge,admit,avow,confess 和concede 都有“承认”的意思。acknowledge 表示公开承担
19、某事的责任。He acknowledged that the purchase had beena mistake.(他承认购买那东西是个错误之举。)acknowledge 还有“答谢”的意思。Theauthor acknowledged the assistance of Professor Johnson in his research.(作者向约翰逊教授对其研究所给予的帮助表示感谢。)也可表示“公认”,常用被动语态。He isacknowledged the best player in the team.(他被公认为队中最好的球员。)24. Russians have a deep l
20、ove for their own language and carry large chunks ofmemorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaboratespeech that would seem old fashioned to most English speakers.【译文】 俄罗斯人深爱自己的语言,并在脑海中存储了大量诗歌;而意大利的政客们往往精心准备演讲,即使这在大多数讲英语的人眼里已经过时。4【析句】 句子本身并不难,它是一个由连接词while 所组成的并列句。句子的难点可能是
21、tend to elaborate speech that would seem old fashioned to most English speakers。speech 是指说话的方式,elaborate speech 指说话比较繁琐,因此会让大多数讲英语的人听起来觉得old fashioned。简言之,意大利的政治家说话太文乎,有咬文嚼字之嫌。【讲词】 elaborate 与labor 是同根词,它可以是形容词(表示“精心制作的,详细阐述的”),也可以是动词(表示“精心制作,详细阐述”)。After two weeks,they came up with anelaborate plan
22、.(经过两个星期的准备,他们拿出了一份详细的计划。)There is noneed for you to elaborate on the facts.(你没有必要详尽说明事实。)12006 Part A Text 24. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tou rists who come,no-t to see the plays,but to look at Anne Hathaway s Cottage,Shakespeare s bi-rthplace and the other sights.【译文】 另一边
23、是靠游客谋生的市民,游客来到小镇不是为了看戏,而是想看看安妮海瑟薇的房舍、莎士比亚的出生地和其他的风景点。【析句】 定语从句(who largely live off the tourists)修饰the townsfolk,而该定语从句的宾语the tourists 的后面又跟了另一个定语从句。注意,不能把not to see theplays 的主语看作是the townsfolk。【讲词】 largely 意为“在很大程度上,主要地”。He owed his success largely to th-e support of his wife.(他的成功在很大程度上应归于妻子的支持。)
24、live off 有两个意思,分别是“住在外”或“靠生活”。The family used to li-ve off the small pocket of land they owned.(这家人过去靠着自家的一小块土地过日子。)Some college students have chosen to live off the campus.(有些学生选择住在校外。)5. It is all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare,who earns t-heir living,was himself an actor (w
25、ith a beard) and did his share of noisemaking.【译文】 他们是靠莎士比亚过日子,而莎士比亚自己就是一位演员(留着胡子),当初也是吵吵嚷嚷的,想到这些不无讽刺的意味。2【析句】 这是一个主从复合句,主句是It s all deliciously ironic。另外,非限制性定语从句who earns their living 修饰Shakespeare,其字面意思是:莎士比亚挣钱养活他们,即他们靠莎士比亚过日子。【讲词】 ironic 意为“讽刺的,说反话的;有讽刺意味的”。Ironically,even thegovernment was awar
26、e of the situation.(具有讽刺意味的是,甚至连政府都清楚这一情况。)share 作名词时表示“分享;份额;一份;股份”,句中did his share of noise making 字面意思是他也制造他那一份噪音,即莎士比亚当初也是吵吵嚷嚷的,像现在的演员一样。6. The sightseers who come by busand often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the sidedont usually see the plays,and some of them are evensurprised
27、to find a theatre in Stratford.【译文】 坐着大巴来的观光客,虽然经常顺便看看沃尔威克城堡和布伦海姆宫,一般都不是来看戏,其中有些人看到斯特拉福德竟然一家剧院甚至惊讶不已。【析句】 全句是由两个分句组成,在第一个句子的主干结构是The sightseers dontusually see the plays。定语从句(who come by bus)是修饰主语The sightseers,而破折号中间的成分是对定语从句的补充。some of them are even surprised to findatheatre in Stratford 是第二个分句。【讲
28、词】 take in 的词义较多,可以表示“接受,接待,吸收,理解,包括,轻信,注意到,欺骗”,在句中的意思是“游览,观光”。3on the side 意为“兼职;另外”。He did some accounting on the side.(他还人帮人做会计。)7. It is the playgoers,the RSC contends,who bring in much of the townsrevenue because they spend the night(some of them four or five nights) pouringcash into the hotels
29、 and restaurants.【译文】 皇家莎士比亚戏剧公司说,游客给小镇带来了很大一部分收入,因为他们过夜(有些人甚至住上四五夜),把大把的钱花在旅馆和餐馆。【析句】 这是一个因果复合句。主句的正常语序是The RSC contends it is theplaygoers。从句(who bring in much of the town s revenue)是the playgoers的定语。【讲词】 contend 意为“竞争;奋争;主张;声明”。The defense contended that theevidence was inadmissible.(被告方声称证据是不可接受
30、的。)I had to contend withlong lines before I could get a taxi at the airport.(我在机场必须排着长队才上了一出租车。)Hilary Clinton may contend in the 2008 presidential race against aRepublican.(希拉里克里顿会在2008 年的总统选举中与一位共和党人一争高下。)bring in 意为“引进;带来;生产”。How much did the sideline bring the farmerfamily in last year?(去年副业使这家农
31、户增加了多少收入?)The sale brought us inover $1,000.(那笔买卖使我们赚了一千多美元。)8. Hilton is building its own hotel there,which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars,the Lear Lounge,the Banquo Banqueting Room,andso forth,and will be very expensive.【译文】 希尔顿正在那里建造自己的饭店,你可以肯定饭店会装修哈姆莱特汉堡吧、李尔王厅、班戈宴会厅
32、等等之类,而且消费水平会非常高。4【析句】 全句的主干结构是Hilton is building its own hotel there,which 引导的非限制性定语从句包含两个并列的谓语成分以修饰its own hotel,其中you may be sure 是插入语。注意Hamlet Hamburger Bars,the Lear Lounge,the Banquo Banqueting Room,and so forth,希尔顿饭店肯定会在店内以哈姆莱特、李尔王和班戈等来命名其酒吧、大厅和餐厅等。【讲词】 expensive 在句中是修饰希尔顿,即Hilton is very expe
33、nsive,意思是指希尔顿的消费水平很高。再如:Tokyo is expensive 不能译“东京很贵”,而应该译成“东京的消费(水平)很高。”9. They all seem to look alike(though they come from all over)lean,pointed,dedicated faces,wearing jeans and sandals,eating their buns and bedding downfor the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and80
34、 standing room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the boxoffice opens at 1030 a.m.【译文】 他们长相一样(尽管他们来自四面八方)瘦削、专注的面孔,穿着牛仔服和凉鞋,啃着面包,在剧院外的石板台阶上席地而卧,等着购买20 张坐票和80 张站票,这些戏票是剧院会为席地而卧的人预备,并在早晨1030 向他们出售。【析句】 句子的主干结构是They all seem to look alike,括号中的成分(though theycome from all over)是插入的条件从句。破折
35、号后面的成分是全句的状语,之所以用破折号是因为作者想对主语(they,即the young people)进一步加以说明。细分起来,状语分为两大部分:一是描绘他们的长相、穿着和吃住,二是说明他们的目的(购票)。前一部分包括四个方面的内容:一是(with) lean,pointed,dedicated faces,二是wearing jeans and sandals,三是eating their buns,四是bedding down for thenight on the flagstones outside the theatre。5而在目的状语中,when the box office
36、opens at 1030 a.m.是一个时间状语从句,两个过去分词结构(held for the sleepers 和sold to them)修饰the 20 seats and 80stand ingroom tickets。【讲词】 pointed 意为“尖的,尖削的”,a pointed nose(尖鼻子),a pointed face(尖脸)。dedicated 意为“专注的,一心一意的”。He is a dedicated musician.(他是一富有献身精神的音乐家。)be dedicated to,dedicate oneself to 和dedicate ones lif
37、eto 都有“献身于”的意思。注意dedicate 还有“捐赠;献”的意思。Id like todedicate the book to my parents.(我想把这本书献给我的父母。)12006 Part A Text 310. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass(the amount ofliving biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean,butrather changes in that biomass
38、over time.【译文】 他们的方法并不是要评估特定海域鱼种的实际生物量,而是评估在这一段时间内生物量的变化。【析句】 这是一个简单句,但是宾语是两个,一是the actual biomass(the amount ofliving biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean,一是changes in that biomass over time。【讲词】 rather 意为“宁愿;有点,相当”。Id rather stay at home.(我宁愿呆在家里。)Hes rather lazy.(他有
39、些懒。)有时rather 在句中表示转折,或者对前文进行纠正(经常与or 连用)。There are five,rather six,persons killed in the trafficaccident.(在这场车祸中,共有5 人,应该是6 人死亡。)11. According to their latest paper published in Nature,the biomass of largepredators(animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reducedon average by 80%
40、 within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some longfished areas,it has halved again since then.【译文】 根据他们在自然上发表的最新论文,在新渔场开始捕鱼的15 年之内,大型捕食动物的生物量平均减少80。在一些长期捕鱼的海域,生物量在此之后又减少了一半。【析句】 句子的结构比较简单,但要注意数字的表述,而这正是考试的内容。在新渔场开始捕鱼的15 年之内,大型捕食动物的生物量平均减少80,而在此之后又减少了一半,即剩下的20又减少了一半,因而应该只剩下10了。2【讲词】 halve 意为
41、“平分,分享,减半”。The companys profits halved after thedemand in the market became low.(市场的需求减少之后,公司的赢利减少了一半。)12. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught,sothe real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.【译文】 这意
42、味着更高比例的海洋生物正在被捕杀,因此介于现在和过去这一段时间,海洋生物量的真正差别可能比捕获量所记录的变化更要糟糕。【析句】 这是一个因果复合句,前半句是原因,后半句表示结果。而在表示原因的从句中,宾语较为复杂,of 后面跟了一个主句从句,其主句又是一个主语从句。what is in thesea 是一种婉转的说法,即海洋中的生物,或文中所说的生物量(biomass)。另外,注意recorded by changes in catch sizes 是一个过去分词结构,修饰the one(即theactual biomass)。【讲词】 catch 作名词时可以表示“捕获;捕鱼量”(what
43、is caught),catch sizes也是“捕获量”或“捕鱼量”的意思。13. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught,since no baitedhooks would have been available to trap them,leading to an underestimate offish stocks in the past.【译文】 有些鱼因此并没有被捕获,因为没有更多的带饵鱼钩来捕获它们,这就导致低估过去的鱼量。【析句】 这是一个因果复合句,主句是Some individuals would th
44、erefore not havebeen caught。leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past 是作从句的状语。3【讲词】 available 意为“有用的,有空的”。These train tickets are available onthe day of issue only.(火车票仅在发售当天才能买到。)有些人结了婚但与异性交往,英文就是married but available,有人简称之MBA。另有些单身但是已经名花(或草)有主,英文就是single but not available。14. The noti
45、on is that people have failed to detect the massive changes whichhave happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only arelatively short time into the past.【译文】 这种概念是,人们没有能够发觉海洋中所发生的巨大变化,因为他们只是关注了过去相对短暂的一段时间里所发生的情况。【析句】 主句的宾语是一个从句,而从句是一个因果复合句。主句是people have failedto detect the massive
46、changes which have happened in the ocean,从句是becausethey have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past。另外,which have happened in the ocean 是一个定语从句,修饰the massive changes。【讲词】 detect 意为“察觉,发现,侦查,探测”。She was surprised to detect hatredbehind his smile.(她觉察到他的笑容背后竟然藏着仇恨,因而为之吃惊不小。)Thede
47、ntist could detect no sign of decay in her teeth.(牙医在她的牙齿上找不到蛀蚀的迹象。)The policeman detected the presence of the criminal in the hall.(警察感觉罪犯就在大厅里。)15. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yieldthat can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target speciesis
48、 about 50% of its original levels.4【译文】 这一点很重要,因为理论表明,当目标鱼种的生物量大致降至最初水平的50时,渔场才能收获最大的持续捕鱼量。【析句】 That matters 是全句的主干,后面是一个表示原因的从句,而从句又包含一个表示时间的状语从句。【讲词】 yield 作动词时意为“生产,生长;屈从”,作名词表示“产量;收益”。Thedoor yielded to a gentle push.(轻轻一推,门就开了)The child pleaded,but theparents wouldn t yield.(孩子苦苦哀求,但父母就是不让步。)Th
49、is years yieldfrom the coal mine was very large.(今年这煤矿产量甚丰。)crop 作名词意为“农作物;产量”,作动词表示“收获,收割”。注意crop up 有“突然出现;突然发生”的意思。A difficulty has cropped up at work.(工作中突然出现困难。)12006 Part A Text 416. Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may bethis: artists only job is to explore emotions,and yet they choose to focuson the ones that feel bad.【译文】 许多事情让人们觉得艺术家是怪人,而最古怪的事情也许就是:艺术家的唯一工作就是探索情感,而他们所关注的却又是那些令人不快的情感。【析句】 句子比较简单,应该关注explore 和focus 两个单词的意思。【讲词】 explore 有“考究;探索;探讨”的意思。Scientists have been known