1、.1. There are broad agreemants about the basic concepts of science, for example, there is only a single science of thermodynamics whose basic concepts are accepted by all countries, including such diverse countries as China, Americaor the Soviet Union. For a short time there were two genetics, a Sov
2、iet genetics as proposed by Lysenko and a Western genetics. However, Soviet Lysenko s theories were refuted and in 1956 the Soviet Union accepted the Western genetic concepts.2. It makes the world look more and more uniform. Different styles in architecture, dress, music and eating that exist in var
3、ious countries and among different people are tending to disappear. They are being replaced by more uniform styles or world styles. The houses the people live in, the cars they drive, etc. , are becoming more alike.3. A technological innovation in the manufacture of automobiles like streamlining or
4、all-welded body construction may be initiated by one company in one country, but when it proves to make cars more efficient and cheaper, it is soon adopted universally by all automobile manufacturers. Today, the basic features of an automobile are to be found in automobiles in general, no matter who
5、 makes them. Besides this feature, all large automakers are now international companies. Americans have auto plants in Europe, Asia and South America, and Europeans and Japanese have plants in America and South America, and so on.4. He drives cars that have the same basic features. When he goes shop
6、ping, he finds the climate in all the shops is the same because they are all similarly air-conditioned. When he travels he finds all the airports to be familiar because they are all constructed along similiar lines and the hotels to have the same amenities. In a word, he finds himself at home in all
7、 countries and places.5. He no longer has a fixed home with all the emotional ties144 that are usually attached to such a home with its fixed location surrounded by well-known neighbors, etc. His home is now everywhere and he is always surrounded by all kinds of neighbors. He feels the old home limi
8、ted his activities and his emotions.6. She says in the past artists regarded machines and machinelike structures like the Eiffel Tower in Paris as ugly and irreverent. After 1949 the artists discovered a new beauty in machines which could now be shaped and moulded very easily into various artistic d
9、esigns.7. The writer doesnt t directly answer the question. He says science has now thrown doubt on “the thingliness of things“. It does not produce the material objects we see with our eyes but images, geometric and mathematical, of the reality underlying these things. It has made the world rather
10、“insubstantial“. The writer in his prologue states: “Today, nature has slipped, perhaps finally, beyond our field of vision. We can imitate it in mathematics - we can even produce convincing images of it - but we can never know it. We can only know our own creations.“8. It is displayed in the archit
11、ectural styles found in cities of the developed world - styles that typify collage city and urban adhocism. It is also displayed in the mosaic architecture of facadism and the playful theme parks and museum villages. It abounds in images and sounds and values utterly different from those of the worl
12、d of natural things seen from a middle distance.9. The banks are no longer the solid, ponderous buildings of the past but airy structures Of steel and glass. People need not go to the banks directly for many financial transactions which can now be carried out in stores or trailers with slot- machine
13、like terminals linked to the banks. Money is now recorded, erased, processed and reprocessed as digital signals by a computer.1.In the passage, the writer puts forward his central theme of “disappearance“ - nature disappears, history disappears and even the solid banks disappear. Besides expressing
14、the central theme of the book, the metaphorical phrase, “Disappearing Through the Skylight“, is used also specifically in this chapter to describe the changed appearance of modern banks which seem to be disappearing. The second important idea he puts forward is the universalizing tendency of science
15、 and technology. The basic concepts of science are understood, accepted and adopted by scientists all over the world. There is only one science of thermodynamics, genetics, etc. This universalizing effect is reflected in architectural styles, dress styles, musical styles, etc. They all tend to becom
16、e world styles. The third concept is, “If man creates machines, machines in turn shape their creators. “ The modern man is no longer a unique individual, the product of a special environment and culture. The homogeneous world he now lives in universalizes him. He becomes a cosmopolitan, a citizen of
17、 the world. Finally, the disappearance of history is a form of liberation and this feeling of liberation is often expressed through play. the playfulness of science has produced game theory and virtual particles, in art it has puoduced the paintings of Picasso and Joan Miro and so on.2. The writer s
18、 views are generally clearly and succinctly presented as a topic sentence at the beginning of each paragraph and then developed or illustrated in the paragraph itself. or by succeeding paragraphs. For example, the first sentence in the opening paragraph is a topic sentence that presents a very impor
19、tant view of the writer, “Science is committed to the universal. “ This idea of universality is developed and illustrated in the five paragraphs that follow and each paragraph that follows also has its own topic sentence. The organizational pattern is very clear and logical. 3. The writer uses tha p
20、resent tense and universal statements to attain the goal of objectivity. 4. The writer uses figurative language freely to make his ideas more vivid and forceful. Readers can find many metaphors, analogies, rhetorical questions, repetition and balanced structure, etc. in this piece. The very title of
21、 this piece, “ Disappearing Through the Skylight “, is a metaphorical phrase that immediately stirs the imagination of readers. 5. A lot of scientific and technical terms are used in this piece, such as thermodynamics, genetics, genetic mutations, etc. Many sentences are complex and compound ones; s
22、ome of them, though simple sentences, are complicated in structure, for example, “The skepticism of modern science “ from the soul. “ “It surrounds its citizens with “-“ and geodesic domes and lunar landers. “ All these are stylistic features.IV. 1. Science is engaged in the task of making its basic
23、 concepts understood and accepted by scientists all over the world. 2. The car model, called Fiesta, seems to have disappeared completely. 3. The idea of a world car is similar to the idea of having a world style for architecture. /As architecture was moving toward a common International Style, it w
24、as natural for the automobile to do the same. 4. Things that are happening in auto making are similar to those happening in architecture. 5. The modern man no longer has very distint individual traits shaped by a special environment and culture 6The disadvantage of being a cosmopolitan is that he lo
25、ses a home in the old sense of the world 7The benefit of being a cosmopolitan is that he begins to think the old kind of home probably restricts his development and activities 8The compelling force of technology to universalize cannot be resisted 9When every artist thought it was his duty to show hi
26、s contempt for and objection to the Eiffel Tower which they considered an irreverent architectural structure 10a flexible and pliable quality that was beyond human powers and absolutely new 11People used to firmly believe that the things they saw around them were real solid substances but this has n
27、ow been thrown into doubt by science, 12That ，perhaps, shows how far logically modern aesthetic can goThe solid banks can become almost abstract and invisibleThis is perhaps the furthest limit of how solid objective things may be disappearingVSee the translation of the text1Thermodynamics2genetic 遗传
28、学3stress 应力4genetic mutation 遗传突5streamlining(设计成)流 6all welded body 全焊车身7cyclinder block 气缸套8carburetor 汽化器线 9transmission 传动；变速器10cells 细胞热力学11molecules 分子 变 12galaxies 星系13particles 粒子 线型 14black hole(天文)黑洞15genes 基因1 6hightension lines 高压17circuit(集成)电路18geodesic dome 用轻便和挺直建筑材料的拉力建造的圆屋顶19termin
29、al 终端20Magnetic tapes(录音等用 )磁带 21computer 计算机1homogeneous ：the same in structure，quality ，etc；similar or identical2diversity：different；variety3economics：things related to the economy(of automobile manufacturing，such as production costs，consumer appeal，sale price，etc) 4asset：a valuable or desirable t
30、hing 5suspect：think it probable or likely；guess；suppose 6barring：unless there should be ；excepting 7blasphemy：any remark or action or thing held to be irreverent or disrespectful 8proposition：a person，problem，undertaking，etc ， being or to be dealt with9extra：outside the scope or region of；beyond 1 0
31、order：category ，class 11artifact ：a product(as a structure on a microscope slide)of artificial character due to extraneous(as human)agency 12circuits：an integrated circuit，a tiny complex of electronic components and their intereonnections produced on a single small silicon chip silicon：a silicon chi
32、p，a small slice of silicon on which an integrated circuit is etched 1 3truss：a rigid framework of beams，struts bars，etc ，for supporting a roof geodesic dome：a dome made of light straight structural elements mostly in tension1uni-，having or consisting of one only：universe， uniaxial， unicellular, unil
33、ateral, unipolar, univalve2. thermo-, heat : thermodynamics, thermochemistry, thermoelectric, thermometer, thermomagnetic, thermoplastic3. dis-, fail, cease, refuse to .disappear, dissatisfy, disallow, disappoint, disapprove, disbelieve 4. techno-, art, science, skill, technical, technological: tech
34、nology, technography, technocracy, technocrat, technologist, technologize 5. hom or homo-, one and the same : similar, alike : homogeneous, homograph, homochromatic, homology, homonym, homophone 6. auto-, self-propelling: automobile, autotruck, autobus, autocade, autogyro, automotive 7. trans-, over
35、, across, through: transmission, transfer, transmigrate, transfuse, transform, transition 8. cosmo-, world, universe, cosmopolitan, cosmography, cosmology, cosmonaut, cosmopolis 9. post-, after in time, later (than), following: postmodernism, postglacial, postnatal, posthumous, postimpressionism, po
36、stmortem 10. neo-, new, recent, latest : neomodernism, neolithic, neo-Darwinism, neoimpressionism, neologism, neophyteIX. 1. The piers are built, Then the towers are erected on the piers. The cables are run from one side of the river to the other and are anchored, The suspenders are attached to the
37、cables. Finally the deck is raised.2. The slide is removed from the microscope and is replaced by a transparent ruler with 1 mm graduations. Now the width of the field of view of the microscope is measured. The diameter of the field is converted from millimeters to microns, then the width of the fie
38、ld (in microns) is measured for each objective lens required.X. 1. a steam 2. an air outletnoise3. aircraft turbine 4. laboratory research5. a research laboratory 6. a mercury thermometer7. a nuclear power plant1. The theories we use (or the theories used) in meteorology are complicated and do not c
39、over all aspects of the weather,2. The raw materials are weighed, (then) mixed automatically in the correct proportions and then fed into the granulator.3. When thoroughly mixed with the suspension, these substances separate the virus particles from the rest of the suspension. 4. The plastics materi
40、al is fed into a hopper and then heated. 5. Local, long-distance and inter-continental calls are connected automatically in this exchange. 6. Many signals are transmitted from this centre, while a few are passed on to the next relay station. When grouped together, they are transmitted as composite s
41、ignals. 7. The steel is heated, quenched rapidly in water, heated again and finally cooled slowly. 1. group 2. before 3. work 4. turn 5. disappeared 6. mathematical 7. surface 8. nature 9. beyond 10. it11. produce 12. never 13. own 14. close16. clarity 17. century 18. reflecting15. objectifies 19. m
42、oment20. traditional 21. bridge 22. gorge 23. mouth 24. offers25. whether 26. similarities 27. invisible 28. administrative 29. policies 30. hamburger 31. Pepsi-Cola 32. and33. cases 34. disappearance 35. identities 36. global 37. process 38. facet 39. happened 40. faded. Omitted. Impact of Science
43、and Technology on Our societyThe development of science and technology nowadays has exerted an enormous influence on our society. We neednt enumerate the achievements human beings have made in the fields of electronics and biochemistry which so benefit us. Only have a look around us and we are sure
44、to feel the ubiquitous impact. Radios and cassette recorders are the necessary tools for learning foreign languages. A telephone has become one of the most important communication tools even among students. When the clock strikes, announcing the arrival of the new year, many students wait at the tel
45、ephone box with an intention of sending greetings to their family members. And we now use magnetic cards to buy food in the canteens. The procedure becomes simple and the management systematic. With the help of the sophisticated medical equipment, some diseases which used to be incurable can be got
46、rid of. On the other hand, the scientific and technical development has resulted in some problems, among which is pollution. Fortunately, more and more people have come to realize the seriousness of a variety of pollutions and begun to take the action against it. Although the development of science and technology has brought some side effects, with its further advance, human beings are sure to get over them, and enjoy more and more ad-vantages of science and technology.
