1、第一次 Exercise11 (1) metlanguage: it is the language used to analyze or describe a language. e.g. Some morphemes can derive new words, such as ness when it adhere to an adjective. (2) metalingual Metalingual is the function of language that can be used to talk about language itself. (3)Macrolinguistic
2、s Macrolinguistics is the interedisciplinary study of language. It mainly includes such branches as Psycholinguistics, Sociolinguistics, Anthropological linguistics, Computational Linguistics, etc.(4)Langue: 略(5)Parole: 略(6)Competence: It is a language users underlying knowledge about the system of
3、rules. (7)Performance: It refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.2. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary: 2-1. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole? The distinction between langue, and par
4、ole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users
5、 all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change freq
6、uently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 2-2. How do you understand competence and performance? American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowled
7、ge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in l
8、inguistic communication. Although the speakers knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not th
9、e performance, which is too haphazard.2.4. Saussures distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomskys distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?Although Saussures distinction and Chomskys are very similar, they differ at least in tha
10、t Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.3. Decide whether each of the following statements is True
11、or False: (1)Phonology is the study of speech sounds that human voice is capable of creating whereas phonetics is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning. (2) Phonetics is different from phonology in that the first focuses on chaos while the second focuses on order
12、.(3)Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. (4)The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. (5) Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morph
13、emes into words and words into sentences. (6) The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. (7) Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 4. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. (1) Saussure took a (n)_ view of language,
14、 while Chomsky looks at language from a _ point of view. A. sociologicalpsychological B. psychologicalsociological C. applied pragmatic D. semantic and linguistic (2) According to F. de Saussure, _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. parole B.
15、performance C. langue D. Language (3) Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _ and meanings. A. sense B. sounds C. objects D. ideas (4) If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _. A. prescriptive B. analy
16、tic C. descriptive D. linguistic (5)Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness （6 ） Linguistic potential is similar to Saussures langue and Chomskys _. （7 ） Saussure put forward two important concepts. _ refers to t
17、he abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.3. (1) F (2) T (3) F (4) T (5) F (6) T (7) T 4. (1-5) ACBCD第二次Give the description of the following sound segments in English:1. Phonetics2. Articulatory Phonetics3. Acoustic Phonetics4. Auditory Phonetics5. Phonology6. Speech
18、 Organs7. IPA8. The manner of articulation9. The place of articulation10. p 11. b12. s13. z14.m15. LDefine the following terms1. Phonetics: Phonetics is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making, especially those sounds used in speech and provides methods for their descript
19、ion, classification and transcription.2. Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.3. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. 4. Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds5. Phonology is the s
20、tudy of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.6. Speech Organs: It is also named as VOCAL ORGANS, are those parts of the human body involved in the producti
21、on of speech. The organs involved in the production of speech: lung, trachea (windpipe), throat (larynx), nose, mouth 7. IPA It is the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 on the basis of the phonetic alphabet proposed at
22、 the time. Since then it has undergone a number of revisions. 8. The manner of articulationIt refers to ways in which articulation can be accomplished.9. The place of articulation It refers to the point where a consonant is made. Practically consonants may be produced at any place between the lips a
23、nd the vocal folds. Give the description of the following sound segments in English:1 p : voiceless bilabial stop 不带声双唇塞音 2. b: voiced bilabial stop 带声双唇塞音3. s : voiceless alveolar fricative 不带声齿龈擦音 4. z: voiced alveolar fricative 带声齿龈擦音 5. m: bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音 6. l : alveolar lateral 齿龈边音Exercise
24、 2-2 第三次Choose the best answer to each question 1. Pitch variation is known as _A_ when its patterns are imposed on sente A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciation D. voice2. Conventionally a _C_ is put in slashes (/ /A. allophone B. phon C. phoneme D. morpheme3.An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an
25、unreleased p are _D_ of the p phoneme.A. analogues B. tagmeme C. morphemes D. allophones4. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?_A _A. n B. m C. b D. p5. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _D_.A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs C. phones D. allophones6. W
26、hich vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?B A. i: B. u C. e D. i 7. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. Voiceless B. Voiced C. Glottal stop D. Consonant1. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modifi
27、cation to acquire the quality of a speech sound. (T)2. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. (T)3. p is a voiced bilabial sto
28、p. (F)4. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes. (F) Fill in the blanks1.Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _friction _.2. The qualiti
29、es of vowels depend upon the position of the tongue and the lips. 3. In English there are a number of diphthong, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.4. Consonant sounds can be either voiceless or voiced , while all vowel sounds are voiced.5.
30、_Pitch_ variations which can distinguish meanings like phonemes. .根据下列语音描述给出国际音标符号不带声唇齿擦音 v 带声齿龈后擦音 硬腭通音 不带声声门擦音 h不带声齿龈塞音 d 中高前展唇元音 i: 高央圆唇元音 低前圆唇元音. 根据国际音标做出语音描述1.t voiceless alveolar stop 2.d voiced alveolar stop 3.m bilabial nasal 4.i: high front tense unrounded vowel 5.u high back lax rounded vo
31、wel 6.a low back tense unrounded vowel Unit 2 The Sounds of English 第四次I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1 Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics2. Phones are the sounds that
32、can distinguish meaning. 3 sound (p) in the word “spit” is an unaspirated stop. 4. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.5 supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllab
33、le, word and sentence.6. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another result in a change of meaning. 7 The airstream provided by the lungs has undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound 8. When two different forms
34、are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast. 9 Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other doe
35、s not produce different word, but merely a different pronunciation10. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific. 11. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. 12. i: and i are allophones of the same phone
36、me. 13. Not all English phonemes have allophones. 14. The same set of vowels is used in all languages. 15. All syllables must contain at least one vowel. 16. The marking of word stress is arbitrary for the most part in English. 17. English is a tone language. II. Fill in each of the following blanks
37、 with one word which begins with the letter given:1 When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_.2 A _ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of speech 3 P_ is a discipline which
38、studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication. 4 speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. There movements have an effect on the a_ coming from the lungs5 The articulato
39、ry apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_ cavity and the nasal cavity.6 Consonant sounds can be either v _ or v_, while all vowel sounds are v_7 T_ is pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cord
40、s and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. 8 The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the t _and the lips9 Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of Stress: word stress and s_ stress. III. There are four choices following each of the state
41、ments below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 10 p _ is the smallest linguistic unit. III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1 Which one is different from the others according to places of articula
42、tion?A z B w C b D v2 Of all the speech organs, the _ is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords 3 The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds. A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal 4 which vowel is different from the others according to the
43、characteristics of vowels?A i B u C e D i: 5 _ is a voiced alveolar stop. A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/ 6 The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones _. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar 7 Since /p/ and
44、 /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be A. in phonemic contrast B. in complementary distribution C. the allophones D. minimal pair 8 Pitch variation is known as _when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A intonation B tone
45、 C pronunciation D voice9 The sound /f/ is _. A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stop C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodentals fricative 10 which branch of phonetics concern the production of speech sounds?A acoustic phonetics B articulatory phonetics C auditory phonetics D
46、 neither of them IV. Define the terms below:1. Free variation 2. Allophone 3 International Phonetic Alphabet 4 intonation 6 phonemic contrast 7 minimal pair 8 rounded vowelV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary: 1 what is stress
47、in a word? For words of more than one syllable, how are they pronounced?2 What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics? 3. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning. 4. What does speech sounds for human being?5 In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not? 6. A phoneme can be further analyzed into a set of distinctive features. For example, /p/ is defined as composed of such distinctive features as plosive+bi-labial+breathed because each of them can distinguish /p/ from some other phonemes. However, the proper
