1、代下载专利文献 请提供专利号 1 元/篇 QQ 1410007848买染料 及 包装机械 请致电：0317-7723188 刘雨桐精品文档整理2011 年 9 月 21 号代下载专利文献 请提供专利号 1 元/篇 QQ 1410007848买染料 及 包装机械 请致电：0317-7723188 刘雨桐短文改错的解题技巧近年来逗号各种学习刊物杂志上介绍了许多短文改错的答题方法。笔者综合各家之长逗号并主要结合自己在教学中体会和经验逗号认为要做好该题逗号应该遵循三“一” 步骤。首先逗号通读“一篇” 。我们知道逗号短文改错不同于单句改错逗号它是一个有中心思想、有形式结构的有机整体。要消除“短文改错只是
2、单纯考语法知识”的误解逗号应首先从大处入手逗号综观全局逗号因此逗号通读全文是必不可少的第一步。如果一拿到文章逗号便急于动笔逗号必然将生行孤立起来逗号只见树木逗号不见森林。通读全文逗号可以确定文章的题材、体裁逗号把握文章的背景材料逗号了解中心大意逗号理顺文章结构逗号搞清上下之间的逻辑关系逗号看文章涉及的是科普知识、地埋历史、幽默故事、人物传记逗号还是政治文化方面的。对叙事体文章逗号要掌握时间、地点、人物、事件；对议论体文章逗号要搞清作者的观点、论据、结论等。这样逗号我们可以根据这些信息逗号去发现一些有关内容、语意、时态等方面的错误。当我们在这一步骤中发现并改正的错误越多逗号短文的意思就越明朗逗号
3、句子就越通顺逗号剩下的未改行也越少逗号这就为进一步改错打下了良好的基础。另外逗号只有站在全文的高度逗号做到胸有成竹逗号才能在逐句、逐行分析时逗号全面准确考虑所给的条件。其次逗号分析“一句” 。近年来的高考题中逗号句法方面的错误所占比例很大。短文改错中改动代下载专利文献 请提供专利号 1 元/篇 QQ 1410007848买染料 及 包装机械 请致电：0317-7723188 刘雨桐的地方虽然只是一个词逗号但绝大多数词的错误都是因为不符合特定的句子内容与结构逗号许多错误只能在一个完整的句子中才能发现。因此逗号一词的对与错不是孤立的逗号判断正确与否也不能以行为单位。由于受格式限制一句话不可能只占一
4、行逗号可能占两行、三行、甚至一个段落。运用所学的句法知识逗号辩清其是简单句、并列句逗号还是复合句；每个句子之间有何逻辑关系。做到这一步逗号我们势必会进一步发现一些有关句义、句法方面的错误逗号有助于加深对文章内容的理解逗号进一步理解清作者的思想脉络逗号为完成改错创造条件。然后逗号推敲“一行” 。这一步是必不可少的逗号因为有些错误类型逗号如纯粹的单词词性、词形、词语搭配等逗号以行为单位最容易发现。由于“每行不会多于一个错误” 逗号而且每行只有十一、二个单词逗号考虑的范围大大缩小逗号难度也随之下降。逐行推敲时逗号注意力应集中在“一篇”、 “一行 ”步骤中尚未发现错误的那些行。同时逗号根据出题原则逗号
5、短文中常有 12个是正确的逗号所以各行逐一分析逗号反复考虑后逗号确定无错的逗号应该打上“ ” 号逗号千万不要留下空白。另外逗号改完之后逗号要校正全文逗号融汇贯通。按照改正逗号再通读“一篇” 、疏通“一句” 、理解“一行”逗号看此时的文章是否流畅逗号内容是否清晰逗号句子是否完整逗号若有不妥之处逗号再作必要修改。还要特别强调是的逗号在答题中必须按照试题说明及例题的要求去做。对于错一词、多一词、少一词及没错误不同情况逗号要用正确的符号的格式。有的考生虽然判断出正误逗号但因为在原文上没有作出相应符号、符号用错或是看错行而失分逗号实在可惜。所以逗号在平时练习中使用正确格式非常必要。以下面一篇短文改错题为
6、例逗号对以上方法作具体说明和运用。One day some people on the shore listened shouts 1._for help.They ran up to the sea.A soldier jumped 2._into the water and ran to the man. He was a good 3._swimmer and soon pulled the man back the shore.Now 4._ereryone saw that what the man was a very rich man.5._He went to the sold
7、ier,taking out a shilling(先令)6._and gave it to him .And the soldier refused to take 7._it and went far away.The people there were very 8._angry with the young man .But an old woman sad, 9_laughing,“Im sure that the rich man knows how many 10._his life worth!“ Everyone there agreed with the woman and
8、 lauthed too.代下载专利文献 请提供专利号 1 元/篇 QQ 1410007848买染料 及 包装机械 请致电：0317-7723188 刘雨桐通过阅读全文逗号我们了解到本文是叙事故事。讲述一位士兵救出落水中的一个富人逗号被救的富人以一先令作为酬金逗号被士兵拒绝逗号同时遭到在场人的蔑视和指责。了解了时间、地点、人物及事件逗号使我们在这第一步中发现了几个与文章内容密切相关的错误。如 2 行中逗号朝海滩跑去逗号应是由高处跑到低处逗号因此 up 应改为 down。3 行中逗号朝落水者游去逗号应将 ran 改 swam.处于 8、9 两行的“The people were very agn
9、gy with the young man.”中有与全文内容相悖离的错误逗号人们气愤是因为富人只掏出一先令酬谢那个士兵逗号所以应将 young改为 rich.如果不通读全文逗号孤立地看这几句是没有错误的。所以做到通读全文逗号掌握大意逗号即笔者所指的“一篇” 是非常必要的。在逐句分析时逗号我们发现处在 4、5 行中一句话中的宾语从句逗号已经有连接词 that ,故 what这一连接代词多余逗号应将其去掉。处在 6、7 行的句子中的 talking 存在着并列谓语动词时态不一致的错误逗号即应将其改为 took,使之与 went 和 gave 并列。另外逗号 7、8 行中的一句逗号与上文语意不连贯逗
10、号富人拿出一先令作为对救命恩人的回报逗号但是遭到拒绝逗号因此应将 And 改为 But 这一转折连词。第三步逗号通过查看每行逗号我们不难发现逗号 1 行中 listered 应为 heard. 4 行中逗号把落水者拖到海滩逗号应该在 back 后加上介词 to. 10 行 How many his life is worth,应将 many 改为much。这时逗号只有 8 行没有完成。经过观察分析逗号确定无错逗号因此打上“ ”号。然后逗号我们将全文再读一遍逗号对语意内容、行文逻辑、句子结构和词语搭配进一步揣度体会逗号并且检查一下书写是否合乎要求。这时逗号这道短文改错题就完成了。One day
11、som people on the shore listened shouts 1.heard for help.They ran up to the sea.A soldier jumped 2.down into the water and ran to the man .He was a good 3.swam swimmer and soon pulled the man back the shore.Now 4.to everyone waw that what the man was a very rich man.5.what He went to the soldier,tak
12、ing out a shilling(先令)6. took and gave it to him.And the soldier refused to take 7.But it and went far away.The people there were very 8. angry with the young man.But an old woman sad,9.rich laughing,”Im sure that the rich man knows how many 10.muchhis life is worth!”Every one there agreed with the
13、woman and laughed too. 重点 1：名词的使用错误我们知道高考短文改错考查的知识点几乎涵盖了中学阶段的所有语法代下载专利文献 请提供专利号 1 元/篇 QQ 1410007848买染料 及 包装机械 请致电：0317-7723188 刘雨桐项目逗号但重点还是集中在以下几方面： 1 名词的使用错误；2.冠词的使用错误； 3.时态的误用； 4.形容词、副词及其比较级、最高级的误用；5.介词的误用；6.代词的误用。 名词的用法是很多中学生容易混淆的逗号高考短文改错往往把名词与主谓一致、名词的修饰语以及冠词的使用放在一块儿考查。高考短文改错对名词的考查主要集中在以下几方面：1.可数
14、名词数的使用错误；2.可数名词和不可数名词的混淆；3. 名词作定语的把握；4.抽象名词具体化的变化等。要在短文改错中准确辨别名词方面的错误逗号首先应对名词中容易出现错误的知识点掌握清楚。易错点回顾：1常考的不可数名词 advice （建议）逗号 furniture （家具）逗号 clothing （衣服）逗号 fun （乐趣）逗号 homework（家庭作业）, information（信息）,paper（纸）, sugar（糖）, work（工作）, fruit（水果）, harm（损害）, news（新闻）, progress（进步）,traffic（交通）, trouble（麻烦）,we
15、ather（天气）等。这些名词前不能直接用冠词或数词修饰逗号而应该与某些特定的单位名词连用逗号来表示“量“ 的概念。如： a piece of news/advice, an article of clothing/furniture2 单复数同形的词 means（方式） ,works（工厂）, sheep（绵羊）, deer（鹿）等。注意正确区分它们的数：every means (单数) 逗号 allmeans（复数） 。3可以具体化的抽象名词 surprise, knowledge, success, failure, pleasure, interest, joy, help, hono
16、ur, exercise 等。这类名词如果仅仅表示“概念“逗号是不可数名词逗号但如果表示具体的人或事逗号特别是前面出现形容词修饰时逗号就成了可数名词逗号前面需加冠词。如：He answered in surprise. 他吃惊地回答。 （不可数名词） He suddenly appeared on a rainy night, which was a great surprise to us. 他在一个雨夜突然出现逗号这使我们非常吃惊（令大家吃惊的事情） 。 （可数名词）4具有“ 两重性 “的名词有些名词既可以是可数名词也可以是不可数名词逗号很有迷惑性。这类名词可数与否往往取决于不同的意思：
17、不可数 可数 work 工作 作品； 著作 paper 纸 报纸； 文件 time 时间 倍数； 次数；一段时光light 光 灯 chicken 鸡肉 小鸡 character 性格 （戏剧、小说中的）人物典例调研例 1 I told her not to use the office phone for personal call.callcalls。本题为名词数的误用。call 为可数名词逗号在此语境中须用复数；如用单数须加不定冠词 a。 例 2He left words with my mother that he would come to help me in the aftern
18、oon and he kept his words.第二个 wordsword。本题属名词数的误用。keep onesword为固定短语逗号意为“遵守诺言“。 例 3Father went to his doctor for advices about his heart trouble.advicesadvice。本题属名词数的误用。advice 是不可数名词。 例 4Tom, will you boys play soldiers outside? Theres not enough rooms for you here.rooms room。本题属名词数的误用。当“空间“讲时 room
19、为不可数名词。 例 5You can get many information from the Internet.manymuch 。本题是名词修饰语的误用。information 是不可数名词逗号因此前面用 much 修饰。 例 6The writer goes to the library every a few days.a 去掉。本题属于汉语式思维造成的成分累赘。 every 本身已包含“一“的概念逗号因此不能受汉语的影响而再加冠词。 【指导借鉴】 在短文改错中逗号命题者往往会从汉语式思维的角度设置“陷阱“逗号因此大家应从分析语境入手逗号摆脱汉语式思维的干扰逗号分清名词的性质逗号如果
20、一个名词是可数名词逗号它一般只存在两种形式：单数或复数逗号如：apersonal call, personal calls, 但绝对不能说 personalcall。另外对有些名词的数逗号绝对不能含糊逗号如 information 总是一个不可数名词逗号不可能有其他形式的变化逗号不能说 an information,或 manyinformation。强化闯关：1.If by chance someone comes to see me, ask them to leave a notice.2.In order to buy a nice pair of shoes, he went to
21、two shoes stores.3.Fly spread diseases. So we should think of ways to get rid of them.4.It was such a fine weather that we all went out to play kites.5.That is where the main difference between animals and human 代下载专利文献 请提供专利号 1 元/篇 QQ 1410007848买染料 及 包装机械 请致电：0317-7723188 刘雨桐being lies.6.Please rea
22、d the instruction carefully before using the medicine.7.He has finished a day work.8.The evening meal for Americans is usually long and a time for family to gather together.9.Carry your valuable with you, your money, jewelry, camera and so on.10. More than one foreign language are taught in this sch
23、ool.重点 2：冠词的使用错误重点诠释 由于汉语中没有冠词的概念逗号因此英语中冠词的使用成为中学生容易出错的地方逗号高考短文改错也正是针对考生在思维上的误区设置错误。短文改错对冠词的考查集中在以下几方面：1.该使用冠词的地方没有使用冠词或不需要使用冠词的地方却使用了冠词；2.冠词的误用逗号如：该使用定冠词的地方使用了不定冠词逗号而应该使用不定冠词的地方却使用了定冠词。易错点回顾：大家除了掌握使用冠词的基本规则外逗号还应不拘泥于规则逗号注意冠词的活用：1表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前一般加定冠词 the;但如果名词前有修饰语逗号也可能用不定冠词 a,an。the world, a peace
24、ful world the moon, a bright moon2. 表示一日三餐的名词前面一般不用冠词逗号但前面如果有了定语修饰逗号也可能用不定冠词 a, an。Have you had supper? We had a wonderful supper.3. 表示乐器的名词前一般用定冠词 the, 但前面如果出现定语修饰逗号也可能用不定冠词 a,an。He starts his day by playing the violin.He is playing a borrowed violin.4. 介词与表示交通工具的名词连用表示笼统的方式逗号前面一般不用冠词逗号但如果名词的前面出现了修
25、饰语逗号前面需加冠词。He went to the station by car.He went to the station in a black car.5. 表示语言的名词前一般不用冠词逗号但后面如果出现language 一词逗号前面需加定冠词 the。English=the English language French=the French language6. turn 用作系动词时逗号后面作表语的单数名词前不用冠词。He turned writer many years later.(=He became a writer many years later.)典例调研例 1Do
26、you know who invented computer?computer 前加 the。冠词缺失错误。发明物的前面需加定冠词。 例 2 The old naturalist was devoted to bringing out the secret of the nature all his life .去掉 nature 前的定冠词 the。冠词多余错误。 nature 当“大自然“讲时逗号是整体概念逗号前面一般不用冠词。 例 3 I had decided to give it up, but on the second thoughts, I decided to try the
27、 third time.去掉第一个定冠词 the 逗号第二个定冠词改为 a。冠词使用错误。on second thoughts 为固定用法逗号意为 “又一想“逗号后面third 前用不定冠词 a 表示“ 再一、又一“ 之意。 例 4The news is spreading from mouth to mouth and has become the talk of town.town 前加定冠词 the。冠词缺失错误。这里thetown 指的是全镇的“ 人们“。 例 5 Do you think it is all right to buy him that DVD player as th
28、e birthday gift?thea。冠词使用错误。DVD 作为礼物逗号显然是多种选择中的一种逗号故前面用不定冠词 a。 例 6I know how you feel, because I had the similar problem two years ago.thea 。冠词使用错误。similar 前应用不定冠词 a。 【指导借鉴】 冠词的使用比较灵活逗号大家应从分析语境入手逗号首先搞清一个名词在句中是特指还是泛指逗号注意一个名词有无修饰语逗号如果有修饰语（如一个名词的后面出现 of 介词短语或定语从句）逗号这个名词很可能就是特指概念逗号前面需加定冠词逗号如 the secret
29、ofnature；另外要注意逗号一些名词在一般的用法中不用冠词逗号但到了另外一种语境中逗号前面可能需加冠词逗号如：go to town(到城里)逗号 The whole town went out to meet him.（全城的人都出来迎接他） 。强化闯关 1. The rich used to look down upon a poor.2. The doctors and nurses should care for their patients.3. February is a second month of the year.4. Beijing is one of most bea
30、utiful cities in the world.5. June 1st is the Childrens Day.6. We elected him the monitor of the class.7. He felt that somebody patted him on his shoulder.8. She finished the school at the age of eighteen.9. You must take the medicine three times the day.10. Helen has tried 代下载专利文献 请提供专利号 1 元/篇 QQ 1
31、410007848买染料 及 包装机械 请致电：0317-7723188 刘雨桐twice, and she is asked to have the third try. 重点 3：时态的误用重点诠释 高考短文改错中时态的使用错误主要是时态的不一致逗号如全篇用的都是现在时态逗号而在某一个地方却出现了不合逻辑的过去时逗号或全篇使用的是过去时逗号而在短文的某一个地方却出现了现在时。有时前面用的是过去时逗号后面却出现了现在时；前面用的都是现在时逗号后面却出现了过去时。这些情况多出现在说明几个连续动作的句子中。易错点回顾：1用一般现在时表将来时用于某些时间状语从句和条件状语从句中逗号如 when,
32、before, after, once, until,till, as soon as(the moment)等引导的时间状语从句逗号 if,unless,even if 等引导的条件状语从句。 误 Tell him the news as soon as he will come.正 Tell him the news as soon as he comes.析 as soon as 引导时间状语从句逗号用一般现在时表将来。2. 现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响逗号过去时仅仅说明过去发生的动作逗号与现在没有关系误Did you see my pen?正Have you seen
33、my pen?析现在完成时说明还在找钢笔。3. 固定句式里面的时态要求(1) This is the first time I have done sth(2) It has been two years since he went abroad.(3) I was about to go out when the telephone rang.(4) Hardly had I got home when the telephone rang.(5) No sooner had I got home than the telephone rang.(6) It wont be long bef
34、ore he comes back.(7) I didnt manage to understand it until he had explained it again.典例调研例 1 We were playing basketball while they are playing football.arewere/wereare。时态不一致错误。while 引导时间状语从句逗号前后动作应是同时发生。 例 2 Hardly did the doctor go to bed when there was a knock on the door.didhad,gogone 。时态误用。Hard
35、ly 后应用过去完成时逗号表示过去的过去。例 3 Where had you been? I have been waiting for you for nearly two hours.hadhave。时态误用。说话时某人已回来逗号应用“Where haveyou been?“。 例4 He forgot to turn off the light. Look, its still on.forgot 前加 has。时态使用错误。现在完成时强调对现在仍有影响逗号从后面“Look, its still on.“可以看出。 例 5 This is the first time that I co
36、me to a big e 前加 have。固定句式时态错误。在“This is the first/(second.)time+从句“结构中逗号从句用现在完成时。 【指导借鉴】对于短文改错中的动词时态错误逗号大家可根据以下思路去改正：（1）根据时态环境（2）根据时间状语（3）根据句意及逻辑关系 （4）根据连词的对称原则强化闯关 1. Jane was dancing , but when she saw me she stops. 2. Tom told me that he has just been asked what he was doing during the holidays.
37、 3. I am sorry, I almost forgot your birthday, When is it?4. We would like to go and thank him ourselves, but we didnt find out his address yet .5. Beg your pardon, but I dont quite catch what you said .6. He does go to meet us at the station, but he didnt see us.7. Where have you been all this time
38、? The train was about to leave.8. Hello, this is Dr Greys office. We were calling to remind you of your 415appointment tomorrow afternoon.9. Through my efforts, this part of the park was cleaner.10. Last Sunday, he went to the library, borrowing two books and then left.重点 4：形容词、副词及其比较级的误用重点诠释 高考短文改错
39、形容词和副词的错误主要在于词性的误用逗号即该用形容词的时候用了副词或该用副词的时候用了形容词。比较级方面的错误主要是形容词/副词词级的误用逗号以及比较级或最高级前面修饰语的误用。易错点回顾： 1形容词作伴随或结果状语逗号表状态误He went to bed, coldly and hungrily.正He went to bed, cold and hungry.析形容词作伴随状语逗号说明他上床时所处的状态逗号并非说明他上床的方式。2. 比较级表达最高级含义误He is taller than other boy in his class.正 He is taller than any oth
40、er boy in his class.析 比较的对象是个体逗号代下载专利文献 请提供专利号 1 元/篇 QQ 1410007848买染料 及 包装机械 请致电：0317-7723188 刘雨桐所以前面需加 any。 误 She goes to school early than the other girls.正 She goes to school earlier than the other girls.析 显然应用比较级结构。 3. 突出强调两个中较的一个时逗号比较级前加定冠词 the误 Of the two toys, he chose the least expensive one
41、.正 Of the two toys, he chose the less expensive one.析比较级前加定冠词表特指。4. 比较级前的修饰语（even, still, much, far, alot, a great deal, by far, a little, three times.） 误He is more taller than any other boy in his class.正He is much taller than any other boy in his class.析taller 本身就是比较级逗号而 more 常用来构成多音节形容词或副词的比较级。mu
42、ch 修饰比较级加强比较意义。5. 常考的比较级句型误The more you learn English, better you will be good at it.正The more you learn English, the better you will be good at it.析注意前后都用“the+比较级“ 逗号来表达 “越逗号就越 “之意。典例调研例 1I m terrible sorry to hurt you.terribleterribly。形容词误用。本题中应用副词作状语逗号修饰后面的形容词。 例 2He was sitting in a corner, sile
43、ntly.silentlysilent 。副词误用。本题中应用形容词作伴随状语。 例 3He has three times as much books as I.muchmany。形容词误用。books 是可数名词复数形式逗号应用 many 修饰。 例 4The sooner you give up smoking, the good it will be.goodbetter。形容词词级的误用。“The+比较级逗号 the+比较级“表示“越逗号就越“。 例 5I never spent a more worried day.worriedworrying。形容词误用。表示“令人的“逗号应用
44、现在分词形式的形容词。 例 6China is larger than any other country in Africa.去掉 other。形容词误用导致逻辑错误。中国不属于非洲逗号因此前面不需用 other。 【指导借鉴】 判断短文改错中的形容词、副词错误逗号大家应从以下几个方面去考虑：1 判断句子成分逗号如果是作定语、表语等逗号一般是用形容词逗号如果是作状语逗号修饰谓语动词或形容词和副词逗号一般应用副词逗号但注意也有特殊情况逗号如形容词（短语）可作伴随或结果状语。2分清句子结构逗号看看该句应该用原级、比较级还是最高级。3 注意特殊的含有形容词比较级的句型。强化闯关 1. Well,
45、how could I afford so an expensive car? 2. The dish is delicious, at least its not worse than the one we had yesterday.3. The Olympic Games in Greece were the biggest lively sports events in the world.4. We are glad to see our motherland getting more and more developing.5. After two days he arrived
46、at last, tired and hungrily.6. She said that her son worked happy there every day.7. The bus stop is two miles far from here.8. This is a most beautiful park .I have never seen a best one before .9. The scientists presented today are mostly from Asia .10. The best time to go to Australia is latest a
47、utumn .重点 5：介词的误用重点诠释 高考短文改错中的介词错误主要是介词多余以及使用或者搭配方面的错误逗号大家应该掌握介词含义和用法逗号更应该注意其固定搭配。易错点回顾：1、at 可用于表示在某一具体时刻逗号在什么年龄、 （具体到门牌号的）地址；in 表示在某个较长时间（年、月、及泛指的上午、下午、或晚上）逗号还可以用于表示将来一段时间之后；on 表示在具体的时间或特定的上午、下午、或晚上。如：He lives at 25, Nanjing road, Shanghai.At the age of 10, he began to learn English himself.He will
48、 be back in two weeks.He suddenly returned on a rainy night.2. over 表示“跨越逗号从一边到另一边“；across 表示“从平面上横穿“ ；through 表示“从中间穿过“ 。 误He helped the old man over the street.正He helped the old man across the street.析across 表示“横穿“逗号 over 表示“ 翻越“。 误The guard led us over the forest.正The guard led us through the fo
49、rest.析through 表示“从中间穿过“ 。3.except 表示“除之外“；besides 表示“ 除之外；还有“ 逗号两个词连接的前后两个成分均是同类事物；代下载专利文献 请提供专利号 1 元/篇 QQ 1410007848买染料 及 包装机械 请致电：0317-7723188 刘雨桐exceptfor“除之外（只是）“逗号连接前后两个不表同一类别的事物；but for“要不是“逗号多用于虚拟条件句中。I have no other friends except Tom.Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.But for your help, we would not have finished the work so soon.典例调研例 1 Pop songs
