1、大学英语词汇学习策略-II认知策略 语境策略1 同、近义词根据上下文里的同（近）义或反义成分 为了避免重复，作者经常用不同的词表达同一个概念或意义。这为我们猜词义提供可很好的线索，请看下面例子：“Many new arrivals to the States will miss the opening exchanges of a business call, for example. They will miss the ritual interaction that goes with a welcoming cup of tea or coffee that may be a conve
2、ntion in their own country.”我们根据例句中的“exchange” 推断 interaction 的意思应该是“交流”。有时候在同一个句子或相邻两个句子里出现的反义词或词组同样也可以帮助我们猜测生词的意思。例如;“This is due partly to the fact that the telephone service is superb here, whereas the postal service is less efficient.”在这个例句中，whereas 表示“然而，可是”，根据上下文意思，“less efficient”和“superb”应该
3、表示相反的意思，由此，我们推断 superb 指“电话服务高效率的”，也就是表示“很好，一流”的意思。 练习题：1 John doesnt believe in conventional medicine; he has some remedies of his own.key 2 The clothes a person wears may express his status or social position.key3 Crime does not automatically go with poverty; some rich men are criminals.key4 They
4、may miss leisurely business chats in a restaurant or coffee house. Normally, Americans do not assess their visitors in such relaxed surroundings over extended small talk.key5 It is taken as a sign of skillfulness or being competent to solve a problem, or fulfill a job successfully, with speed.key6 T
5、here is a need for the conservation of trees, or there will soon be no forests.key7 A complete investigation into the causes of the accident should lead to improved standards and should result in new operating procedures.key8 Education in government colleges is very cheap, but if you go to the priva
6、te colleges, it is much more expensive.key根据上下文关联信息的指代关系 根据上下文中的指示代词、连词等功能词，往往能够确定单词与单词之间的关系，从而猜测单词的意思。请看下面例子： “At first glance, this is just another routine flight to Los Angeles, yet for the young passengers, it is the start of a new experience.” “yet”表示转折，“对于那些年轻人而言，这班飞机意味着新的开始”,也就是说这趟航班对他们而言有着不寻
7、常的意义，由此推断前半句意思是“乍一眼看来，这不过就是一班飞往洛杉矶的普通航班”。 “Teachers gave lower grades on essays written by boys named Elmer and Hubert than they awarded to the same papers when the writers names were given as Michael and David. 从上下文意思和 “lower than”这个比较级的使用上看，award 的意思和 give grade 意思相同，是“打分数”的意思。 练习题：Although she cl
8、aims to have left her job voluntarily, she was actually dismissed for misconduct. key. The little child was too hungry and in one or two minutes he swallowed some bread and milk. key3. She is so variable that no one can guess what is really in her mind. key4. He is a brave boy and at so young an age
9、 he has stood up to many difficulties himself. key5. Her opposition to the project was implicit in her silence when others were saying things in support of it. key6. As more and more facts were revealed, the conclusion became apparent. key7. He is only 30 years old, but he has become a prominent wri
10、ter in the city. key8.Tolerance is the quality of allowing other people to say and do as they like, even if you do not agree with it. key根据上下文中的词汇搭配猜词义 词与词之间的搭配不仅有规律，而且搭配的方式也是有限的。比如能够跟在动词 drink 后面的名词为数不多，基本上都是水和饮料之类的东西。如果某个生词紧接在 drink 之后，基本上可以断定这个词表示某种可以喝的东西。当然，也可以根据后面的词猜测前面的词的意思。请看下面的例子： “It is tak
11、en as a sign of skillfulness to solve a problem, or fulfill a job successfully, with speed.句子意思是“能够快速地解决问题或成功地 fulfill 一项工作被视为有技巧有水平。”能够与工作搭配，而且有“成功地”这个副词修饰，fulfill 一词的意思应该是“完成”。 练习题：I would never have resorted to a court of law if I hadnt been so desperate. keyFor years the girl harbored hatred aga
12、inst her stepmother. keyChildren should be encouraged to reach a compromise between what they want and what others want. keyThe Chinese government has all along been combating drug trafficking. keyHe set up an old peoples home with the money granted by the government in 2001. keyThe old couple worke
13、d very hard day and night and lived through the time of financial difficulties. keyIn order to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor, the government has recently adopted a measure to raise keyEvery Sunday the father takes his child to libraries, museums, exhibits or natural parks and he belie
14、ves that this helps to broaden the childs mind. key根据上下文关联信息的指代关系 根据上下文中的指示代词、连词等功能词，往往能够确定单词与单词之间的关系，从而猜测单词的意思。请看下面例子： “At first glance, this is just another routine flight to Los Angeles, yet for the young passengers, it is the start of a new experience.” “yet”表示转折，“对于那些年轻人而言，这班飞机意味着新的开始”,也就是说这趟航班
15、对他们而言有着不寻常的意义，由此推断前半句意思是“乍一眼看来，这不过就是一班飞往洛杉矶的普通航班”。 “Teachers gave lower grades on essays written by boys named Elmer and Hubert than they awarded to the same papers when the writers names were given as Michael and David. 从上下文意思和 “lower than”这个比较级的使用上看，award 的意思和 give grade 意思相同，是“打分数”的意思。 练习题：Althou
16、gh she claims to have left her job voluntarily, she was actually dismissed for misconduct. key. The little child was too hungry and in one or two minutes he swallowed some bread and milk. key3. She is so variable that no one can guess what is really in her mind. key4. He is a brave boy and at so you
17、ng an age he has stood up to many difficulties himself. key5. Her opposition to the project was implicit in her silence when others were saying things in support of it. key6. As more and more facts were revealed, the conclusion became apparent. key7. He is only 30 years old, but he has become a prom
18、inent writer in the city. key8.Tolerance is the quality of allowing other people to say and do as they like, even if you do not agree with it. key根据上下文中的词汇搭配猜词义 词与词之间的搭配不仅有规律，而且搭配的方式也是有限的。比如能够跟在动词 drink 后面的名词为数不多，基本上都是水和饮料之类的东西。如果某个生词紧接在 drink 之后，基本上可以断定这个词表示某种可以喝的东西。当然，也可以根据后面的词猜测前面的词的意思。请看下面的例子： “
19、It is taken as a sign of skillfulness to solve a problem, or fulfill a job successfully, with speed.句子意思是“能够快速地解决问题或成功地 fulfill 一项工作被视为有技巧有水平。”能够与工作搭配，而且有“成功地”这个副词修饰，fulfill 一词的意思应该是“完成”。 练习题：I would never have resorted to a court of law if I hadnt been so desperate. keyFor years the girl harbored h
20、atred against her stepmother. keyChildren should be encouraged to reach a compromise between what they want and what others want. keyThe Chinese government has all along been combating drug trafficking. keyHe set up an old peoples home with the money granted by the government in 2001. keyThe old cou
21、ple worked very hard day and night and lived through the time of financial difficulties. keyIn order to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor, the government has recently adopted a measure to raise keyEvery Sunday the father takes his child to libraries, museums, exhibits or natural parks and
22、 he believes that this helps to broaden the childs mind. key根据上下文中的词汇搭配猜词义 词与词之间的搭配不仅有规律，而且搭配的方式也是有限的。比如能够跟在动词 drink 后面的名词为数不多，基本上都是水和饮料之类的东西。如果某个生词紧接在 drink 之后，基本上可以断定这个词表示某种可以喝的东西。当然，也可以根据后面的词猜测前面的词的意思。请看下面的例子： “It is taken as a sign of skillfulness to solve a problem, or fulfill a job successfull
23、y, with speed.句子意思是“能够快速地解决问题或成功地 fulfill 一项工作被视为有技巧有水平。”能够与工作搭配，而且有“成功地”这个副词修饰，fulfill 一词的意思应该是“完成”。 练习题：I would never have resorted to a court of law if I hadnt been so desperate. keyFor years the girl harbored hatred against her stepmother. keyChildren should be encouraged to reach a compromise b
24、etween what they want and what others want. keyThe Chinese government has all along been combating drug trafficking. keyHe set up an old peoples home with the money granted by the government in 2001. keyThe old couple worked very hard day and night and lived through the time of financial difficultie
25、s. keyIn order to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor, the government has recently adopted a measure to raise keyEvery Sunday the father takes his child to libraries, museums, exhibits or natural parks and he believes that this helps to broaden the childs mind. key联想策略同类词法 同类词联想学习方法很多，其中一种叫
26、单词网络（network），即把同类词按照意思的层次关系设计成一个网络状。下面是两个利用单词网络的 house 词汇学习活动：例:下面的单词都是家庭用具或家具的名称。请你根据单词网络的示意把单词填入适当的椭圆里；然后请你再画几个椭圆并填入类似的英语单词。clock stove TV video toothpaste dressing table towel shower cupboard slippers sofamirror washbasin练习： 表示人的心理活动的词汇有哪些？举例说明。 key跟自然环境有关的词汇有哪些？ key 构词法 大量英语单词都是加前缀或后缀之后变成的派生词。因
27、此根据构词法学习词汇是很有效的。有些词缀本身有意义，有的则没有。下面这些词缀本身没有太大的意义，但加在其他单词前面或后面之后可以派生出其他单词. A. 名词词缀： 词缀 举 例 -ment: management, assessment, replacement, commitment, appointment, environment, agreement, argument, arrangement-ation: information, explanation, consideration, civilization, declaration, conservation-tion: pr
28、oduction, reflection, composition, competition, acquisition, tradition, convention, -sion: decision,-ion: education, depression, confusion, suggestion, confession, hesitation, comprehension, translation-er, -or: singer, learner, painter, visitor, miner, teacher, gardener, director-al: refusal, appro
29、val, disapproval, removal, arrival, survival-ing: building, surrounding, feeling, writing, shopping, gathering, cooking, ending, understanding-age: wastage, storage, passage, marriage, sewage, luggage, courage-hood: childhood, falsehood, livelihood, brotherhood, adulthood, boyhood, neighborhood-ship
30、: membership, friendship, hardship, leadership, relationship, citizenship, authorship, ownership-dom: kingdom, wisdom, freedom, officialdom-ness: greatness, coldness, weakness, kindness, happiness, sadness, carelessness, illness, darkness, laziness, nervousness-ance: performance, appearance, enduran
31、ce, significance, severance, acquaintance, alliance, accordance, assistance, resistance-ence: conference, confidence, consequence, magnificence-ure: pleasure, exposure, pressure, closure, failure, creature, leisure-ism: individualism, capitalism, criticism, colonialism, modernism, mechanism-ist: pia
32、nist, typist, artist, socialist, physicist, perfectionist-ity: quality, vanity, relativity, unity, activity, quantity, equality, generosity, humanity, hostility, identity, realityB. 形容词词缀: 词缀 举 例 -able:desirable, favorable, considerable, acceptable, drinkable, eatable, advisable, remarkable, prefera
33、ble-ible:incredible, possible, impossible, plausible(似真实的)-ous: famous, joyous, dangerous, nervous, anxious-al: cultural, traditional, global, natural, central, environmental, occasional, agricultural, musical-y:cloudy, sandy, snowy, sleepy, dirty, sunny, curly, salty, healthy, rainy, easy, silky, i
34、cy, wealthy, windy, lucky, noisy, tasty-ful: useful, hopeful, delightful, helpful, thoughtful, harmful, beautiful, successful, joyful-less:careless, childless, doubtless, speechless, endless, restless, fearless-ly: friendly, deadly, weekly, worldly, secondly, earthly, sickly, manly, costly, leisurel
35、y-ive: attractive, active, protective, progressive, imaginative, positive, negative, productive-ary: revolutionary, elementary, customary, momentary, imaginaryC. 副词词缀: D. 形容词或名词加以下词缀变为动词：词缀 举 例 词缀 举 例 -ly： happily, strangely, eventfully, eventually, originally, sadly-en: sharpen, harden, broaden, da
36、rken, redden, weaken, lengthen, heighten, lighten-ward(s): homeward(s), outward(s), backward(s), inward(s), forward(s)-ize: modernize, organize, civilize, realize, globalize, Americanize, popularize, nationalize, economize, industrialize, hospitalizeE. 表示反义的前缀:词缀 举 例 in-, im-, il-and ir-: incomplete
37、, irresponsible, insensitive, impolite, inappropriate, inconsistent, indirect, illogical, illegal, irregular, impatient, incapable, improper, incorrectun-: unwise, unforgettable, undress, untie, unnoticeable, unreasonable, ungrateful, unlimited, uncertain, uncover, unrecognizable, unfashionable, und
38、o, untidy, unfold, unloadnon-: nonfatal, non-stop, non-smokerdis-: dislike, disloyal, disappear, disclose, disappoint, dishonest, discharge, displeased, disintegrateF. re-前缀加在动词前表示“再一次，重新”： G.mis-前缀加在动词前表示“错误的，歪曲的，不好的”： rewrite, repay, reread, replace, regain, reconsider,reconstruct, recyclemisunder
39、stand, mislead, mistake, misuse, misspell, misreport, misprint, misplace练习 你能想出哪些带以下词缀的单词？pre- keyex- keypost- keyen- key-ary key-cy keyde- keyunder- key-ish key趣味方法 戏谑玩笑法： 用开玩笑的办法来记单词和句子，使背单词、和背句子的枯燥乏味的过程变得趣味横生，有时一句玩笑可令人经久难忘。但必须牢记：玩笑归玩笑，单词的正确的确拼写和发音以及句子的确切含义却是必须弄清楚，丝毫马虎不得。例：用“挨磕”来记忆 ache用“我洗”来记忆 wa
40、sh用“细看”来记忆 scan用“提示”来记忆 teach用“死壮”来记忆 strong用“秘事”来记忆 myth用“得三儿”来记忆 desire用“离吾”来记忆 leave用“累吧”来记忆 labour用“我爱抚”或“吾爱夫”来记忆 wife练习： 如何巧妙记忆以下单词呢 ：Desert (沙漠) keyPlay (玩耍) keyTomb（坟墓） keyCheat（欺骗） keyDialogue（对话） keyFollow（跟着） keySquare（方的） keyAdmire（羡慕) keyTalk（说话） keyIll-treat（虐待） keyChance（机会 keyJapanese
41、 key形象实物法 形象联想记忆法 , 即在记忆单词和词组时 , 可以展开联想 , 将单词与某些熟悉、生动易记的动作、事物联系在一起，这样可以加深印象，而且联想的过程本身就是记忆力的过程 。 例看到时钟会联想到 sand in the hourglass看电影 人猿泰山会联想到 jungle, rain forest由眼睛会联想到 love at first sight练习：1 酒席上“干杯”怎么说？ key2“嗅觉很灵敏”怎么表达？ key3墨守成规的人怎么说？ key4“小人物”和“大人物”英语里该怎么说? key5储蓄是 “save for”, 那么“保存面子”是什么？“挽回局势”呢？
42、key6你买东西希望货到付款怎么说？ key7. 一国的黄金储备要怎么表达? 外汇储备呢？硬通货怎么说？ key8“盛衰沉浮”除了可以用 ups and downs 表达，还可以怎么说？ key9. 你总是买同一种牌子的衣服，这在英文里叫做什么？ key10. “无可救药地爱上了你”该怎么说？ key11. 现在很多年轻人染上了“网瘾”，这个在英文中怎么说？ key12. 上网时认识的网友怎么说比较好？ key13. 形容某位美女有着沉鱼落雁的美貌可以怎么说？ key14. 法国美国等国的众议院和参议院怎么说？英国的上下议院又怎么表达？ key15.“一个耗尽人力的国家”和“她快要死了”可以怎
43、么说？ key16. 一个人被打得鼻青脸肿怎样说？跟颜色有关的表达还有哪些？ key17. 犯了错误时别人跟你说“亡羊补牢，为时不晚”，这该怎么翻译? key18. 读书时我们强调要读懂作者字里行间的意思，在英文中怎么 key说？19. 我们出到社会会接触到各行各业的人，“各行各业的人”怎么说？ key20朋友生病了，你推荐他吃一种药，并且说“这个药可有效了！”这个用英文该怎么说？ key21. 称赞一个人懂得东西很多，是一本“活字典，活百科全书”该怎么说？ key22. 自己感到骄傲而自信，可以挺直了腰板走路，该怎么说？ key23. 送客的时候用英语说“请慢走”怎么说？ key对比策略同义
44、词、反义词对比 练习 1. 将下面的单词组成 12 对反义词 ：brilliant, domestic, decrease, superb, diverse, suspect, ancient, presence, foreign, abundant, awkward, ,anxietydisadvantage,rare, foolish, unitary, trust, modern, absence, skillful, awful, advantage, increase, leisure参考答案2. 以下 20 个词分别可以组成 5 对反义词和 5 对同义词，请找出来。idealist
45、ic, emotion, proceed, exhaustic, private, favorable, enormous, equal, agreement, public, appreciate,supportive, realistic, fair, reason, suspend, understand, huge, contradiction, energetic参考答案3. 找出 A 组与 B 组中对应的同义词并连接起来A B acute support restless ability abrupt sharp interaction transfer convention va
46、lue assess communication competence offensive fulfill quiet 参考答案sponsor custom remove satisfy 4. 从下列词语中找出八对反义词和八对同义词reluctant, exterior, generous, expectation, harbor, objective, sensitive, overlook, counsel, unlimited, approvalsubjective,depart, routine, determine, advise, confirm, amateur, despair
47、, interior, hesitate, prove, ungenerousprotect, resolve, insensitive, limited, professional, forgive, leave, disapproval, regular参考答案词义对比 例：tickThe clock is ticking. 钟在滴滴答答地走 Tick before the right answer. 在正确答案前面打勾 例：head use your head : mental power 才智a head of a state: lead 首脑，首长the head of the ti
48、ger: part of the body 头部the head of a walking stick: the top of everything 物体的顶端the head of a page: the highest or uppermost part of a thing 书页上端fountain head, river head: the source of a stream, spring 源头five head of cattle, unit of a flock or herd: unit of a flock or herd 等之头数练习： A.你能说出下列画横线单词的汉语意
49、思吗 ? 1 abrupt We can not get used to her abrupt change. 参考答案 An abrupt style of writing 参考答案He has an abrupt manner. 参考答案2accomodationI want to find a cheap accomodation. 参考答案 The two sides failed to agree on every point but came to an accomodation. 参考答案 Arrange the accomodation of my plans to yours. 参考答案 3 adaptThe machine has been adapted for use underwater. 参考答案 The novel has been adapted for movie. 参考答案 Our eyes soon adapt to the dark. 参考答案 4 applyHe is applying for the job. 参考答案 The new economic law is going to be applied at t
