1、大家论坛 1英美文学重点 English to suffer or to take action Francis Bacon philosopher, scientist, essayist, lay the foundation for modern scienceHis Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature.Bacons essays are famous for their brevity, compactness Shaw, is considered to be the best-known E
2、nglish dramatist since Shakespeare. Yeats, the leader of the Irish National Theater Movement.George Bernard shaw -dramatist (leading playwright)早期 鳏夫的房产 康蒂坦 华伦夫人的职业 凯撒和克莉奥佩特拉中期 人与超人 晚期 回到麦修色拉 苹果车Feature: 1.he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another.2. Shaws char
3、acters are the representatives of ideas, points of view, that shift and alter, for he is interested in doctrines.3 he inversion（倒装）, a device found in Shaw form beginning to end.4. Action is reduced to a minimum, while the dialogue and the interplay of the minds maintain the interest of the audience
4、.READING: excerpt from Mrs. Warrens Profession about the economic oppression of womenJohn GalsworthyA conventional writer, having inherited the traditions of Victorian novelists of the critical realismPlay: 银盒Novels: 福赛特世家(trilogy 三部曲:有产业的人骑虎出租) 现代喜剧READING: excerpt from The Man of PropertySoames Fo
5、rsyte, wealth is the sole aim of life. Irene, his wife, loves art and cherishes. Aoames asks Bosinney, a young architect, to build a country house for them. Later, Irene and Bosinney fall in love with each other.大家论坛 15The novel show the human relationships of the contemporary English society are me
6、rely an extension of property relationships.William Butler Yeats - poet茵尼斯弗利岛 梦见仙境的人 驶向拜古廷 explored the problems of death, love, old age and art.READING: 1. The Lake Isle of Innisfree 2. Down by the Salley GardensTired of life of his day, Yeats sought to escape into an ideal “fairyland” where he cou
7、ld love calmly as a hermit(隐士) and enjoy the beauty of nature. Here Innisfree is referring to a place for hermitage.reconstruct an old song from 3 lines imperfectly(不完整地) remembered by an old peasant womanT.S.Eliot one of the important verse dramatists普鲁弗洛克的情歌荒原 the most famous poem，is a poem concer
8、ned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose.灰星期三 四个四重奏READING: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrockdramatic monologue, an ironic contrast Prufrock, is neurotic, self-important, illogical and incapable of action. The settin
9、g in which a tea party is a significant event and a game of cards is the only way to stave off boredom.D. H. LawrenceAutobiographical(自传的) novel 儿子与情人Masterpieces: 虹 恋爱中的女人 rich symbolism and complex narrative the mechanical civilization is responsible for the unhealthy development of human personal
10、ities（诽谤）, the perversion(歪曲) of love and the failure of human fulfillment in marital（婚姻） relationships.about two lovers. Birkin and Ursula, Gudrun and Gerald, rich symbolic, Gerald is a symbolic figure of spiritual death, representing the whole set of bourgeois ethics. Birkin, as a symbolic figure
11、of human warmth.READING: excerpt from Sons and Lovers大家论坛 16Mrs. Morel, daughter of a middle-class family, is a strong-willed, intelligent and ambitious woman who is fascinated by a coal miner, Walter Morel. After marriage, she determines that her sons should never become miners. Paul depends heavil
12、y on his mothers love and help to make sense of the world around him. He struggle to free from his mothers influence, but he failed. After his mother has died and he is left alone, in despair.James JoyceAll have the same setting: Ireland, especially Dublin, and the same subject: the Irish people and
13、 their life.都柏林人: childhood, adolescence（青春期）, maturity and public life青年艺术家的肖像 a middle-class Irish boy, Stephen Dedaluss bitter experiences and his final artistic and spiritual liberation(解放).尤利西斯 his masterpiece, below the surface of the events, the natural flow of mental reflections, the shiftin
14、g moods and impulses in the characters inner world are richly presented in an unprecedentedly frank and penetrating(尖锐的) way.“stream of consciousness” literary approach to the presentation of psychological aspects of charactersREADING: “Araby” from DublinersThe child lives not with his parents but w
15、ith an uncle and aunt a symbol of that isolation and lack of proper relation between “consubstantial”（同质的） parents and children which is a major theme in Joyces work.美国文学重点The Romantic PeriodFrom the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. Started with Washington Irvings and ended
16、with Whitmans , also called the American Renaissance .Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature New England Transcendentalism 新英格兰超验主义- Walt Whitman, whose established him as the most popular American poet of the 19th century.Washington Irving - one of the first American
17、 writers to earn an international reputation, an early Romantic writer, and Father of the American short stories, “the American Goldsmith”大家论坛 17regarded as a writer who “perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced.” First novel 纽约外史 won him wide popularity见闻札记 won intern
18、ational famecontains German folk tales , READING: excerpt from “Rip Van Winkle”瑞普凡温可尔It is not only well-known for Rips 20-year sleep but also considered a model of perfect English in American literature and in the English language as well.Ralph Waldo Emerson - the spokesman of New England Transcend
19、entalism（超验主义） movement 论美国学者, 论自助, a reflection upon the aesthetic(美学的) problems in terms of the present state of literature in America a discussion about the conflict between idealism and ordinary life. American Puritanism, European Romanticism, intuitive(直觉的) knowledge, over-soul, individual, nat
20、ure Henry David Thoreau梭罗 -沃乐登READING: excerpt from Nature论自然 is regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism， Emersons first little book, which discuss the love of nature, the uses of nature “a transparent eyeball”Nathaniel Hawthorne Interior(内部) of the heart, there is evil in every human
21、 heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity, so in almost every book, Hawthorne discuss sin and evil.the scarlet letter A is ambiguous(不明确的). And the ambiguity is one of the salient(显著的) characteristics of Hawthornes art. READING: Youn
22、g Goodman Brown 小伙子布朗Goodman Brown, a Puritan(清教徒), who accepts both society in general and his fellow men as individuals worth his regard, confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night, and becomes thereafter distrustful and doubtful.Walt Whitman Openness, freedom, individualism I
23、- me, my nation (society), Free verse（自由体诗）, Envelope structure（信件结构）, 大家论坛 18Catalogue (Listing) A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style 草叶集 written in the founding documents of both the Revolutionary War in the United States and the Civil War. READING; 1. There Was a Child Went Forth 2. Cavalry
24、 Crossing a Ford 3. Song of Myself一个孩子的成长 how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments, be identified with the childhood of a young, growing America.涉水的骑兵 a scene of the American Civil War, all the movements described in this picture are frozen. 自己之歌 Whitman is a man bubbling with e
25、nergy and laden(装满) with ideas, spontaneous(自发的) expression of his original ideas Herman Melville - a master of allegory and symbolism, like Hawthorne玛地 雷得本 白外衣 皮埃尔 比利伯德READING: excerpt from Moby-Dick白鲸 is one of the worlds greatest masterpieces, the first American prose epic, It turns out to be a s
26、ymbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into mans deep reality and psychology.Ishmael both as a character and a narrator； the captain, Ahab is a monomaniac(狂热者) whose single purpose is to capture the fierce, cunning(狡猾的) white whale, Mo
27、by Dick, which had torn away his leg.The Realistic Period : 1865-1914Realistic period “the Gilded(富有的) Age”, the poor poorer and the rich richer, peoples attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence Local colorism, social Darwinism, bestiality, beyond mans control 3 d
28、ominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells(美国现实文学先驱), Mark Twain and Henry James. Henry James “inner world” of man Howells focused on rising middle class Mark Twain his own region and people, particular “local colorism” Local colorists Sarah Orne Jewett, Joseph Kirkland and Hamlin Garlan
29、d.Mark Twain - the true father of American literature Local colorist, vernacular（方言）, simple sentence, wide-ranging humor, both realistically 大家论坛 19and symbolically, the damned human race , 亚瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美国人汤姆索亚历险记 (for boys),哈克贝里费恩历险记(for adults) prove themselves to be the milestone in American lite
30、raturehis masterpiece, -“all modern American literature comes”.“Huck”, a typical American Boy with “a sound heart and a deformed(畸形的) conscience”, and remarkable for the rafts journey down the Mississippi river, through the eyes of Huck, we see the pre-Civil War American society.READING; excerpt fro
31、m Adventures of Huckleberry Finn READING; excerpt fromHucks inner conflict about whether or not he should write a letter to tell Miss Watson where Jim is. Henry James the first American writer to conceive his career in international theme- the forerunner of the 20th-century “stream of consciousness”
32、 novel and the founder of psychological realism, interior monologue, free association, his language is not so easy to understand早期一个美国人 黛西米勒 bring him international fame for the first time贵妇人的画像 his masterpiece中期波士顿人 short fiction:螺丝在拧紧丛林猛兽晚期鸽巢 专使 金碗READING; excerpt from Daisy Millerthe narrator is
33、an American expatriate(侨民), named Winterbourne. Daisy is the most innocent girl. Her defiance(违抗) of social taboos(禁忌) in the Old World brings her to a disaster in the clash(冲击) between two different cultures. Emily Dickinson Based on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys, “letter to the world”,
34、 about religious and immortality（永生）, love, nature1) her poems have no titles2) dashes are used as a musical device to create cadence（节奏） and capital letters as a means of emphasis.READING;大家论坛 20express Dickinsons anxiety about her communication with the outside world. description of a moment of de
35、ath Dickinson makes the train part of nature by animalizing it, like a horse. 我爱看它舔食一哩又一哩personify death and immortality so as to make her message strongly felt 因为我不能停步等候死神Theodore Dreiser - Americas literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism（决定论） (heredity 遗传 biological exce
36、rpt from Sister Carrie嘉丽妹妹 who shall cast the first stone?After Carrie deserts Hurstwood, he is in great despair. He turns the gas on in a cheap lodging-house and ends his life, while at the same time Carrie is rocking comfortably in her luxuriant hotel room.The Modern Period The modern period - the
37、 second American Renaissance, the expatriate(侨民) movement, “the Lost Generation”, a transformation from order to disorder Seize the day, enjoy the present, spiritual wasteland, collective unconscious, psychoanalysis(心理分析)Imagist movement, Jazz Age “the Lost Generation” Ezra Pound, William Carlos Wil
38、liams, Robert Frost Two thinkers of this period: German Karl Marx(马克思) and the Austrian Sigmund Freud（弗洛伊德） William James famous for his theory of “stream of consciousness” E.E.Cummings, always used “i” instead of “I”, protest against self-importanceEzra Pound - a leading spokesman of the Imagist Mo
39、vement (意象主义)大家论坛 21- 3 main principles: 1)direct treatment of poetic subjects, 2)elimination of ornamental words, 3)rhythmical(韵律) composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome(节拍器).- He translate some ancient Greek and Chinese works诗章READING; 1. In a
40、Station of the Metro 2. The River - Merchants Wife: A Letter 3. A Pact地铁站一瞥 Pound attempts to produce the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway station and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim light. To capture the emotions, Pound uses the image of petals on wet, black boughs.
41、 河商的妻子 This is a verse “letter” in which the speaker communicates indirectly, by means of vivid images and shifting tone, the history of her feelings for her absent husband.盟约 agreement with Whitmans free verse Robert Lee Frost - four times awarded Pulitzer Prize, pastoral life and scene. Frost is l
42、iked by the Americans because the subject and the landscape of his poems are forever New England and his simplicity never fails to reveal some profound truth.READING; 1.After Apple-Picking 2.The Road Not Taken 3. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening摘苹果后 a memory of experience in which the end of lab
43、or leaves the speaker with a sense of completion and fulfillment yet finds him blocked from success by winters approach(接近) and physical weariness(疲倦).未选择的路 tells us how the course of his life was determined when he came upon two roads that diverged in a wood. He took the one less traveled by, And t
44、hat has made all the difference.雪夜停马在林边 the speaker literally stops his horse in the winter twilight(日出前) to observe the beauty of the forest scene, and then is moved to continue his journey.Eugene ONeill Americas greatest playwright, founder of the American drama, won the Pulitzer Prize four times
45、and was the only dramatist ever to win a Nobel Prize.天外边 琼斯皇帝 伟大之神布朗直到夜晚的漫长一天 autobiographical(自传体戏剧), gained its status as a world classic and marks the climax of ONeills literary career and the coming of age of American drama.READING; excerpt from The Hairy Ape大家论坛 22毛猿 concerns the problem of mod
46、ern mans identity. Yanks sense of belonging nowhere, hence homelessness and rootlessness, is typical of the mood of isolation and alienation in the early 20th century.F. Scott Fitzgerald - spokesman of the Jazz Age, Dollar Decade, 1920s A double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and an outside
47、r American Dream He shows a particular interest in the upper-class society, especially young people.人间天堂 his first novel夜色温柔 最后一个巨头READING; excerpt from The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比his masterpiece, incorruptible dream is smashed into pieces by the relentless reality.Gatsby is a mythical figure whose inte
48、nsity of dream partakes of a state of mind that embodies America itself; he is the last of the romantic heroesErnest Hemingway - awarded the Nobel Prize Iceberg style, Code hero, grace under pressure 重压下的风度, The use of short, simple and conventional word 在我们的时代里 the first book to present a Hemingway
49、 hero Nick Adams太阳照样升起The Lost Generation: a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences.永别了,武器 about the tragic love affair of a wounded American soldier with a British nurse.丧钟为谁而鸣 老人与海READING; Indian Campfrom Nick watches his father
