1、The Summary Of Grammar,The attributive clause（定语从句）,定语从句做题步骤,1.判断句子是否为定语从句 2.若句子是定语从句，找到先行词，判断是人还是物 3.分析句子是否缺少成分，然后选择关系代词或关系副词 4.介词加which就相当于某些关系副词 5.What 一定不能用于定语从句中,关系词,关系词 who Whom That Which Whose When Where why,先行词 人 人 人或物 物 人或物 时间 地点 原因,关系代词,关系副词,只用that不用which的场合,1.先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 e.g. This
2、 is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen.2.当先行词是不定代词时，如all, little, few, much, something, anything, everything, none, nothing, no one, some等 e.g. He did everything that he could to help us.3.先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, one of, the only, the very, the right, last, few, just,
3、still等修饰时 e.g. The only thing that we do is to give you some advice.4.当先行词既有人又有物时 e.g. My father and my mum talked for about half an hour of things and persons that they remembered in the school.,5.当主句是以who或which开始的特殊疑问句时 e.g. Who is the boy that won the gold medal.6.有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用th
4、at e.g. They built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.7.当先行词前有such或the same修饰，先行词和关系代词指同一物时 e.g. She is wearing the same dress that she wore yesterday.,只用which不用that的场合,1.关系代词前有介词时 e.g. He built a house through which he could study the sky.2.引导非限定性定语从句时 e.g. Footbal
5、l, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.3.先行词本身是that时 e.g. Whats that which flashed in the sky just now.4.先行词后有插入语时 e.g. Here is the English grammar book which, as Ive told you, will help improve your English.,只用who不用that的场合,1.先行词是指人的不定代词时，如one, anyone, no one, all, nobody,
6、 anybody, none, those, people等 e.g. People all like those who have good manners.2.当先行词有较长的后置定语时 e.g. Professor Smith is coming soon who will give us a lecture on how to learn English.3.当先行词是一个限定性的表示人的特定名词时 e.g. The aunt who came to see us last week is my fathers younger sister.,Way 和Time 后的定语从句,当way
7、作为先行词且意为“方法，方式”时 关系词可以是that, in which 或省略当先行词是time 时 Time表示“次数”时关系词用that, that可省略 Time表示“时间”时关系词用when或介词加which,The same as 侧重于相似性The same that 侧重于同一性遇到point 和 situation 时关系词通常用where,Noun clause(名词性从句),名词性从句做题步骤,1.判断句子是否为名词性从句2.若句子为名词性从句再判断是哪一种名词性从句3.要分析该句是否缺少什么成分也就是说所选的连接词除了引导名词性从句外是否要在该从句中充当什么成分4.要
8、特别注意同位语从句(which不能引导同位语从句),名词性从句的种类,1.主语从句2.表语从句3.宾语从句4.同位语从句(能跟同位语从句的通常是抽象名词，如news, idea, report, belief, fact, doubt, hope,information),What 和 that在名词性从句中的区别,What在名词性从句中可充当主语，宾语和表语，相当于the thing that e.g. What the teacher said was very valuable.That 在名词性从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，引导主语从句时常用it作形式主语；引导宾语从句时，常
9、被省略。 e.g. That she will refuse the offer seems unlikely.,只用whether不用if的场合,1.引导主语从句且置于句首时 e.g. Whether he will go there or not is not clear.2.引导表语从句时 e.g. The problem is whether the TV play is worth watching.3.引导同位语从句时 e.g. The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.4.引导宾语从句，前置，同时又作介词的宾语从
10、句时 e.g. We are interested in whether he will agree with us or not.5.作动词discuss的宾语时 e.g. Lets discuss whether Mary is fit for the position.6.其后接动词不定式时 e.g. Can you tell me whether to go or to stay.,Doubt VS Sure,Doubt用于肯定句时，后面的名词性从句的连接词常用whether或if Doubt用于否定句或疑问句时，后面的名词性从句的连接词常用that Sure用于肯定句时，后面的名词性
11、从句的连接词常用that Sure用于否定句或疑问句时，后面的名词性从句的连接词常用whether或if,That 在定语从句和同位语从句中的区别,That作为关系代词引导定语从句，在从句中可充当主语宾语和表语，作宾语时常可被省略That引导同位语从句时，起连词作用，不充当任何成分，一般不能省略也不能与which互换。,动词的时态和语态,常见的时态,一般现在时（要特别注意时刻表及客观事实） 一般过去时 （要特别注意过去某一段时间经常或反复的动作） 一般将来时 （要特别注意be to表示按计划或安排要做的事，be about to 表示即将发生的动作） 现在进行时（要特别注意动词加be动词的情况
12、，它有一种故意如此的意思，e.g. You are stupid.(你很糊涂）You are being stupid.(你在装糊涂） 有一些词不用于进行时态： 短暂动作类：finish, marry 感官类：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, seem, sound 感觉类：hate, like, love, wish 存在类：be, exist, remain, stay 占有从属类：have, possess, own, belong 认知类：understand, know, think, remember 现在完成时（对现在造成一定影响，要特别注意for,
13、since引导的时间状语从句以及第几次做某事） 过去完成时（过去的过去）,动词的语态,用主动表示被动的情况 1.表示主语的某种特征的动词，如read, write, wash, dry, sell, weare.g. The coat dries easily. 2.表示开始，结束，运动变化的某些动词，如start, drive, change, movee.g. In England, cars drive on the left-hand side of the road. 3.表示主语状态特征的连系动词，如look, feel, smell, sound, taste等e.g. The
14、desk feels smooth. 4.用于be + adj.+不定式中e.g. The chair is very comfortable to sit on. 5. Worth及表示需要的need, want, require 之后的动名词e.g. His watch is out of order and needs repairing.,倒 装,完全倒装,1.in, out, up, down, away, off, over, next, such, back 等副词置于句首，谓语动词是come, go, rush, run等不及物动词时(人称代词除外)e.g. Out rushe
15、d the students the moment the bell rang. 2.there, here, now, then引导的句子（若主语为人称代词则用陈述语句）e.g. There goes the bell and class is over.Here you are. 3.表示地点的词置于句首时e.g. On the ground lay a sick person. 4.直接引语置于句首时e.g. “Help” shouted the boy. 5.现在分词，过去分词，形容词+系动词+主语e.g. Gone are the days when women were looke
16、d down upon.Present at the meeting was Mr Wang.,部分倒装,1.否定词如never, little, seldom, hardly, no, few, not 等置于句首 e.g. Little did he know about English.2.由only, not until, no soonerthan, hardlywhen引导的状语置于句首 e.g. Only by working hard can we succeed.Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I h
17、ad wasted.3.As引导的让步状语从句，意为 “尽管”（若表语是名词，其前不加冠词） e.g. Clever as he is, he doesnt study well.Child as he is, he knows much about English.4.在so/suchthat结构中，so/such 引导的部分置于句首时 e.g. Such a good boy is he that we all love him.5.so/neither/nor置于句首表示也或也不(注意与陈述句的区别) e.g. I saw the film last week. So did she.H
18、e promised to help. So he did.6.had, were, should开头的虚拟条件句中省略if引起的倒装 e.g. Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.,情态动词,can/could 1.表示能力 e.g. He can play the piano.2.表示客观可能性 e.g. Accidents can happen to any drunken driver.3.表示请求和允许 e.g. Can I have a look at your new watch?4.表示请求时口语中
19、常用could代替can，语气更委婉，但回答时仍用can e.g. Could you help me with the furniture？Yes, I can.5.表示惊讶，怀疑，不相信的态度（主要用于否定句疑问句） e.g. How can you believe such a liar like him?,may/might 1.表示允许，许可，否定回答为mustnt e.g. May I listen to some music?2.表示请求允许时，might比may语气更委婉 e.g. Might I trouble you to pass me the book?3.表示可能性的
20、推测，might比may语气更加不确定 e.g. Jack is absent. He might be ill.4.May用于祈使句表示祝愿 e.g. May you succeed.,Will/would 1.表示意志或意愿 e.g. He said he would do anything for her.2.用于第二人称表示请求或建议，用would比will更委婉 e.g. Would you open the window, please?3.表示习惯性的动作 e.g. We would sit around Grandpa after super.4.表示预料或猜想 e.g. It
21、 would be around ten when he left home.5.表示规律性的注定 e.g. People will die without air or water.,Should 1.用于表示劝告或建议 e.g. I think children should learn to respect their elders. 2.表示推测 e.g. It should be Mike who has taken away all the materials. 3.用于第一人称表示说话人的一种谦顺客气委婉的语气 e.g. I should advise you not to do
22、 that. 4.Why/how+should表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外惊讶 e.g. Why should you be so late today? Shall 1.用于一三人称，表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示 e.g. Shall we put off the sports meet？ 2.用于二三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令警告允诺或威胁 e.g. You shall get an answer from me by tomorrow.,Must 1.表示必须(must侧重主观，have to侧重于客观）语气比should，ought to强烈，其否定形式mustnt e
23、.g. Drivers mustnt drive after drinking.2.回答时用neednt或dont have to e.g. Must I come back before ten？No, you neednt/dont have to3.表示有把握的推测，意为一定准是 e.g. You must be ill. I can see it from your face. Ought to 1.表示应该，同should e.g. Humans ought to stop polluting.2.表示推测，意为想必 e.g. He ought to be home by now.,
24、虚拟语气,条件句中的虚拟语气,1.与现在事实相反:从句用过去时（be动词一律用were），主句用would/could/should/might+动词原形e.g. If I had time, I would attend your party.2. 与过去事实相反：从句用过去完成时，主句用would/could/should/might +have+动词过去分词e.g. If you had attended the lecture, you would have known how to write the composition.3. 与将来事实相反：从句用动词过去式或should/we
25、re to+动词原形,主句用would/could/should/might+动词原形e.g. If it snowed, we would take photos.,从句中的虚拟语气,1.一个坚持（insist）两个命令（order, demand）三个建议（advice, suggest, propose）四项要求（demand, require, request, ask）用should+动词原形2. It is (high) time that用should+动词原形（should不能省略）或用动词的过去式3.Even if/even though引导的让步状语从句4.As if/as though 引导的从句5.Would rather（宁愿）后的从句6.某些词后的同位语和表语从句要用虚拟语气should+动词原形如advice, idea, order, demand, plan, suggestion, request,错综虚拟句,主句与从句动作发生的时间不一致，要具体分析 e.g. If you had worked hard, you would be very tired now.,
