1、第4章 Software Applications ( I ),本章要点What are Software Applications? Words and Expressions How To Do：Using WinZip How To Work: The Voice Recognition System Grammar Focus: 非限定性动词 Text in Chinese：应用软件 Reading Selection: Programs 科技英语的语言特点（） Practical Writing：咨询信,What are Software Applications?,Figure 4
2、-1 * Software applications or application programs can be described as user software designed to meet general purpose and special purpose applications (See Figure 4-1). Such programs are owned by the users and stored on their computers hard disks. General-purpose software applications are basic appl
3、ications used in nearly all career areas. Such general-purpose applications include browsers, word processors, spreadsheets, database management systems and presentation graphics. Specific-purpose applications are advanced applications focused on specific disciplines and occupations. Some of the bes
4、t-known advanced applications are multimedia, web authoring, graphics, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence programs. Application programs use “windows” to display information, and use menus and tool bars to instruct and edit. Browsers enable the users to search and display the Internet reso
5、urces. Microsoft Internet Explorer is an Internet browser that displays Web pages and assists users in navigating, searching and communicating on the Internet.,What are Software Applications?,Figure 4-2 Word processing programs create texts, like reports, letters, memos and Web pages (See Figure 4-2
6、). The most popular word processors are Microsoft Word, Corel Word Perfect, and Lotus Word Pro. Most word processors have features to help the users write better: Spelling Check, Grammar Check, Auto Check, Thesaurus, Font and Font Size, Graphics, Alignment, Word Wrap, Page Margins, Indents, Find and
7、 Replace, Move and Copy, Bulleted and Numbered Lists, Style, Text Wrapping, Footnote and Endnote, Captions and Cross References, Table, etc. Spreadsheet programs are used to organize, analyze, and graph numeric data in electronic spreadsheets made of cells. The most widely used spreadsheet programs
8、are Microsoft Excel, Corel Quatro Pro, and Lotus 1-2-3. Information entries can be text, numeric and graphic. Formulas in spreadsheets are equations performing calculations on data contained in a spreadsheet; Functions in spreadsheets are prewritten formulas performing calculations automatically.,Wh
9、at are Software Applications?,Database is a collection of related data. A database management system is a program that enables the user to create, maintain, and report data relationships. * Data is organized into related tables, updated constantly and when needed, it is joined together from differen
10、t files. In this way, other applications can use a needed range of data with convenience and efficiency. Three of the most widely used database management systems are Microsoft Access, Corel Paradox, and Lotus Approach. Presentation graphics are used to combine a variety of visual objects to create
11、attractive, visually interesting presentation files. Such pictorial electronic presentations deliver messages in a much more interesting and professional way. Most presentation programs include features that help the user to create desirable presentations in an easy way: layout files provide sample
12、texts of different types of presentations, templates are model presentations for references, and animations enable visual and sound clips to play automatically. Three of the most widely used presentation graphics programs are Microsoft PowerPoint, Corel Presentations, and land Lotus Freelance Graphi
13、cs (See Figure 4-3).,What are Software Applications?,Figure 4-3,What are Software Applications?,Notes: 1“Software applications or application programs can be described as user software designed to meet general purpose and special purpose applications.” 本句中，software applications中的applications指“应用程序”，
14、application software中的application作定语指“实际应用的”。designed to meet general purpose and special purpose applications中的applications 指 “实际应用”。 2“Data is organized into related tables, updated constantly and when needed joined together form different files.” 本句中，“updated”, “joined”分别是省略了is的被动语态形式，与“is organi
15、zed”一起构成并列谓语。意为：数据组织在相关的表格中，不断更新，并根据需要从不同的文件中调出、合并。,What are Software Applications?,Match each numbered item with the most closely related lettered item by drawing a line between matching items. 1utilities aOperating system owned and operating by a company. 2resources bOne popular, and free, version
16、 of the UNIX operating system. 3multitasking cUser interface provided by Windows.,What are Software Applications?,Translating the following statements. 1存储器件的存储单位通常被称为字节。 2存储设备包括硬（磁）盘驱动器、软盘以及光盘。 3存储在RAM中的所有信息均是暂时的，因此，当机器关断电源时，该信息就丢失了。 4微软“视窗”是当今世界上最为广泛使用的操作系统。 5视窗具有同时运行多个应用程序的能力，而每个应用程序均在其自己的窗口中。 6图
17、形用户界面向用户展示计算机功能及数据的图形影像。 How To Do：Using WinZip,What are Software Applications?,Grammar Focus: 非限定性动词 动词不定式：它是一种非限定形式，通常前面带有小品词“to”，有时也可不带“to”。不定式在句子中不能作谓语，但它具有谓语动词的许多特点。可以有自己的宾语、状语等。 动名词：动名词在句中起名词的作用，作主语、表语、宾语和定语。它的构成为动词原型词加-ing。 分词：分词有两种形式：现在分词和过去分词。它在句子中起形容词和副词的作用。作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。,What are Softwa
18、re Applications?,Point out the Non-Finite Forms of the Verb and its type in the following statements. 1Ive often heard him tell the tale. 2The pigeons were perched, quite still, on the edge of the dovecote. 3Dr. Maephail looked at the falling rain. 4He was unable, however, to keep along silence. 5Jo
19、lyon stood for a moment without speaking. 6I can still remember running down the sand hill in the morning. 7I want him to come as soon as possible. 8Passing into the ante-room, he sat down on the edge of a chair. 9I was highly amused. 10Here is a letter announcing his arrival.,What are Software Appl
20、ications?,Text in Chinese：应用软件 应用软件或应用程序可视为终端用户软件，目的是满足用户一般需要和特殊需要。这些程序为用户所有，安装在用户计算机的硬盘中。应用软件可分为一般目的应用程序和特殊目的应用程序。一般目的应用程序广泛用于各个职业领域，包括浏览器程序、文字处理程序、电子表格程序、数据库管理程序和演示文稿程序。特殊目的应用程序属于高级应用软件，用于特殊的学科和职业。一些多见的高级应用软件如多媒体、网页管理、图表、虚拟现实、人工智能等。 应用程序利用视窗来显示信息，使用菜单、工具栏来下达指令和进行编辑。 用户利用浏览器程序来浏览网络资源。微软公司的Internet
21、Explorer 是一种因特网浏览器程序，用来显示网页和帮助用户在因特网上导航、搜索和通信。 文字处理程序能够建立文本，如报告、信件、备忘录和网页。最流行的文字处理程序有微软公司的Word, Corel Word Perfect, Lotus Word Pro. 等。,What are Software Applications?,电子表格程序在单元格组成的电子表格中组织、分析图表和分析数字数据。最广泛应用的表格程序有微软Excel, Corel Quatro Pro. 和 Lotusl-2-3。电子表格接受文本、数字、图表式信息；电子表格中的方程式对表格中的数据进行计算；电子表格中的函数可自
22、动执行计算。 数据库是相关数据的集合。使用数据库管理系统程序，用户可以创建、维护和汇报数据关系。数据输入相关的表格中，可经常更新，可根据需要把不同文档中的数据提出来合并。其他的应用软件可以调用任一范围内的数据，方便而有效。最常用的几种数据库管理系统软件有微软Access, Corel Paradox, Lotus Approach。 文稿演示程序于用建立各种视觉效果的演示文稿，这样的文稿有趣味，吸引人。演示文稿帮助用户以趣味而专业的形式传递信息。三种最广泛使用的文稿演示程序有：微软PowerPoint, Corel Presentations 和 Lotus Freelance Graphic
23、s. 多数文稿演示程序拥有这样一些特色以协助用户很容易地创建理想的演示文稿：版面设计文件提供各种类型的演示文稿，模板提供文稿的参考格式，动画效果能自动播放插入的动画和声音剪辑。,What are Software Applications?,Reading Selection: Programs Programs are the instructions that tell the computer how to process data into the form you want. Software, as we mentioned, is another name for program
24、s. In most cases, the words software and programs are interchangeable. For example, your favorite computer game is a program. In order for your computer to know how to play that game, you (or your parents) must first install the program from the game software - usually a CD. Installing the program m
25、eans that you are copying the program or instructions that are stored on the CD onto your computers hard drive. Programs can also be downloaded from the internet directly to your hard drive. Many programs (especially games) are very large and would take up lots of memory space on your hard drive. To
26、 keep that from happening, these programs are designed to only copy part of the program onto your computer. The rest of the program stays on the software. The program cannot be run from your computer unless you have the disk in the disk drive so that RAM can read the rest of the program from it.,Wha
27、t are Software Applications?,Other programs install completely on your hard drive, so that they can be used without running the CD. This is very helpful with programs that are designed to help the user perform a specific task, such as typing a letter or creating a birthday card. Having the program r
28、un without the CD, frees up the CD-ROM drive in case you might need to run a clip art CD to add some pizzazz to your creation! There are many different types of programs for the computer. They are grouped according to the tasks that they perform. Here are some very common types of programs and some
29、examples of their uses: Word processingletter writing, essays, writing stories ; Databaseaddress books, mailing lists ; Spreadsheetsstoring financial information ; Researchencyclopedias, informational programs ; Entertainmentgames, music/video programs ; Educationskill practice games, tutorials, how
30、-to programs ; Desktop Publishingcreating birthday cards, newsletters, etc.,What are Software Applications?,Programs do much of the work for us, when we perform tasks on the computer. The program instructs the computer in a language that it understands. Think of how hard it would be to dictate a sto
31、ry for someone else to type if that other person spoke a foreign language! You could learn that persons language, but that could take years. The easiest way would be to have a translator. Programs are like translators that allow people to work with computers without learning the computers language.,
32、What are Software Applications?,科技英语的语言特点（） 科学技术的研究对象、任务及方法决定了在科技领域中，表达思想要严谨，用词要准确，阐述问题要有逻辑性、科学性和系统性，说理要清晰、简洁、明快等。所以，科技文献资料的叙述以抽象性、概念性和高度的逻辑性为其主要特征，形成了科技语言所特有的语言表达方式。我们认为，从宏观上了解计算机科学及技术领域中文体的语言特征，掌握其遣词造句方面的基本语言风格和基本语言特点，对于我们阅读、理解和翻译不同类型的英语计算机科技文献资料，具有十分重要的意义。 任何一种语言(language)均是由语音(pronunciation)、词汇
33、(vocabulary)和语法(grammar)三大部分构成的。词汇是基础，句法是遣词造句的规则，而语音则是语言的外壳。因此，以下我们将从科技英语的“用词的特点”和“用句的特点”来解析科技英语的语言特点。,What are Software Applications?,科技英语用词的特点 1多用表示行为的动词代替存在的动词 “Be” 科技英语写作用词讲究规范，力求明白、简洁、精确，不允许有虚构，由此选择了动态的动词词组来实现其目的。 例如： Harries was the first to utilize1 the reactivity of the double boned in order
34、 to gain2 an insight into the nature of the rubber molecule, and the evidence is based3 almost entirely on his ozonolysis experiments.By passing4 oxygen containing5 6% of ozone into a solution of rubber in chloroform or ethyl acetate, Harries obtained 6 a glassy explosive mass of the composition (C5
35、HgO3). Decomposition of the ozonide with water afforded7 levulinic aldehyed. These experiments were later verified8 and extended9 by Purnmerer, who was able to account10 for about 95% of the carbon skeleton in the form of decomposition products, almost 90% of which consisted11 of levulinic compounds
36、. This means12 that the isoprene units must be linked13 bead to tail. (The Chemist, 1951) 在这段中我们看到作者用了13个不同形态的行为动词，使整段叙述的行为过程给人以强烈的动感。由于科技英语在大多数情况下都是描述行为、过程、现象及发展等，因此多用表行为的动词。表行为的动词具有较鲜明的动态感，较生动，但表示存在的动词给人以静态感，比较凝滞。,What are Software Applications?,2使用语义确切的强动词代替空泛的弱动词 在英语中动词可以分为两类：强动词和弱动词。强动词有具体的行为，如
37、weld, cut, break, inject等等；弱动词本身并无具体行动，如 verb to be, do, make include 等等。强动词常常可以给出明确的语义，使语句直截了当，一目了然，但弱动词可能带来较含糊的语句，这需读者去琢磨才能明白其中的含义。 例如： 1）He has made several key sensor exploitation technological developments. 2）He has developed several key sensor exploitation technologies. 例句1中，用了made这个无行动的弱动词，随后
38、必有development；而在例句2中，直接用了develop这个强动词，使句子清新明朗。,What are Software Applications?,3常用由动词派生的名词 科技英语常用由动词派生的名词，这类名词的词根多出自属于及物动词的名词，具有“Transitivity”(他动性)。充分利用动词名词化手段，可以有效地简化叙事层次和结构，减少使用句子或从句的频率，使文章更加直接、紧凑、简洁明了。 例如：the discovery of interferon 干扰素的发现the standardization of the series 系列的标准化the generation of
39、heat by friction 磨擦生热,What are Software Applications?,4多用名词群 科技英语中名词修饰名词随处可见，有时是两个名词构成的名词词组来修饰另一个名词。这种名词词组做定语比介词短语显得更加简短快捷，是科技论文中常见的表达方式之一。 例如：computer system organization 计算机系统的组成data transmission system 数据传输系统dot matrix printer 点阵式打印机voice recognition equipment 声音识别设备,What are Software Application
40、s?,5广用缩略词 在科技英语文章中，常常看到缩略词，这些词已固化成为科技英语专业中的专业词。 例如： LCS：Large Capacity Storage 大容量存储器 LPL：List Programming Language 表格程序设计语言 LSI：Large Scale Integration 大规模集成电路 MCP：Master Control Program 主控程序 ML：Machine Language 机器语言 MOS：Metal Oxide Semiconductor 金属氧化物半导体 NC：Numerical Control 数字控制 OSI：Open System I
41、nterconnection 开放系统互连 PCC：Program-Controlled Computer 程序控制计算机 PPI：Programmable Peripheral Interface 并行传送接口 RAM：Random Access Memory随机存取存储器 RMOS：Refractory Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor耐热的金属氧化物半导体 RWM：Read Write Memory 读写存储器,What are Software Applications?,科技英语属于正式书面文体，在词汇方面，除了科技专门术语外，科技英语使用的所有词语，包括普通词汇和
42、技术性词汇在内，大多数属于正式书面语体的范畴，尽管这些词语在普通英语和文学英语中也使用，但其出现的频率远不及科技英语。 Write the whole name of the following words. FIFO AGC CNC DOS SCC VGA RMDIR PCC STX MCP LCS ECC Practical Writing：咨询信 咨询信主要包括下列内容： 1）写信的目的； 2）介绍背景； 3）询问详情； 4）表示感谢，期待回信，询问进一步的信息。,What are Software Applications?,样张： Dear Sir/Madam,From your a
43、dvertisement in the New York Times, May 5, I have learned that you need a programmer in your application department. I would be interested in exploring the possibility of obtaining such a position within your firm.I received Bachelor of Science degree in computer science from Beijing University in J
44、une 1997. Since then I have been working in the Great IT Company as a programmer for C/C+ programmer whom you need. And I also have some experience in database administration. Details of my educational background and working experience are contained in the enclosed resume.May I schedule an appointme
45、nt for an interview with you to discuss my qualifications in detail?Im looking forward to your reply.Your kind help would be greatly appreciated.Yours sincerely,Danny,What are Software Applications?,常用咨询用语： 1）Im writing to ask if 2）Would it be possible to 3）I would be grateful if you would 4）Would y
46、ou mind doing sth？ 5）I wonder if you could 6）Im writing to explore the possibility of obtaining the position in your firm. 7）Im writing to seek accommodation in your hotel. 8）Im writing because I wish to pursue my masters degree in your university. 9）Please send me all the relevant information conce
47、rning the courses you offer. 10）I would appreciate it very much if you could consider my suggestions. 11）I should be most obliged to you if you could. 12）Im looking forward to hearing from you. 13）Thank you for your time and attention. 14）Im looking forward to your prompt response.,What are Software Applications?,What are Software Applications?,
