1、第3章 System Software ( II ),本章要点What is the Operating System? Words and Expressions How To Do ：Text Document How To Work: The Video Capture Card Grammar Focus: 动词时态和动词语态 Text in Chinese：操作系统 Reading Selection: MP3 构词法（） Practical Writing：邀请函,What is the Operating System?,The operating system is the m
2、ost important system software. Every computer has an operating system that performs three basic functions: Firstly, managing the computers resources (including the keyboard, the mouse, the printer, the monitor, the storage devices, and the memory),* Secondly, providing a user interface, for instance
3、, a window-like graphic user interface, in order for the user to interact with application programs and hardware devices, Thirdly, loading and running application programs. Basically, the operating system is categorized into three types: embedded, network, and stand-alone operating systems (See Figu
4、re 3-1). Figure 3-1 The embedded operating system is used on handheld computers, like PDAs. This operating system is stored within the ROM memory. Some popular embedded operating systems are Windows CE and Palm OS.,What is the Operating System?,Figure 3-1,Figure 3-2,What is the Operating System?,Fig
5、ure 3-2 The network operating system is designed to control the computers that are linked together via a network. This operating system is typically located on the hard disk of one of the linked computers. Called the network server, this very computer coordinates all communications between the other
6、 linked computers. Some popular network operating systems are NetWare, Windows NT Server, Windows XP Server, and UNIX (See Figure 3-2). Stand-alone operating systems, also called desktop operating systems, are located on the desktop and notebook computers hard disks to control the computer operation
7、s. Popular desktop operating systems include Windows, Mac OS, and UNIX. By far the most popular micro-computer operating system is Microsofts Windows. Windows is custom-made to run with Intel CPU and Intel-compatible CPUs, such as the Pentium (Figure 3-3). It comes in a variety of different versions
8、, such as Windows 98, Windows 2000 Professional, and Windows XP.,What is the Operating System?,Notes: “Secondly, providing a user interface, for instance, a window-like graphic user interface, in order for the users to interact with application programs and hardware devices，” 这一部分中, for instance, a
9、window-like graphic user interface 举例了视窗用户界面，用户界面的功能是使用户能够同应用程序及硬件设备交互作用。 Choose the best answer to each question with the information from the passage. 1Why is the operating system very important system software? AThe operating system enables the user to edit files, draw graphics, surf the Internet
10、 and do every thing possible with a computer. BThe operating system can be installed in the computer system unit to assist the management of the system. CThe operating system makes it possible for the computer to function normally and operate software applications. DThe operating system is designed
11、to drive different hardware essentials to work properly.,What is the Operating System?,2From your understanding about the operating system which of the following expressions is true? AThe Windows operating system is compatible to different types of micro-computers. BThere are different types of oper
12、ating system designed to fit desktop, notebook and palm computers. CNetwork operating system does not only control the network function but also replaces the desktop operating system to control the computer. DThe Windows operating system can run with various CPUs such as Pentium CPUs by Intel. 3The
13、operating system was originally designed to run on computers in network. AWindows BMac OS CUNIX DPalm OS,What is the Operating System?,4Where are the three types of operating systems stored ? AThe embedded operating system is stored in PDAs RAM. BThe network operating system is stored in the compute
14、rs memory. CThe desktop operating system is stored in the computers hard disk. DThe three operating system types can be stored either in the computers memory or hard disk. 5The Windows operating system is especially designed to match . Aany kind of microprocessor BIntel and Intel-compatible micropro
15、cessors Cdesktop microprocessors DMicrosofts microprocessors Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form when necessary.,What is the Operating System?,Complete the following sentences with the phrases or expressions given below. Change the form when necessary. such as be used load
16、 with 1In spring, lots of different flowers are blooming in our campus, carnations, peach flowers, and lilacs. 2In our company, most computers to do accounts. 3When a computer too many software applications it will greatly slow down its running speed. Match each numbered item with the most closely r
17、elated lettered item by drawing a line matching items.,What is the Operating System?,Translate the following statements. 1操作系统是应用软件赖以建立的基础。 2ROM是另一类型的存储器。 3软磁盘的表面被划分成为若干同心圆或磁道，而磁道又被划分成为若干扇区。 4某些微型计算机具有这样一种操作系统，该系统被永久地存储在一个叫做ROM（只读存储器）的固定存储器中。 5中央处理器是计算机中的主芯片。 6中央处理器处理指令管理通过计算机系统的信息流。 How To Do ：Text
18、 Document Grammar Focus: 动词时态和动词语态 动词时态：动词时态即动词发生的时间和方式在动词形式变化上的体现。 动词语态：通常分为主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示句子的主语是动作的执行者；被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者。,What is the Operating System?,Change the following statements in the passive voice. 1Didnt they tell you to be here by six oclock? 2The wind blew his hat down the street. 3
19、We have asked some friends of hers to join us. 4He found the door closed. 5They will take her to hospital tomorrow. 6Ladies used to wear their dresses very long. 7Someone ought to wash those dishes right away. 8People drink a great deal of tea in England. 9The secretary is typing this letter now. 10
20、You should plant these flowers in a sunny place. Point out the transitive (intransitive) verbs, link verbs, auxiliary verbs and modal verbs in the following passages.,What is the Operating System?,She went into the drawing-room and lighted the fire.Then, she picked up the cushions, one by one, that
21、Mary had disposed so carefully, and she threw them back onto the chairs and the couches. That made all the difference: the room came alive at once. As she was about to throw the last one, she was surprised by suddenly hugging it to her, passionately. But it did not put out the fire in her bosom. Oh,
22、 on the contrary! The windows of the drawing-room opened onto a balcony overlooking the garden. At the far end, against the wall, there was a tall, slender pear tree in fullest, richest bloom; it stood perfect, as thought becalmed against the jade-green sky. Bertha couldnt help feeling, even from th
23、is distance, that it had not a single bud or a faded petal. Down below, in the garden beds, the red and yellow tulips, heavy with flowers, seemed to lean upon the dusk. A grey cat, dragging its belly, crept across the lawn, and a black one, its shadow, trailed after. The sight of them, so intent and
24、 so quick, gave Bertha a curious shiver. Reallyreallyshe had everything. She was young. Harry and she were as much in love as ever. She had an adorable baby. They didnt have to worry about money. They had this absolutely satisfactory house and garden.,What is the Operating System?,Text in Chinese：操作
25、系统 操作系统是最重要的系统软件。每台计算机都要有操作系统，操作系统执行三个基本功能：管理计算机所有的资源，包括键盘、鼠标、打印机、监视器、外存储装置和内存储器；为用户提供人机界面，例如，视窗形界面让用户实现与应用软件和硬件的交互作用；负载和运行应用软件。 操作系统主要分为三类：嵌入式操作系统、网络操作系统和独立操作系统。 嵌入式操作系统用于掌上型微机，如掌中宝。此类操作系统完全嵌入微机的只读存储器中。常用品牌有Windows CE和 Palm OS. 网络操作系统用于控制互相连网的若干计算机，此操作系统多存于其中一台计算机的硬盘内，这台计算机被称为网络服务器，由它来调整这些连网的计算机之间的
26、通信。常用品牌包括NetWare、Windows NT 服务器、Windows XP服务器和UNIX。 独立操作系统，也叫台式机操作系统，存于台式计算机或笔记本计算机的硬盘中，控制着计算机运行。常用的品牌有视窗操作系统、Mac OS和UNIX的几种版本。 到目前为止，最受欢迎的微机操作系统是微软公司的视窗操作系统。视窗操作系统是专为运行英特尔微处理器以及英特尔兼容处理器（如PentiumIV）而设计制造的。此操作系统已开发了很多不同版本，如Windows 98,What is the Operating System?,Reading Selection: MP3 MP3 stands for
27、 Moving Picture Experts Group technology, Layer-III. It is a format for compressing music which delivers almost CD-quality sound. A three-minute song can be stored in about three megabytes in MP3 format. In contrast, a three-minute song in WAV format, which also offers near CD-quality sound, would b
28、e about thirty megabytes in size. These benefits of MP3 make it easier to store and transfer many sound files. According to several search engines, “MP3“ is the second most searched for word on the Internet. There are thousands of sites on the Internet which offer MP3, both legal and illegal. MP3 si
29、tes, especially illegal ones, are often jammed with visitors. MP3 has gained mainstream publicity by recently grabbing headlines in prominent newspapers and magazines. This recent publicity given to the MP3 format stands to make it even more popular. MP3 files are widely available on the Internet. T
30、here are about one hundred MP3 “search engines“. They catalogue MP3 sites and search for MP3 files to make it easy for anyone searching for a particular file to find it. These search engines, even reputable ones such as the one from Lycos, often turn up illegal MP3 sites.,What is the Operating Syste
31、m?,MP3 software is often distributed for free at MP3 sites. These include MP3 players as well as “CD Rippers“, which allow anyone with a CD-ROM drive to copy songs from their Compact Discs to MP3 format. MP3 “broadcasts“ are also found on the Internet. Music aficionados with the proper equipment can
32、 play their favorite MP3 to audiences around the world. Portable MP3 players are available on the market, the most popular of which is the Rio, produced by Diamond Multimedia. Most portable MP3 players sell for less than two hundred dollars. When the Rio was first released, The Recording Industry As
33、sociation of America (RIAA) filed a lawsuit in an attempt to keep the Rio from being sold. RIAA claimed that the Rio was a recording device, since it allowed users to download music from their computers onto the player, and as such, was subject to the provisions of the Audio Home Recording Act of 19
34、92, which requires manufacturers and digital audio recording devices to notify the Federal Register of Copyrights and pay a small royalty fee per device. However, Diamond Multimedia successfully argued that the Rio was simply a playback device.,What is the Operating System?,构词法（） 在英语中，一般来说，前缀通常改变单词的
35、意义，而后缀往往改变的是单词的词性部分。下面是科技英语中常见的后缀。 1-age：当age在一个词的后面时，这个词就变成了名词，表示：状态；行动；集合。 例如：short shortage 短缺 marry marriage 结婚orphan orphanage 孤儿院，孤儿(总数) spill spillage 溢出量out outage 停止，运行中断 shrink shrinkage 收缩 2ism：当ism放在词根或词干的后面时即转变成名词，表示：行为；习惯做法；结果；情况；行为特性。 例如：terror terrorism 恐怖手段 pauper pauperism 贫穷patrio
36、t patriotism 爱国精神 American Americanism 美国习俗social socialism 社会主义 national nationalism 国家主义,What is the Operating System?,3ive：很多词的结尾用 ive后该词变成了形容词，表示：有的；与有关的；属于的；有性质或品质的；有倾向的。 例如：legislate legislative 立法的 create creative 有创造力的mass massive 大而重的 act active 积极的；主动的collect collective 收集的；集中的 pass passiv
37、e 消极的；被动的 4ish: 很多词以ish 结尾，随后该词变成形容词，表示：属于的；似的；具有性质的。 例如：Span Spanish 西班牙的 boy boyish 男孩似的book bookish 书生气的 tall tallish 有些高的blue bluish 带蓝色的 devil devilish 魔鬼似的 5ic: ic加在很多词的后面转化为形容词，表示：与有关的；像的。 例如：hero heroic 英勇的 poet poetic 富有诗意的 science scientific科学上的 history historic 历史上有名的；历史的,What is the Oper
38、ating System?,6ship: ship常常添加在一词后转化为名词，表示：身份、情况、等级、光荣称号、技艺或技巧。 例如：lord lordship 贵族的身份；贵族的权力 friend friendship 友谊dictator dictatorship 专政 leader leadership 领导 7ful: 当ful 加在一词词尾时该词变成形容词，表示：充满的。 例如：tear tearful 眼泪汪汪的 shame shameful 可耻的use useful 有用的 help helpful 有帮助的 注意：若一词以“y”结尾，y前又为辅音，那么加 ful时，应先把y改成
39、i. 例如：beauty beautiful美丽的 pity pitiful 令人怜悯的；可怜的 8y：当一个词的词末加上“y”时，该词就变成形容词，表示：有的；充满的；倾向的；像的。 例如：dirt dirty 脏的 health healthy 健康的stick sticky 粘的 wave wavy 波形的horse horsy 马似的 salt salty 含盐的,What is the Operating System?,9dom：dom常添加在许多词的结尾变成名词，表示：存在的情况；地位；军衔；整个领域。 例如：Christen Christendom 基督教世界 wise wis
40、dom 智慧King Kingdom 王国 duke dukedom 公爵的爵位star stardom 明显的地位；明星界；一群明星 free freedom 自由 10ance-; -ence：ance或ence在一个词的结尾时，这个词就变成了名词，表示：行为、状态或性质。 例如：maintain maintenance 保持的行为 depend dependence 信赖的行为assist assistance 帮助的行为 confer conference 集会的行为 11-less：less附在词尾表示：无、没有或不的含义。less添加在词尾可使名词成为形容词。 例如：mother
41、motherless 没有母亲的 stain stainless 不锈的father fatherless 没有父亲的 harm harmless 无害的 limit limitless 无限（制）的 use useless 无用的,What is the Operating System?,12able;-ible：以able或ible结尾的词是形容词。表示：可的；能的。 例如：port portable 可携带的 incredit incredible 不能相信的enjoy enjoyable令人愉快的 manage manageable 能处理avail available 有用的 pr
42、ogram programmable 可编程的 13- ion;- sion;- tion：状态，某词的词尾为ion，sion，tion时，该词即为名词，表示：行为，结果。注意三种不同拼法。 例如：product production 生产 dictate dictation 口授（以使某人笔录的行为）quest question 提问(行为) describe description 描述（行为）computerize computerization 计算机化（结果） 14-ar;- er; -or: 以 ar, er, or 结尾的词常表示一种人或物。注意三种不同拼法。 例如：biogra
43、phy biographer 传记作家 program programmer 操作员；编程器play player 演出者 write writer 作者 beg beggar 乞求者 prison prisoner 犯人,What is the Operating System?,Practical Writing：邀请函 邀请函一般包括以下几点内容： 1）邀请谁；（whom） 2）为什么要邀请别人，有什么事情发生；（why ） 3）请被邀人何时参加，需具体说明几月几日、星期几的几点钟；（when） 4）被邀请人到何地去与邀请人会面。（where ） 样张： 5th REUNION OF T
44、HE CLASS OF 1995Dear Classmates:Time certainly flies! It has now been five years since we graduated. As members of the Reunion Committee it is our great pleasure to invite you to our Fifth Reunion on the first weekend of June of this year. You and your spouse or companion are cordially invited to jo
45、in us on the campus and celebrate our friendships and successes. Free housing is available in the dormitories, but if you would prefer off-campus housing, or if you have children, inexpensive housing is also available at the Happy Valley Hotel. The only cost for those living on campus will be for th
46、e meals and the breakfast on Sunday. The entertainment includes a folk music concert on Friday evening and a dance on Saturday evening to the lively music of our classmates band, “The Happy Valley Rockers”. Baby-sitting services will be available on Friday and Saturday evening if you need it. Please
47、 fill out the enclosed registration card and return it to us by May 15th if you plan to come. Call us at 777-77777 or E-mail to us at if you have any questions. Sincerely yours,John and Jane Jones,Reunion Committee,Happy Valley College,Happy Valley, USA,What is the Operating System?,Practical Writing：邀请函 邀请函一般包括以下几点内容： 1）邀请谁；（whom） 2）为什么要邀请别人，有什么事情发生；（why ） 3）请被邀人何时参加，需具体说明几月几日、星期几的几点钟；（when） 4）被邀请人到何地去与邀请人会面。（where ）,What is the Operating System?,
