1、第9章 Disk,本章要点What is a Disk? Words and Expressions How To Do：Shopping How To Work：Register Grammar Focus：主谓一致 Text in Chinese：磁盘 Reading Selection：Storage 科技英语翻译方法与技巧（） Practical Writing：申请信,What is a Disk?,Various disks are the main part of secondary storage devices for microcomputers (See Figure 9
2、-1). Disks are specially processed plastic or metallic platters used to store information externally and permanently. Commonly used secondary storage devices include hard disks, floppy disks, CDs, etc.Figure 9-2 Comparatively, hard disks take the advantage of capacity and speed (See Figure 9-2). Har
3、d disks embrace internal, cartridge, and pack types. An internal hard disk container is located inside the system unit to store programs, like the operating system and major applications, and large data files as well. * It contains several metallic platters to store data, an access arm and read-writ
4、e heads to write data to and to read data from the disks, and a motor for rotating the disks. Unlike the fixed internal hard disk, the hard-disk cartridge is designed to remove easily.,What is a Disk?,Floppy disks are portable storage media used to store files (See Figure 9-3). * A floppy disk is ma
5、de up of flat circular pieces of Mylar plastic rotating within a jacket, and a metal oxide film coating the Mylar plastic. Data is stored as electromagnetic charges on the film and presented by the presence or absence of these charges. The most widely used floppy disk is the 1.44 MB 3.5-inch disk wi
6、th the storing capacity of 1.44 megabytes (the equivalent of 400 typewritten pages). Such disks are labeled 2HD, which means two-sided, high-density. And they also have a write-protect notch. * When the notch is open, data cannot be added on the disk as to protect against accidentally writing over i
7、nformation on the disk that you want to keep.,What is a Disk?,Optical disks use a laser beam projection on the disk surface of lands and pits to read data from the disks (See Figure 9-4). The two most common formats of optical disks are CD (Compact Disc) and DVD (Digital Video Disc). Typically, The
8、CD drives can store 650 megabytes of data on one side of a CD, and the faster the CD drive, the faster data can be read from the CD by the computer system. There are three types of CDs: CD-ROM, The CD-R, and CD-RW. CD-ROM (Compact Disc-Read Only Memory) is imprinted by the publisher and cannot be wr
9、itten on or erased by the user. CD-ROMs are sued to distribute large data, for example, loading Microsoft Office application package. CD-R (CD-Recordable), also known as WORM（Write Once, Read Many）, can be written to once and afterwards read many times without deterioration but not rewritten or eras
10、ed. CD-Rs are used to create custom music CDs. CD-RW (Compact Disc ReWritable) can be changed after data is recorded so they are often used to create and edit multimedia presentations.,What is a Disk?,Notes: 1“It contains several metallic platters to store data, an access arm and read-write heads to
11、 write data to and to read data from the disks, and a motor for rotating the disks.” 本句中，“several metallic platters”，“an access arm”，“read-write heads”，“a motor for rotating the disks”作“contains”的并列宾语。“to write data to and to read data from the disks”作“read-write heads”的目的状语，指用于目的。本句意为：几个金属盘片来储存信息，一
12、个存取臂和几个读写头来将数据从磁盘读出，一个发动机带动围绕磁盘旋转。 2“A floppy disk is made up flat circular pieces of Mylar plastic rotating within a jacket, and a metal oxide film coating the Mylar plastic.” 本句中，“is made up of”意为：由组成，“flat circular pieces of Mylar plastic rotating within a jacket”和“a metal oxide film coating the
13、Mylar plastic”作“is made up”的并列宾语。本句意为：软盘由一圈圈环绕的聚酯薄膜塑料片作旋转运动，塑料片外覆盖一层金属氧化物胶片。,What is a Disk?,3“When the notch is open，data cannot be added on the disk as to protect against accidentally writing over information on the disk that you want to keep.” 本句中，“as to”引导目的状语从句，“protect against”，意为：“保护使其免于的侵害”，
14、“accidentally”意为：偶然地，“that you want to keep”定语从句修饰“the disk”。每句意为：当写保护口打开时，数据不能够加入磁盘，以此来保护保存的信息，避免意外地写入覆盖了磁盘中原有的信息。,What is a Disk?,Grammar Focus：主谓一致 主谓一致：主谓一致指的是：（1）语法形式上的一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。（2）意义上的一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。（3）就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语。 常见的主谓一致情况如下： 1当and连接几个单数名词（代词）做主语，而主语由“every, ea
15、ch, no, many a”等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。 例如：Many a boy and many a girl in our class has been invited to the party. 我们班许多男孩和女孩被邀请参加晚会。 2谓语的人称和数与靠近的主语一致。（陈述句中与B一致，疑问句中与A一致）下面是常用的句型： aA or B bNeither A nor B cEither A or B dNot only A but also B 例如：Not only Tom but also her parents are friendly to me. 不仅汤姆，而且他的父母
16、都对我很好。 3下列的句型中谓语动词（B）不受词组的影响，仅和第一个主语（A）保持一致。,What is a Disk?,Text in Chinese：磁盘 各式各样的磁盘是微型计算机主要的二级存储装置。磁盘是经过特殊处理的塑料或金属盘，用于外置和永久信息存储。常用的二级存储装置包括硬盘、软盘和光盘等。 比较来说，硬盘具有大容量和高速度的优势。硬盘包括内置、移动和便携式三种类型。内置硬盘盒装于主机内用于存储软件程序，例如操作系统和主要的应用程序，还存储大容量文档。内置硬盘的工作原理是：几个金属盘片来储存信息、一个存取臂和几个读写头来将数据读入磁盘和将数据从磁盘读出、一个发动机带动围绕磁盘旋转
17、。 移动硬盘设计成能够随意移动的硬盘装置。 软盘属于便携式存储媒介，用于存储文档。软盘外套内有一圈圈环绕的聚酯薄膜塑料片作旋转运动、塑片外覆盖一层金属氧化物胶片。数据作为电磁极存储在胶片上，通过电磁极的存在、消失的变换来显示数据。最广泛使用的软盘是存储量为1.44 MB的3.5寸磁盘（存储量相当于400页打印纸）。此类软盘的标签为2HD，意思是双面、高密度。软盘还带一个写保护口。当写保护口打开时，数据不能够加入磁盘，以此来保护避免意外的写入覆盖了磁盘中保存的信息。,What is a Disk?,光盘利用激光束发射到带有突起和凹陷的盘片的表面上读取数据。最常用的光盘格式有CD（压缩光盘）和DV
18、D（数字化视频光盘）。CD驱动器的一面能够存储650MB的数据，CD 驱动器速度越快，系统需要的数据从CD读取的速度越快。CD分三种类型：CD-ROM（只读压缩光盘）、CD-R（可记录压缩光盘）、CD-RW（可重写压缩光盘）。CR-ROM在出厂前已经刻录好，使用者不能够任意刻写和改动。CD-ROM用于分配大规模数据，如负载微软办公系统软件包。可记录光盘也叫一写多读光盘，能够写入一次读取多次不会损坏，但是不能重写或清除。CD-R用于灌制定制的音乐光盘。CD-RW在数据写入后能够更改，经常用于刻录编辑多媒体演示文件。,What is a Disk?,Reading Selection：Storag
19、e The purpose of storage in a computer is to hold data or information and get that data to the CPU as quickly as possible when it is needed. Computers use disks for storage: hard disks that are located inside the computer and floppy or compact disks that are used externally. Hard disks are typically
20、 used to store programs and very large data files. Your computer uses two types of memory: primary memory that is stored on chips located on the motherboard, and secondary memory that is stored in the hard drive. Primary memory holds all of the essential memory that tells your computer how to be a c
21、omputer. Secondary memory holds the information that you store in the computer. Inside the hard disk drive case you will find circular disks that are made from polished steel. On the disks, there are many tracks or cylinders. Within the hard drive, an electronic reading/writing device called the hea
22、d passes back and forth over the cylinders, reading information from the disk or writing information to it. Hard drives spin at 3600 or more RPM (Revolutions Per Minute) - that means that in one minute, the hard drive spins around over 3600 times!,What is a Disk?,Todays hard drives can hold a great
23、deal of information - sometimes over 20GB!Floppy disks are widely used to store and transport data from one computer to another. When you look at a floppy disk, youll see a plastic case that measures 3 1/2 by 5 inches. Inside that case is a very thin piece of plastic (see picture at right) that is c
24、oated with microscopic iron particles. This disk is much like the tape inside a video or audio cassette. Take a look at the floppy disk pictured. At one end of it is a small metal cover with a rectangular hole in it. That cover can be moved aside to show the flexible disk inside. But never touch the
25、 inner diskyou could damage the data that is stored on it. On one side of the floppy disk is a place for a label. On the other side is a silver circle with two holes in it. When the disk is inserted into the disk drive, the drive hooks into those holes to spin the circle. This causes the disk inside
26、 to spin at about 300 RPM! At the same time, the silver metal cover on the end is pushed aside so that the head in the disk drive can read and write to the disk.,What is a Disk?,Floppy disks are the smallest type of storage, holding only 1.44MB. Then, how do Hard Disks and Floppy Disks work? The pro
27、cess of reading and writing to a hard or floppy disk is done with electricity and magnetism. The surfaces of both type of disks can be easily magnetized. The electromagnetic head of the disk drive records information to the disk by creating a pattern of magnetized and non-magnetized areas on the dis
28、ks surface. Do you remember how the binary code uses on and off commands to represent information? On the disk, magnetized areas are on and non-magnetized areas are off, so that all information is stored in binary code. This is how the electronic head can both write to or read from the disk surface.
29、 It is very important to always keep magnets away from floppy disks and away from your computer! The magnets can erase information from the disks!,What is a Disk?,Compact Disks are the basic types of optical disks. Instead of electromagnetism, CDs use pits (microscopic indentations) and lands (flat
30、surfaces) to store information much the same way floppies and hard disks use magnetic and non-magnetic storage. Inside the CD-Rom is a laser that reflects light off of the surface of the disk to an electric eye. The pattern of reflected light (pit) and no reflected light (land) creates a code that r
31、epresents data. CDs usually store about 650MB. This is quite a bit more than the 1.44MB that a floppy disk stores. A DVD or Digital Video Disk holds even more information than a CD, because the DVD can store information on two levels, in smaller pits or sometimes on both sides.,What is a Disk?,科技英语翻
32、译方法与技巧（） 英语中词的翻译 1词义的选择 词义选择的正确与否关系到译文的成败，它是确保翻译质量的关键性一步。同一个词在不同的专业中，词义也不一样。因此，必须根据所讲的专业内容来确定词义，然后选用与之相当的词语来翻译。 例如： call：在普通英语中译为“喊，叫”，在计算机英语中译为“调用”。 name call 名字调用 qualified call 限定调用 character：在普通英语中译为“性格，特性”，在计算机英语中译为“字符”。 character packing density 字符存储或记录密度 character sensing equipment 字符读出装置 cha
33、racter string expression 字符串表达式 flag：在普通英语中译为“旗，旗帜”，在计算机英语中译为“标记，特征位”。 flag over band 越界标记 flag register 标记寄存器,What is a Disk?,2词类的转换 由于汉英两种语言的表达方式不同，为了使译文通顺自然，符合汉语表达习惯，可将一些单词进行必要的词类转换。 1）英语中表示直觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词在系动词后做表语时，可将其转译成动词。 例如： Some individuals are likely to remain blind and unaware of what th
34、ey are communicating nonverbally. 一些人可能仍然看不到也意识不到他们的非言语行为在传递什么样的信息。（形容词转译成动词） 2）由动词派生出来的形容词在翻译时可转译成动词。 例如： As you know that also present in solid are numbers of free electrons.（present 是倒装了的表语） 正如我们所知，固体中也存在着大量的自由电子。,What is a Disk?,3）由动词派生出的名词在翻译时可转译成动词。 例如： His story is beyond belief. 他的话难以置信。 4）由
35、名词派生出的动词在翻译时可转译成名词。 例如： A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an Australian, got into the taxi.（动词转成名词） 一个穿着讲究，外表、言谈像澳大利亚人的人上了出租车。 5）由形容词派生出的副词在翻译时可转译成形容词。 例如： It is well known that westerners think differently from Chinese people. （副词转译成形容词） 众所周知，西方人与中国人的思维方式是不一样的。,What is a Disk?,6）起谓语动词作
36、用的“be + 介词 （或副词）”结构中，介词（或副词）可转译成动词 例如： The chief physician of the hospital is on circuit for most of the year. （介词转译成动词） 这个医院的主任医师一年中大部分时间都在作巡回医疗。 3增词法 增词法就是在翻译时根据逻辑意义和句法的需要，增添适当的词来更忠实明确地表达原文的思想内容。注意，这并不是无中生有、无规则的随意增词，而是增加原文中虽无其形，却有其意的一些词。 1）增加量词 在汉语中，不同的名词由不同的量词来修饰，在英语中却恰恰相反。如汉语中的“一个，一张，一件，一只，一种，一根
37、”等等，在英语中都用a/an来表示。又如汉语中的一些动词量词“瞧一下，敲一下”等等，在英语中就大相径庭了。,What is a Disk?,例如： I give him a gentle push. 我轻轻地推了他一下。 The lion is the king of animals. 狮子是百兽之王。 2）增加表示语态的词 汉语中多用主动句，相反地，英语中多用被动句。将被动句译成主动句时，需加一些表示被动的词，如“被，使，受到，遭到，加以，为所”。 例如： Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantl
38、y being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, moon and earth. 由于经常受到太阳、月球以及地球引力的影响，卫星的运转必须加以密切的观察。 3）增加表示不同时态的词 在汉语中动词没有词形变化，表示时态时只能靠汉语所特有的时间助词，而英语中的时态靠动词形式的变化或加助动词（如do, have, will）的方法来实现。因此，对于现在时要增加的词有：现在、正在、目前等；对于过去时要增加的词有：曾经、当时、以前、过去等；对于将来时要增加的词有：将、要、就、会、便等。,What is a Disk?,例如： Im
39、 going to go to school. 我要去上学。 Most plastics do not readily conduct heat or electricity. 大部分塑料都不容易传热或导电。 4）增加语气助词 英语句子类型丰富，如省略句、感叹句、祈使句、疑问句、复合句等，所以在翻译时，为了与原文在形式上保持一致，应适当补充语气助词。汉语的语气助词有：了、着、吗、啊、啦、而已、罢了等。 例如： Dont take it seriously, I am just making fun of you. 不要认真嘛，我只不过开个玩笑罢了。 What she told me was o
40、nly half-truth. 她所告诉我的只是些半真半假的东西而已。 4减词法 英汉两种语言在用词习惯上并不是对等的，有些在英语中用得很普遍的词，在汉语中却很少用，或根本不用。所以，在“英译汉”的过程中常需要省略一些词。,What is a Disk?,1）冠词的省略 英语使用冠词很多，但有不少是没有什么意义的，可以省略。但在常用英语词组中，往往因冠词关系，使词组意义发生很大改变。 例如： Years ago, to fly to the moon was out of the question. 许多年前，飞往月球是绝对做不到的。 At present, to fly to the moo
41、n is out of question. 现在，飞往月球是不成问题的。 在上述两句中，除“moon”这个词前面的“the”对全句没有意义上的影响而可以省译外，在“question”前面的“the”省去或不省去，意义上大不相同。在词组“out of the question”中，虽然翻译时并没有译出“the”的意义，但它在词组中所起改变词义的作用是明显的。 2）介词的省略 英语中使用介词非常频繁，在某些名词、形容词、副词、动词后常有固定搭配的介词。这些搭配的介词，一般不译。,What is a Disk?,例如： They are all familiar with the propertie
42、s of computers. 他们都熟悉计算机的特性。 Sound waves spread in all directions. 声波四面八方地扩散。 3）连接词的省略 英语中的连接词用来表示前后词语的逻辑关系和语法关系。汉语中把句子成分按逻辑关系排列后，就毋需用连接词来表示上下文的关系。有时加些虚词，如“就”、“却”等。 例如： Practically all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled. 实际上所有的物质都是热胀冷缩的。 4）某些动词的省略 在不影响完整表达原文内容的前提下，汉语译文常省译动词。这些动词一
43、般是联系动词或作联系动词用的动词。,What is a Disk?,例如： The result of their experiment is quite good. 他们的实验结果相当好。 When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low. 气压低时，沸点就低。 5）形式主语或形式宾语“it”的省略 例如： We consider it necessary to combine theory with practice. 我们认为理论联系实际是必要的。 It is good sense to ask yourself some
44、 vital question. 问自己几个重要问题是很有意义的。,What is a Disk?,Translate the following statements. 1Without software, a computer is like a car without a driver 2System software is a collection of programs that enables application software to run on a computer systems hardware devices. 3Since networks enable many
45、 personal computers to share one resource, they are very cost-effective. 4Wide area networks are networks that span large geographical areas. 5Java applets can be downloaded and run by any Web browser capable of interpreting Java, such as Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, and HotJava. 6Applets
46、can be activated automatically when a user views a page, or they may require some action on the part of the user, such as clicking on an icon in the Web page.,What is a Disk?,Practical Writing：申请信 申请信主要包括： 1）申请的目的、申请的职务、从哪得到的信息； 2）概要你申请这一职务的主要资历； 3）提出你的申请要求。 样张 503 Garden StreetDalian, LiaoningJuly
47、30, 2004A&J Accountant OfficeP.O. Box 112Dalian, LiaoningDear sir or Madam: I wish to apply for the position advertised in the enclosed clopping from the Evening Paper. I feel that I am competent to meet the requirements you have specified.I am twenty-seven,What is a Disk?,years old. After graduatin
48、g from high school, I took a two years business course in one of the best commercial schools in Dalian, studying both bookkeeping and typewriting. After my graduation there, I worked as a typist for three years in a lawyers office. Since 2001, being chief typist at Giant Book Publish House, I have c
49、onducted and fulfilled my duties in a most efficient and responsible manner. Wherever I could I took on responsibilities and always saw to the welfare and efficiency of the typing pool. I can assure you that my training and experience is sufficient to prepare me to handle routine typing without supe
50、rvision.I now wish to enter an office where the work requires greater individual responsibilities and judgment than here, and where there is more opportunity for advancement. I have permission to refer you to Mr. Yang Feng, principal of the Dalian commercial School, for statements as to my character and ability. If you wish further references, please communicate with Mr. He Jiang, president of Giant Book Publish House, or Mr. Li Guorui of the Construction Bank. Very truly yoursWei Li,
