1、1虚拟语气一：虚拟语气的定义和种类1 语气(mood)语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2 语气的种类、陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗？How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊！、祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如：Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。Dont forg
2、et to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。、虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。(实际上还包括惊奇、怀疑、不满、委婉、客气等）如：If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。May you succeed!祝您成功！二：简单句中的虚拟语气一） 、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：w
3、ould / could / might / should + 原形动词。如：.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。二） 、表祝愿。1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时 may 须置于句首（多用于正式文体中） 。、May good luck be yours!祝你好运！、May you be happy!祝你快乐！、May you do even
4、 better!祝你取得更大成就！、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。、May you be happy. (注意那个 be ) 祝你幸福。2、用动词原形。例如：(1).Long live the people! 人民万岁！(2).“God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！”(3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！三） 、表示强烈愿望。 （该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人称单数
5、也不加“s” ）(1).God save me(2).Heaven help us四） 、表命令1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语(也就是 you)。2.句尾通常加上感叹号：！3.虚拟语气动词用原形(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go4.否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词 do，加上 not。(1). Work !(2). Work harder !(3). Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词 Be)(4). You go out !2(5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气)(6).
6、Dont be afraid. (口语中常用 dont 代替 do not)五） 、在一些习惯表达中。如：(1) 提出请求或邀请。如：Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？Could I use your bike now? 我可以用一下你的单车吗？(2) 陈述自己的观点或看法。如：.Id rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。I should glad to meet you. 见到你我会很高兴。I would try my best to help y
7、ou. 我会尽力帮助你。 (3) 提出劝告或建议。如：Youd better set off now.你最好现在就出发。Youd better ask your father first. 你最好先问一问你的父亲。You should make a full investigation of it first. 你应该先全面调查一番。(4) 提出问题。如：Do you think he could get here on time? 你认为他能按时来吗？Do you expect he would tell us the truth? 你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？(5) 表示对过去情况的责备时，
8、常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：“情态动词 + have + 过去分词”。如：You should have got here earlier. 你应该早就到这里了。You should have returned it to him. 你应该把他还给他了。3、虚拟语气在条件句中的用法1、基本构成时间 条件从句谓语形式 结果主句谓语形式与现在事实相反 If +主语+过去式（系动词 be 多用 were） 主语+would / should / might / could + 动词原形与将来事实相反 If+主语+过去式Should+动词原形Were to+动词原形主语+would / shou
9、ld / might / could + 动词原形与过去事实相反 If+主语+had+过去分词 主语+would / should / might / could have + 动词过去分词条件句中的虚拟语气的举例(1) 将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气 。如：If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time. 如果他要上清华大学的话，他就会充分利用他的时间了。If he were to come here, he would tell us about it. 如果他要来的话，他会通知我们一声。(2
10、) 现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如： If he were free, he would help us. 要是他有空的话，它会帮助我们的。If he studied at this school, he would know you well. 如果他在这所学校学习的话，它会对你很熟悉。(3) 过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气 。如：If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. 我如果看过这场电影，我会把电影内容告诉你了。If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li. 如果我
11、早点到那儿，我就会会到了李先生。2. 运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题(1) 错综条件句。 有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如：3If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了
12、。从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如：If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄家
13、会长得更好。If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他工作一直努力的话，他现在已进了办公室了。(2) 省略 if 后的倒装。当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有 were, should, had 时，if 可以省略，这是条件从句要用倒装语序，即将 were, should, had 等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。如：Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。Were she here, she would
14、 agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了。(3)含蓄条件句。非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如: but for.(要不是，倘没有）/with/ without/except for（除非）/ or/ but /otherwise/ even/in case of(万一） /what if（如果将
15、怎么样）等。But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. 我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。1）But that（不过，而是）后接真实情况的条件从句，该从句不用虚拟式，可置于句首或
16、句中，而主句则用虚拟式2）在某些句中使用的虚拟语气1、由 that 引导的句子表示愿望或沮丧情绪（oh that the rain would stop!但愿雨能停下来）2、由 would that 引导的句子表示但愿（would that he were gone 但愿他已经走掉）3、由 to think 引导的句子表示没想到 （to think that I trusted him!没想到我竟然相信了他）3）某些短语中包含的虚拟语气1、as it were(were 就是虚拟语气）通常插在句子中间，表示“姑且，这么说 ”（he is ,as it were, a walking dicti
17、onary.他可说是一本活字典） 2、Would have thought 本身也是虚拟语气，表示会想到，会以为等（who would have thought to see you here 谁会想到在这里会见到你）3、If need be 表示“如果有必要”（I can earn my own living if need be 如果有必要，我可以自己赚钱维持生活）4、几个与 if 有关的词Only if,if only(可虚拟可不虚拟，根据句意）,as if，what if(如果我怎么了那）、if ever ,(如果有过的话）if any （如果有的话）。(4) 省略。有时，虚拟条件句中
18、，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。省略从句He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。You could have passed this exam. 你应该会通过这次考试了。省略主句If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了该多好啊。、(5)在虚拟条件句中，如果条件句作为宾语从句，它的动词形式不受主句谓语动词的影响。 四、其他状语从句的虚拟语气1. 目的状语从句中的虚拟语气4(1) 在 for fear that, in case, lest 引导的目的状
19、语从句中，若用 虚拟语气时，从句谓语为： should + 动词原形。并且 should 不能省略.谓语动词除了用 should+动词原形”外，还可以用“might ,could+动词原形”来构成虚拟语气。She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到。(2) 在 so that, in order that 所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为： can
20、/ may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。如：He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能挺得更清楚。He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。2. 让步状语从句中的虚拟语气(1) 在 even if, even though, though,so long as,although,所引导的让步状语
21、从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与 if 所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他。(2) 在 whatever， whichever， whenever，whoever, wherever，however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为： may +动词原形(
22、指现在或将来 )。如：We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。 may +完成式(指过去) ，主句结构不限。如：You mustnt be proud whatever / no matter what
23、great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲。We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他翻过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。(3) 在 though, although 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should +动词原形，主句结构不限。如：Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 尽管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。Althoug
24、h / Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 尽管他是书记，他也必须遵守规定。(4）would rather.than 和 would .rather than这个结构后的句子用虚拟语气，than 后的从句要用 should +动词原形，而且 than 后的从句不用或可不用 that 引导(5)much as (=however much，即使、虽然)引导的让步状语从句中，从句的时态可以是直陈语气也可以使虚拟语气。3. 方式状语从句中的虚拟语气as if, as though 引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。 虚拟语气的结
25、构为：例如：They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long. 他们开始热烈的谈论起来就好像他们已相互认识很久了。He coughed twice as if someone should come. 他咳嗽两声就好像有人要来了。4. 原因状语从句中的虚拟语气amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset 等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。（此类
26、句子也理解为从句是形容词宾语）其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 原形动词(指现在或将来)。如：He was angry that you should call him by name. 他很生气，你竟然对他直呼其名。表示所发生的时间 虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前 had + 过去分词与主句动作同时发生 过去时(be 用 were )发生在主句动作之后 would / could / might / should+原形动词5I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. 我很惊讶他竟答不出如此简单的问题
27、。 should + 完成式, 指过去。如：Im very sorry that you should have failed the exam. 我很遗憾，你这次考试竟然失败了。I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday. 我很吃惊，父亲竟知道我昨天所作的事情。五、宾语从句中的虚拟语气用虚拟语气的宾语从句有三种：1在英语表达中，一些动词如：advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(坚决要求) , order, propose, request, s
28、uggest(建议) 表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 原形动形。如：The teacher advised that we should make good use of every minute here. 老师劝我们要好好地利用在这儿的每一分钟。The Party asked that we should serve the people with our heart and soul. 党要求我们要全心全意地为人民服务。但是，当 insist 的意思为：坚决认为，坚持说； suggest 的意思为：表明，暗含，
29、暗示等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。如：Tom insisted that he hadnt stolen the watch. 汤姆坚持说他没有偷那块手表。His smile suggested that he had succeeded in this exam. 他的微笑表明他在考试中成功了。believe, expect, suspect, think, imagine 等动词的否定句或疑问句中的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 原形动词。如：Can you believe that he should kill a tiger? 你能相信他竟杀死了一只老虎
30、？Can you imagine that he should take the first place in the long jump contest? 你能想象得到他在跳远比赛中竟获得了第一名？2. 英语中，wish 之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为如：I wish I learnt English well. 我希望我已学好了英语。I wish I had been there with them last week. 我希望上周跟他们一起在那儿。He wishes we could go and play games with
31、him. 他希望我们能去跟他做游戏。1).I wish + 从句的结构还可以转换成 if only+ 从句结构。If only 后也要采用虚拟语气，其构成及意思与 I wish + 从句完全一样。2).从句的时态只与从句所指的时间有关，而与 wish 的时态无关，比较： I wish I were not so busy. 但愿我不那样忙碌。 （与现在相反）1 I wish I were was better looking. 要是我长得漂亮些就好了。 （与现在相反）1 I wished I were rich. 当时我后悔自己没有钱。 （与过去相反）2 I wished I had been
32、 rich. 当时我后悔自己曾经没有钱。 （与过去相反）3 She wished she had stayed at home. 她后悔的是她当时要是留在家里就好了。 （与过去相反）3 I wish you would go with us tomorrow. 要是你明天同我们一起去就好了。 （与将来相反）4 I wish you wouldnt look down on this kind of work. 我希望你不要看不起这种工作。 （与将来相反）4 I wish you wouldnt smoke any more. 我希望你不再抽烟了。 （与将来相反）4 I wish you wou
33、ld be more respectful to your father. 我希望你对你父亲更尊敬些。 （与将来相反）4 I wish I could be of some use. 我希望我能有什么用处。 （与将来相反）4 If only I were you.= I wish I were you. 我要是你就好了。 （与现在相反）5 3）比较 if only 与 only if only if 表示“只有“ ；if only 则表示“ 如果就好了“。If only 也可用于陈述语气。例如： I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我
34、才会醒。 表示所发生的时间 虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前 (1)had + 过去分词；(2)would / could / might / should + have + 过去分词与主句动作同时发生 过去时(be 用 were )发生在主句动作之后 would / could / might / should + 原形动词6If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响就好了。 If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。 3. 一般 would rather, had rather, would sooner 等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观
35、事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：如：Id rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。Id rather you were here now. 我倒想你现在在这儿。Wed rather you went here tomorrow. 我们倒想你明天去那儿。六、主语从句中的虚拟语气在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 动词原形（或 should+ have+ 过去分词），主句中的谓语动词形式不限。Should 在此时是时态助动词，本身无意义
36、。句型：(1) It is admirable / dreadful / extraordinary / odd / remarkable / sad / advisable / annoying / disappointing / surprising / upsetting / frightening / better / best / curious / desirable / important / strange / peculiar / proper / necessary / natural that(2) It is a pity / a shame / no wonder.
37、that(3) It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /. that (4) It worries me that如：It is important that we should do well in our lessons first. 我们先把功课学好很重要。It is strange that he should not come. 很奇怪，他竟没有来。It is a pity that we should not meet last night. 真遗憾我们昨天晚上没有见过面。It worries me that we sho
38、uld be blamed for that. 我们竟要受责备真让人烦恼。七、表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词 advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish 充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时，表语从句及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 动词原形。如：We followed his advice that we sho
39、uld ask our teacher for help. 我们接受了他的建议：我们应该请求老师的帮助。He told us his idea that he should go to university. 他告诉了我们他的想法：他想上大学。His suggestion is that we should do our work more carefully. 他的建议就是我们的工作要更细心些。Their plan is that they should build a new factory in their hometown. 他们的计划就是在家乡建一座新工厂。八、定语从句中的虚拟语气虚
40、拟语气还可用在定语从句中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + 动词原形，即从句用虚拟过去式。如：It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我该去学校接我的女儿了。It is high time you should go to work. 你早该上班了。1）在此句型中虚拟语气中的谓语动词通常用过去式，指现在或将来的情况，表示“早该做某事而已经有些晚了” 。 （be 用 we
41、re）2）后面的 that 从句中，动词要用一般过去式，表示“差不多，早该是的时候了。 ”其中 that 可以省略。 （be 用 were）3）its time +that+主语+动词的过去式与 its time（+for+宾语）+ 动词不定式的区别前者是虚拟语气，表主观设想；后者是陈述语气，表示一种事实，意思是“时间刚好该做“4）在 its the first（second ，third）time 后面所接的 that 从句中谓语动词应该用完成体来表示一种经历。表示所发生的时间 虚拟语气结构过去 had + 过去分词； 现在 过去时(be 用 were ) 将来 过去时(be 用 were
42、) 7九、情态动词与虚拟语气一、情态动词在虚拟语气中的用法1. should have done 表示“过去本应该做某事却未做。 ”其否定结构 shouldnt have done 表示 “过去本不该做某事却做了。 ”2. ought to have done 表示“过去本应该做某事却未做。 ”其否定结构 oughtnt to have done 表示 “过去本不该做某事却做了。”3. need have done 表示“过去本有必要做某事却未做。 ”其否定结构 neednt have done 表示 “过去本没必要做某事却做了。 ”4. could (不能用 can) have done 表
43、示“过去本能够做某事却未做。 ”注意：其否定形式 couldnt have done 没有虚拟语气的用法，couldnt have done 只能表推测，相当于 cant have done，意为：“过去不可能做了某事。 ”5. might (不能用 may) have done 表示“过去本可以做某事却未做。 ” 注意：其否定形式 might not have done 没有虚拟语气的用法，might not have done 只能表推测，相当于 may not have done，意为：“过去可能没有做某事。 ”二、表推测的用法1. must have done表示对过去某事的肯定猜测，
44、译为：过去肯定做了某事。不存在 mustnt have done 的形式。其否定或疑问形式须用 can(could) 来表示. 例如： Since the road is wet, it must have rained last night. 既然路是湿的，那昨天晚上肯定下雨了。2. may / might have done may / might have done 表示“过去可能做了某事” 。may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。may/might not have done 表示“过去可能没有做某事。 ”例如： I cant find my keys. I may
45、/ might have left them at the school yesterday. 我找不到我的钥匙了。我可能昨天把他们落在学校了。注意：may/might have done 表推测不能用于疑问句中。3. can/could have done 表推测一般用在否定句和疑问句中，表示不相信或怀疑的态度。I think that he couldnt/cant have gone abroad. I saw him just now.我认为他不可能出国了。我刚才还看见他了。典型考题：1. “I still havent thanked Aunt Lucy for her presen
46、t.” “Its time you _. ”A. Do B. did C. had D. would2. “Ive told everyone about it.” “Oh, Id rather you _. ”A. DontB. hadnt C. couldnt D. wouldnt3. It has been raining for a day, but even though it hadnt rained, we _ there by tomorrow. A. cant get B. wont get C. hadnt gotD. wouldnt get4. Yesterday, Ja
47、ne walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she _ something she would regret later. A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have said5. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he _ badly wounded and that he _ at once. A. should be; be operated onB. were; must be operated onC. was; should
48、be operated D. was; be operated on6. I forget where I read the article, or I _ it to you now. A. will show B. would showC. am going to show D. am showing 7. Why didnt you go to yesterdays meeting?I would have but I _ too busy working on the important experiment.A. had been B. was C. were D. am8.Dont you think it necessary that he _ to Miami but to New York? I agree, but the problem is _ he has refused to.A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; thatC. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what9. The workers will go on strike if the demands they _ put forward are turned down. A. co
