1、虚拟语气第一部分：语气的定义和种类1 语气(mood)语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2 语气的种类 陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：There are two sides to every question. 每个问题都有两个方面。Were you busy all day yesterday? 昨天一整天你都很忙吗？How good a teacher she is! 她是多好的一位老师啊！ 祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如：Never be late again! 再也不要迟到了。Dont
2、forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。 虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如：If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。May you succeed! 祝您成功！虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。让我们就从最简单的开始吧。第二部分：简单句中的虚拟语气一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。如：
3、.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office? 请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。二、表祝愿。1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时 may 须置于句首（多用于正式文体中） 。、May good luck be yours!祝你好运！、May you be happy! (注意那个 be ) 祝你幸福。、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！、May you ha
4、ve a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。、May the friendship between us last long.祝愿我们的友情天长地久。2、用动词原形。(1).Long live the people! 人民万岁！(2). “God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！”(3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！三、表示强烈愿望。 （该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人称单数也不加“s”）(1).God save me(2).Heaven help us四、表命令1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而
5、且通常省略主语( 也就是you)。2.句子尾通常加上感叹号：！3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态，如：work, be , go4.否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词 do，加上 not。(1). Work!(2). Work harder!(3). Be more alert! (虚拟语气动词 Be)(4). You go out!(5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气)(6). Dont be afraid. (口语中常用 dont 代替 do not)五、在一些习惯表达中。(1).Youd better set off now.你最好现在就出发。(
6、2).Id rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。第三部分：名词性从句中的虚拟语气第一节：宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气一、在动词 wish 后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气在动词 wish 后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词that。一） 、对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）：从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的) 。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语 be 和 were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例：3. I wish I were a bird. (wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。 (事实上不可能
7、)二） 、对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：用 wish 表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或 would, could, might+现在完成时。例：1. I wish (that 可省略，下同)I hadnt wasted so much time.我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)2. I wish I _ could have slept _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.三） 、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望) ：从句动词“would/should
8、/could/might + 动词原形“( 时间上较后)( 请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)。用 wish 表示对将来事情的愿望。例：1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词 would+动词原形 stop)我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)四） 、注意：1.如果将 wish 改为过去式 wished, 其后 that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如：I wished I hadnt spent so much money.我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。2. 如果 that 从句中用 would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求I wish
9、he would answer my letter.I wish prices would come down.I wish you would help me.I wish you would stop asking silly questions.二、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且 均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气，但事实上“should” 常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形，常用的此类动词有：表示“要求”的：ask, desire, re
10、quest, demand, require, beg表示“提议、劝告、建议”的：move, propose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote表示“决定、命令”的：decide, order ，, command表示“主张”的：maintain, urge表示“同意、坚持”的：consent, insist例如：1. The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.2. Your pale face suggests that you are ill.2. He insisted tha
11、t we (should) tell him the news.3. She insists that she is right.或者说，suggest, insist 不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。三、在 expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气在 expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。I never thought that
12、 he should be such a brave young soldier. 我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。四、would rather ， would sooner，had rather， would (just) as soon ，would prefer 之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示”宁愿做什么”或“对
13、过去做的事的懊悔“。(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.(3).Dont live in the world, I would just as soon you die.(12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。注： 若某人愿自己做某事，would rather 后用动词原形I wo
14、uld rather stay at home todaywould rather than 中用动词原形I would rather stay at home than go out today五、 “had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美国去念书，但她说她喜欢留在中国
15、。第二节：主语从句中的虚拟语气一、 “It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that”结构中的虚拟语气在形如“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that”结构中，使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为 should 动词原形或省略 should 直接用动词原形（美国英语中省去 should）常用的形容词：* natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)* necessary
16、(必须的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)* desirable (极好的 )advisable（合理的） ，compulsory （必须的） ，crucial（紧急的） ，desirable（理想的） ，essential （必要的） ，imperative（迫切的） ，incredible （惊人的） ， necessary（必要的） ，possible（可能的） ，strange（奇怪的） ，u
17、rgent （紧迫的） 。常用的过去分词:* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的), desired (要求)* suggested (建议), recommended (推荐)* orderd (命令)1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同）have a walk now.(necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步)2. It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.
18、(necessary, should + make) (表示有必要事先做好准备)3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.(required, should + smoke) (表示要求不要在此抽烟)4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule of school. (important, should + be) (表示重要的是学生都能了解校规)5. Its important that we (should) take good
19、 care of the patient.(important, should + take) (表示重要的是照顾好病人)6. It is natural that she should do so. (形容词 natural, should+动词原形do)7.It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible这些申请表应尽早地寄回，这是很重要的。8.It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project重要的是募集足够
20、的钱，为这个项目提供资金。9.It is desired that we（should ）get everything ready this evening希望我们今晚一切都准备就绪。10.I dont think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。二、在 It is 名词that的主语从句中的虚拟语气在 It is 名词that 的主语从句中，常用虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。这类名词有：advice ，decisi
21、on ，desire ，demand ，idea，motion ，order ，pity ，preference ，proposal， recommendation，requirement ，resolution，shame，suggestion，surprise，wish，wonder 等。It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad我建议派他去国外进一步学习。第三节：虚拟语气用在表语从句或同位语从句中当某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为 should 动
22、词原形或直接用动词原形。这类名词常见的有：demand (要求 ), desire (请求),requirment (要求) advice (劝告), recommendation (建议),suggestion (建议) order (命令)necessity (必要地 ), preference (优先) proposal (计划), plan (计划), idea (办法) ，resolution 等。、The advice is that we (should 可省略，下同) leave at once.(名词 advice，should + leave) (表示加以劝告 )、My i
23、dea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.(idea, should + get) (表示做出主意 )、I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.(proposal, should + hold) (表示做出计划)第四部分：条件句中的虚拟语气第一节：if 引导的条件句中的虚拟语气虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设。该语法主要用于 if 条件状语从句。一、if 引导的条件状语从句的分类及虚拟条件句的判断1、可以把条件句分为两类：1).真
24、实条件句（Sentences of Real Condition）：凡是假设的情况发生性可能很大，就是真实条件句。例如：、If I have time , I will help you with this work.如果我有时间会帮助你做此工作的。、As long as I say anything wrong, you must point it out.只要我说了什么错话，你一定要指出来。、If time permits, well go fishing together.(如果有时间的话，我们就一起去钓鱼。）2).虚拟条件句（Sentences of Unreal Condition）
25、：当假设是不大可能实现时，就是虚拟条件句。例如：、If I were you , I would have attended the meeting. 如果我是你的话，就去参加会议了。、If he had come here yesterday, he would have seen his old friend.假如他昨天来这儿的话，就会看见他的老朋友。、If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.（如果昨天下雨的话，我们就会留在家里。）2、.if 条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实
26、条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：与过去事实相反。 与现在事实相反。与将来事实可能相反。3、“后退一步法”后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后，按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即：在非真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是：与过去 事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。与现在 事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。与将来 事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。 主句中则用情态
27、动词 would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。例：、If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.、If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.、If it should snow tomorrow, they couldnt go out.4、注意事项if 条件句中如有 were, should, had，可以省去 if，并使用倒装语序。在现代英语中 if 条件状与从句中的谓语动词，如果是 be 其过去形式一般用 were。二、虚拟语气在
28、 if 引导的条件句中的用法：（一）、表示与现在事实相反的情况。其句子结构为：从句：if + 主语+ 动词的过去式(be 用 were) + 主句：主语+ would (should, could , might) + 动词原形+ 例：1. If I were you, I would go with him.2. If the weather were fine, I would go there.如果天气好，我去那儿。（事实天气不好）3.If I were you, I would read it again.如果我是你的话，我再读一遍。（事实上我不是你）4.If time permitt
29、ed, I would write it again.如果时间允许的话，我再写一遍。（事实上时间不允许）5.If it werent snowing, we wouldnt stay in the house.要是现在不下雪的话，我们就不会待在屋里。（事实上现在下雪）6.What would I do if I were in your place? 要是我处于你地位我会怎么办？（事实上我不在你的位置上）7.If he hurried, he could catch the first bus. 他要是快点能够赶上头班公共汽车。（可是他不着急）8.If it werent for your h
30、elp, we would get into trouble.如果没有你们的帮助，我们就会陷入困境。（而事实上得到了你们的帮助）9.If we had the manpower, we could open up even more land.如果有人力,我们还能开更多的荒地. 10. If I were you, I would go with him.(从句 If I were you, 主句 I would go with him.)11. If I were you, I should buy it.(从句用过去式动词 were，主句用动词原形 buy)12. If I had tim
31、e, I would study French. (如果有时间，我会学习法文。）（从句用过去式动词 had，主句用动词原形 study）13. If she knew English, she would not ask me for help. (如果她懂英文，她就不必要我帮了。)( 从句用过去式动词 knew, 主句用动词原形 ask)注意：如果动作在进行中，主句要用：“主语+ would be + 进行式动词+ “14. If they were here, he would be speaking to them now.(从句用过去式动词 were, 主句用 would be spe
32、aking)（二）、表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。其句子结构为：从句：If + 主语+ had +过去完成式动词+ 主句：主语+ would (should, could, might) + have +过去完成式动词+例如: 、If you had taken my advice, you would not have made such a mistake.如果你听了我的劝告,就不会犯这样的错误。（事实上你没有听我的劝告）、I shouldnt have been able to write such good novels if I hadnt lived among the peas
33、ants for five years.如果我不是和农民生活了五年，就不可能写出这样好的小说。（事实上我和农民生活了五年）、If you hadnt invited me, I shouldnt have come to the party.如果你不邀请我，我就不会来参加你的舞会。(事实上你邀请了我) 、If it hadnt been for your help, I shouldnt have finished this work on time. 要是没有你们的帮忙，我就不会按时完成了这项工作。（事实上你们帮助了我）、If he hadnt broken the law, he woul
34、dnt have been put in prison.如果他不违法的话，就不会被打入监狱。（事实上他违法了）、If I hadnt been ill yesterday, I might have come to school.昨天要是不生病，我是可能来上学的。（事实上我生病了）、If I had been your headmaster, I should have dismissed you from school. 我要是你们校长的话，就把你开除学籍了。（事实上我不是）、 If you had studied harder last term, you could have passe
35、d exam.(从句动词用 had studied, 主句动词用 have passed)如果你在上个学期用功一些，你就会在考试中过关了。、 If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the exam.(从句动词用 had taken, 主句动词用 have failed)如果你当时听从我的劝告的话，你就不会在考试中失败了。、 If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.(从句动词用 had got up, 主句动词用 have caught)如果你起身
36、得早一点，你就会赶得上火车了。、 If it had snowed, I would have skied in the park.(从句动词用had snowed, 主句动词用 have skied)如果下雪的话，我就可在公园里滑雪了。注意：如果动作在进行中，主句要用：“主语+ would + have + 完成进行式动词 +、 If they had been here, he would have been speaking to them.(从句动词用 had been, 主句动词用 have been speaking)（三）、表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句(对将来的事实实现的可能性
37、不大)。其句子结构为：从句：If + 主语+ should (或 were) + 动词原形 +主句：主语+ would (could, should, might) + 动词原形+例如：、If I were to work at this problem, I would do it in another way.要是我来解这道难题，我会用另外一种方法的。、If you were to do such a thing again, you would be punished. 如果你再做这样的事情，就会受到惩罚。、If I should work harder, I could make mu
38、ch more progress.假如我更努力学习的话，我会取得更大的进步。(事实上我不可能努力学习) 、If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天下雨的话，我将待在家里。（根据天气情况，明天不可能下雨）、If he should come, I could ask him for some advice.万一他来了，我就能够向他请教。（事实上他来的可能性很小）、If he came tomorrow, I would do it with him.如果明天他来的话，我将和他一起做此事。（事实上他来的可能性很小）、 If it s
39、hould rain, the crops would be saved.(从句动词用 should rain，主句动词用 be)如果天下雨，庄稼可能就收获了。、 If he were to go fomorrow, he might tell you.(从句动词用 were to, 主句动词用 tell)如果明天他走的话，他可能会告诉你。、 If he were here, I would give him the books.(从句动词用 were, 主句动词用 give)如果他在这儿，我可能会把书给他。注意：如果动作在进行中，从句(不是主句喔) 要用：“If + 主语+ 过去进行式动词
40、+“、 If she were staying here now, I would let her ride my horse.(从句动词用 were staying, 主句动词用 let)如果她现在留在这儿，我可能会让她骑我的马。三、混合条件句-主从句 时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如：1. 从句表示过去，主句表示将来：、If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.、If we hadnt ma
41、de adequate preparations, we shouldnt dare to do the experiment next week。2. 从句表示将来，主句表示过去：、If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.3.从句表示将来，主句表示现在：、If we shouldnt have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now
42、.4.从句表示过去，主句表示现在。、If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.、If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.如果你当时听了我的话，现在就能完成这份工作了。（从句说明过去，主句说明现在。）5.从句表示现在，主句表示过去、If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了。（从句说明现在，主
43、句说明过去。）7.从句表示过去，主句表示过去和现在、If you hadnt lent me some money, I couldnt have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.假若你不借钱给我，我不可能买下这幢新房，很可能现在还住在危房里。（从句说明过去，主句说明过去和现在。） 四、含蓄条件句非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况；1. 条件暗含在短语中。如：(1)、What wou
44、ld I have done without you? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在分词短语 without you 中)(2) 、 It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语 to do it this way 中)(3) 、 This same thing, happening in wartime, would lead to a disaster. 同样的事，如发生在战时，就会酿成大祸。( 条件暗含在分词短语 happening in wartime 中)(4)、 But for your help we
45、 couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功。(暗含条件是 but for your help)(5)、 He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词 or)(6)、 Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是单独一人，他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是 alone)2
46、. 条件暗含在上下文中。如：(7)、 You might stay her forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含if you wanted to)(8) 、 We would have succeeded. 我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含 if we had kept trying)(9) 、 Your reputation would be ruined. 你的名誉会败坏的。 (可能暗含 if you should accept it)(10) 、 I would appreciate a little of your time. 谢谢你给我一点时间吧。(可能暗含 if you
47、were so kind as to give me a little of your time)3. 在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。如：(11) 、 You wouldnt know. 你不会知道。(12) 、 I would like to come. 我愿意来。(13) 、 I wouldnt have dreamed of it. 这是我做梦也不会想到的。(14) 、 He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness. 他将那事讲的非常
48、仔细，简直就象他亲眼看见一样。五、条件从句中省略 if 采用倒装语序的情况1、在 if 引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be 或 have 的虚拟条件句中的连词 if 省去，而将 had, should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。例如：1). 原句：If she were younger, she would do it.去 If： Were she younger, she would do it. (把动词 were 移到主语 she 的前面)2). 原句：If he had tried it, he could have done it.
49、去 If： Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把 had 移到主语 he的前面)3).Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.4).Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.5).Were I in your place, I wouldnt do that.6).Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night. 假如我看了那部电影，昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。7).Were I a bird, I could fly freely. 假如我是一只小鸟，我就能自由翱翔。8).Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest.
