1、Module 5 The First Americans,Language in Use 1,And,1.连接两个数词,相当于plus,意为“加“。如：Whats three and six? 2. and常用来连接两个并列的词。,A.连接名词。如：There are two pencils and an eraser in the pencil-box. 注意：and连接两个词做主语时,谓语要用复数形式。 如：Two apples and a pear are on the table. 当and连接两个相同的名词时表示反复、强调。 如：We have books and books. 我们
2、有各种各样的书。,B.连接动词。 如：Come and meet my family. 注意:当and连接两个相同的动词时,表示动作的反复或强调。 如：He looks and looks. 他看了又看。,C.连接代词。and在连接代词时通常把第一人称放在最后,这与汉语语序不同。 如：you and I我和你,he and I我和他。,3.当and连接几个并列的词时,只在最后的词前加and,其他词用“,“隔开。 如：Where are Hangzhou, Changsha and Siping?,一、作为副词,它有以下的用法：1. 作为疑问副词,引导特殊疑问句,意为“什么时候；何时”。 （ 1
3、 ） When will they come back？ （ 2 ） What time will they come back？,when,回答 when 引导的从句,不一定指出具体的时间点。如回答句（ 1 ）可用 tomorrow, next month 等。而回答 what time 引导的问句,则必须说出具全的时间点, 如 at two oclock, at five past ten 等,2. 作连接副词,引导名词性从句或不定式,意为“什么时候”。从句使用陈述句语序,时态根据实际情况而定。（ 1 ） Id like to know when they will come. 我想知道他
4、们什么时候来。（ when 引导宾语从句）（ 2 ） Can you tell me when the bank opens？ 你能告诉我银行什么时候开门吗？（ when 引导宾语从句）,（ 3 ） When shell be back depends much on the weather. 她何时回来在很大程度上取决于天气。（ when 引导主语从句） （ 4 ） Have you decided when to go sightseeing？ 你们已经决定什么时候去郊游了吗？（ when 引导不定式结构）,3. 作疑问代词,常和介词 since, till, up to 等连用,意为“什
5、么时候”。 （ 1 ） Since when have they had the house？ 他们从什么时候起有这幢房子的？ （ 2 ） Till when is the library open？ 图书馆开放到几点呢？,4. 作关系副词,引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。如： （ 1 ） The days are gone forever when the Chinese people were looked down upon. 中国人民被人轻视的日子一去不复返了。,（ 2 ） The main school holidays are from mid-December till e
6、arly February, when the days are long and warm. 学校的主要假期是从 12 月中旬到 2 月初,这段时间里白天长而且很温暖。,（ 3 ） Considering （the time） when these paintings were done, they are in excellent condition. （ 4 ） Do you remember （the time） when the three of us went on a picnic？ 你还记得我们三个人去野餐的那段时光吗？,在定语从句中, that 在某些条件下可用来代替 whe
7、n ,这时其先行词通常是 time, day, moment, year 等。 （ 1 ） His mother died on the evening that he was born. 他母亲死于他出生的那晚。 （ 2 ） I stay at home on the days that I am not busy. 在我不忙的时候,我就呆在家里。,在某些含有“时间”的名词词组后面,由于该名词不表示时间,或整个名词词组已用作连词,所以不用 when 引导。如： the moment, the instant, the minute, the second 等等,意为“一就”,引导时间状语从句
8、。,（ 1 ） The first time I went to China, I visited Beijing. 我第一次来中国就游览了北京。 （ 2 ） I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her. 我第一次见到她时就认为她很诚实。 （ 3 ） The instant I saw him I knew he was my brother. 我一看到他就知道他是我兄弟。,二、作为从属连词,引导状语从句,表示多种语法意义： 1. 表示时间,意为“当时；在的时候”。 A. 在时间、条件等状语从句里,用一般现在时表示将来时；当需要
9、表达将来完成的意义时,必须使用现在完成时来代替。,（ 1 ） When you see him, please say hello to him. 见到他时,代我问他好。 （ 2 ） When you have finished your experiment, please tidy the lab and put everything back in the cupboards. 当你们做完实验后,请把实验室整理好并把物品放回柜子中。,B. 表示过去发生的事情,在 when 引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中,动作发生在先的用过去完成时,在后的用过去时。 （ 1 ） When I was i
10、n Japan, I bought some beautiful pearls. 我在日本时,买了一些漂亮的珍珠。 （ 2 ） When I reached the station, the train had left. 当我到达火车站时,火车已经开走了。,2. 表示前面的叙述所没有提到过的信息。它总是对所描述的事件予以引人注目的强调,意为“这时；突然”；当位于句末的分句具有引种用法时,大致有以下三种情况：,A. when 分句前面的分句使用过去进行时。 （ 1 ） He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in.
11、 他正笑着的时候,门突然开, 他妻子走了进来。 （ 2 ） I was thinking of this when I heard my name called. 我正想着这件事时,突然听到有人叫我的名字。,B. when 分句前面的分句使用 was （were） about to, was （were） on the point 等。（ 1 ） We were about to start when it began to rain. 我们刚要出发就开始下雨了。（ 2 ） He was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the d
12、oor. 他刚要走就有人敲门。,C. when 分句之前的分句用过去完成时,其中 sb. had hardly / scarcely / barely when 已成为固定词组。 （ 1 ） We had hardly fallen asleep when the bell rang. 我们刚刚入睡,铃声就响了起来。 （ 2 ） He had scarcely arrived when he had to leave again. 他刚刚到达就又要离开了。,3. 表示条件,相当于 if ,引导条件状语从句。 如： How can I get a job when I cant even rea
13、d or write？ 如果我连读和写都不会,我怎么能找到工作呢？,4. 表示对比,主要有以下两种情况： A. 相当于 whereas, while, since, 意为“既然；然而”。 （ 1 ） How can I help them to understand when they wont listen to me？ 既然他们不愿听我的,我又怎么能帮助他们弄明白呢？ （ 2 ） They have only three copies when we need five. 他们只有三本,而我们却需要五本。,B. when 从句中使用虚拟语气,意为“本来却”。 （ 1 ） She paid
14、when she could have entered free. 本来可以免费入场,而她却付了款。 （ 2 ） She stopped trying when she might have succeeded next time. 她本来下次有可能获得成功,但她却不再尝试了。 （ 3 ） They were gossiping, when they should have been working. 他们本该工作,却在那里说别人的闲话。,5. 由 when 等引导的状语从句,如果主语与主句的主语一致或是 it ,谓语动词又含 be 动词时,主语和 be 动词常常被省略,就变成“ when +
15、 V-ing / V-ed / adj/ 介词词组”的结构。,（ 1 ） When in Rome, do as Romans do. 入乡随俗。 （ 2 ） When （we are ） young, we are full of hope. 年轻时, 我们大家总是充满希望。 （ 3 ） Dont reach sideways when standing on a ladder. 站在梯子上时,不要侧着身子去够东西。,一. 作介词： 1. 表示位置：在上 Lucys coat is on the desk . Were going to work on a farm .,on,There a
16、re many apples on the trees. I have them on this piece of paper. There was a big smile on her face. Jim and Li Lei meet on the road outside Li Leis house. Which channel is it on?,2. 表示时间：在（天） Everyone eats moon cakes on Mid-Autumn Day. They arrived early on a Tuesday morning. I eat moon cakes on tha
17、t day. I was born on February 18, 1981. Either Tuesday or Wednesday is OK. Ill be free on these days.,二. 作副词,与动词连用,构成短语： 1. come on 跟我来,加油 “Come on !”they shouted. 2. get on上（车） Lets get on the bus.,3. get on with（sb. ）与（某人相处) Usually we get on very well with each other. 4. go on继续 Autumn starts in
18、August , and goes on to October. Go on until you reach the end. 5. hold on（for a moment） 别挂断电话,等一等,1 Today there are about two million Native Americans, and only about onethird of them still live on reservations.2 The early inhabitants formed tribes and prospered in North America.,(c) Phrase + and +
19、 phrase,(b) Sentence + and + sentence,and,3 Try and find out more about the first Americans.4 Lots and lots of Cherokees were held in prison camps.5 Both Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse were from the Sioux tribe.,(a) Both + phrase + and + phrase,(d) try/come/go + and + verb,(e) Word + and + same word,1
20、 I dont know exactly when he was born. 2 When the settlers arrived, they wanted the land belonging to the Native Americans. 3 We bought a map when we stopped for petrol. 4 When you heat water, it boils. 5 Ill see you when I get there.,when,Now decide which sentence tells you： (a) that something alwa
21、ys happen? (b) that something is likely to happen? (c) that something happened at the same time as something else? (d) that something happened after something else? (e) the time something happens?,4,5,3,2,1,1 They couldnt agree on the issue of land rights. 2 Sorry, I cant help you this week. Ive got
22、 such a lot on. 3 The settlers didnt like what was going on.,(b) happening,(d) have a lot of activities,(e) settle the argument,on,4 The Apaches didnt get on with the other native tribes. 5 Many people dont earn enough to live on. 6 I dont think you should take on any more workyoure too busy already
23、.,(a) accept,(c) have a good relationship with,(f) survive,Roots is a novel written by the Afro American writer Alex Haley, who was born in 1921 (1) _ died in 1992.,and,Complete the passage with when, and, of or on.,The inspiration for Roots came from a series of stories the author heard from his gr
24、andmother (2) _ he was a child in Tennessee. The stories were about an African youth Kunta Kinte,who was born in the Gambia River region of West Africa.,when,The stories tell that Kunta Kinte, (3) _ he was just a boy, was caught by a slave - trader. He was shipped to Annapolis, Maryland in the US. A
25、ccording to the stories, the author, Haley, was a direct descendant of Kunta Kinte.,when,Knowing this, Alex Haley decided to search for the roots (4) _ his family. He went to West Africa (5) _ talked to many people who lived in villages (6) _ the Gambia River and might know of Kunta Kinte.,of,and,on
26、,At length he discovered an elder, a bearer of oral history, who could tell the story (7) _ Kunta Kinte, almost exactly as Haleys grandmother had told him (8) _ she was an old lady in the 1930s. Overwhelmed by this discovery, Haley rushed home to write the 726-page book Roots.,of,when,(9) _ the book
27、 was published, it became an immediate hit. (10) _ was translated into different languages, including Chinese. It was (11) _ the National Bestseller List for years (12) _ eventually won the Pulitzer Prize.,When,and,on,and,Language in Use 2,一、来到；来临。如： Come to me, my boy. 孩子,到我这儿来。 The old man came fo
28、r a meeting. 那老人来开会了。 二、开始。 He comes to know he is wrong. 他开始认识到他错了。,come,三、进入。 如：John came into the classroom. 约翰进了教室。 四、用于一些固定搭配、成语、名言中。 如：Easy come easy go. 来得容易去得快。 Winter comes, is spring far away？ 冬天来了,春天还会远吗？,Come on, or youll fall behind. 加油,不然你就落后了。 The girl came up with a question. 那女孩提出了一
29、个问题。 That story has come down from a long time ago. 那个故事从很久以前就传下来了。,1. (表示能力、功能)能,会 The classroom can seat thirty students. 这教室能坐三十位学生。 June can drive now. 琼现在会开车了。,can,2. (表示可能性)可能,可能会 I think the work can be completed ahead of time. 我认为这项工作能提前完成。,3. (表示允许、请求)可以 You cant take the book out of the ro
30、om. 你不可以将这本书拿出室外。 Can I use your pen? 我可以用一下你的笔吗?,4. (表示命令)必须 If you wont keep quiet you can get out. 你如不保持安静,就请你走。,5. (表示偶然发生的可能性)有时会 It can be quite windy there, especially in spring. 那里有时容易刮风,特别在春季。 6. (表示惊讶)究竟;竟至于 What can it possibly be? 到底那是怎么一回事?,（1）两者修饰可数单数名词时,表“某一个；任何一个”； 修饰可数复数名词和不可数名词时,表“
31、一些；有些”。,Some和any,（2）一般的用法：some用于肯定句；any用于疑问句,否定句或条件句。 I am looking for some matches. Do you have any matches? I do not have any matches.,3）特殊的用法： (A) 在期望对方肯定的回答时,问句也用some。 Will you lend me some money? (=Please lend me some money.) (B) any表任何或任何一个时,也可用于肯定句。 Come any day you like.,4）some和any后没有名词时,当做代
32、名词, 此外两者也可做副词。 Some of them are my students.代名词） Is your mother any better?（副词）,1 I can speak Russian. 2 Can I wait here, please? 3 Can you see that building over there?,(a) to show ability,(d) to ask for permission,(c) to show that something is theoretically possible,can,4 Were early. We can wait h
33、ere, or we can go home and come back later.5 Where can they have gone? 6 Anyone can become good at spelling. It just takes practice.,(b) to show that something is possible,(f) to make suggestions or talk about possible solutions to a problem,(e) in questions,1 Are there any/some Native Americans liv
34、ing in South Dakota today? 2 I dont think I want some/any more, thanks. 3 Take any/this book of your choice.,any,4 Is she getting any/not any better? 5 I cant walk any/more further. 6 Ill have some/any information for you later.,During the California gold rush, many mines, especially in the south, w
35、ere worked in by foreigners who (1) _ only for the gold.,Complete the passage with any and the correct form of come and can.,came,Chinese, Chileans, Mexicans, Irish, Germans, French, and Turks all (2) _ to the USA with the hope of finding their for tune - at least, (3) _ gold that might change their
36、 luck even a little.,came,any,Like their American - born counterparts, foreign minersdidnt have (4) _ intentions of staying in California. Their goal was to get the gold and go home, but taking gold out of the country was a difficult operation.,any,To make matters worse, as gold became less plentifu
37、l, foreigners (5) _ up against more and more resentment towards them. In 1850 the Californian authorities made (6) _ foreign miner pay tax of $20 per month. Many of them refused to pay the tax and left the country.,came,any,Others, like the Chinese, stayed in California, in mining or more traditiona
38、l jobs. This is not to say that there werent (7) _ problems - but on the whole, the attitude was “If you (8) _ contribute to Californian (9) _ way, you (10) _ stay“.,any,any,can,can,In addition, one ethnic group did not (11) _ out of the situation well-the original residents of Californias gold coun
39、try: Native Armenians. Uninterested in gold or in mining, they were almost immediately annihilated.,come,1 努力工作，你就会成功。 Work hard and you will be successful. 2 他还是个孩子时就喜欢画画。 He was fond of drawing when he was a child.,翻译句子,3 你的家庭应该比你的工作重要。 Your family should always come before your job. 4 你可以指望我。 You can count on me.,BYE-BYE!,
