1、153(MA) So, you see, physical illness can have psychological causes. Now, we just have time to introduce another interesting example of the interaction between the mind and the body - placebos. Placebos - maybe youve heard them called sugar pills - are harmless substances - not always sugar - that a
2、re used routinely on groups of sick people in experiments. These experiments test the effectiveness of new drugs. One group is given the new drug, the other group is given a placebo, and the results are measured.As you might guess, some of the people who receive the new drug get better. Surprisingly
3、, however, some of the placebo group also get better. Why? Well, its an interesting question, one which doctors cant quite answer. Some of the group may have gotten better on their own, without any treatment at all, but research has shown that the very act of taking a medication that you think will
4、make you better, often does make you feel better. Have you even taken an aspirin and felt better in five minutes? Aspirin doesnt work that fast, does it? falling intonation Basically, if you believe you will get better - sometimes you do.The history of how doctors and healers have used the mind-body
5、 connection to cure people is long and interesting - but I see that its time to chose, so Ill have to cover this in the next class. Youll have to hold your questions on this topic till then Before you go, I have some handouts for you concerning the midterm exams next week.From: http:/ Well, in answe
6、r to your question, several women actively participated in the Civil War. The one that comes immediately to mind is Mary Walker. Shes important because shes the only woman ever to be awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. As you know, this medal is given to people whove served the United States w
7、ith exceptional bravery.In addition, she was the only female physician in either of the two armies that fought in that war. Even though she had two medical degrees, many officers made her life difficult because they didnt believe that a woman should be a doctor. However, she refused to back down and
8、 leave the army. In fact, she risked her life several times during the war and was even captured at one point, but she was soon released.Umm, after the war, she was arrested several times for wearing pants. And although Congress eventually tried to take her medal away, she refused to give it back an
9、d continued to wear it wherever she went. She died in 1919, a year before women received the right to vote, which brings me to my next point.151(WB) Everyone is interested in improving their diet. Adding grains is one of the easiest ways. Many people in the United States have a growing concern about
10、 nutrition, so grains are often served in restaurants. And many grains are now available in grocery stores, too - though for some you still have to go to health food stores. You can stock up when you go, though, because uncooked grains keep a long time.Youll find that grains are easy to prepare. Man
11、y grains are as simple to cook as spaghetti. Barley, for instance, is just cooked in salted water. Remember, though, whole-grain barley - the most nutritious - kind never will get as tender as spaghetti no matter how long its cooked.Grain-based salads are easy, too. Just use grains left over from a
12、hot meal. You call even put together a grain salad hours before you need it, since grains dont wilt like lettuce does.But to get back to health factors, all grains are nutritious and many have special benefits. Barley has very little fat. Some experts believe that it may even reduce cholesterol leve
13、ls. Jasmine rice is also low in fat. And it has a bonus in its wonderful aroma, a very special fragrance.141WB) Im going to talk about a train that exemplifies the rise and fall of passenger trains in the United States: the Twentieth Century Limited. Let me go back just a bit. In 1893, a special tra
14、in was established to take people from New York to an exposition in Chicago. It was so successful that regular service was then set up between these cities.The inaugural trip of the Twentieth Century Limited was made in 1902. The train was different from what anyone had ever seen before. It was pull
15、ed by a steam engine and had five cars: two sleepers, a dining car, an observation car, and a baggage car, which - believe it or not - contained a library. The 42 passengers the train could carry were waited on by a large staff. There were even secretaries and a barber on board.It wasnt long before
16、people had to wait two years to get a reservation. As time passed, technical improvements shortened the trip by a few hours. Perhaps the biggest technological change occurred in 1945 - the switch from steam to diesel engines.By the 1960s, people were traveling by car and airplane. Unfortunately, the
17、 great old train didnt survive until the end of the century it was named for.142(MA) I understand your professor has been discussing several Eastern Woodland Indian tribes in your study of Native American cultures. As you have probably learned, the Eastern Woodland Indians get their name from the fo
18、rest-covered areas of the Eastern United States where they lived. The earliest Woodland cultures date back 9,000 years, but the group well focus on dates back only to about 700 A.D. We now call these Native Americans the Mississippian culture, because they settled in the Mississippi River valley. Th
19、is civilization is known for its flat-topped monuments called temple mounds. They were made of earth and used as temples and official residences. The temple mounds were located in the central square of the city, with the huts of the townspeople built in rows around the plaza.The Mississippian people
20、 were city dwellers. But some city residents earned their living as farmers, tending the fields of corn, beans, and squash that surrounded the city. The citys artisans made arrowheads, leather goods, pottery, and jewelry. Traders came from far away to exchange raw materials for these items.In the sl
21、ides Im about to show, you will see models of a Mississippian city143. (WB) As Dr. Miller mentioned, were trying to recruit volunteers for the Hawk Mountain Sanctuary. But before I get into the details of the volunteer program, Id just like to tell you a little about what we do there.One of our main
22、 jobs is to keep detailed records of the migration patterns of raptors. For those of you who dont know, raptors are birds of prey, like hawks and eagles. Between August and December, we see around twenty different species migrating from Canada and New England - about 20,000 birds.Part of what attrac
23、ts them to Hawk Mountain is the location on the east ridge of the Appalachian Mountains. What happens is that the sun warms the ridge in such a way that air currents are formed. The birds just sort of glide along on the air - so they use up very little energy. As volunteers youll be helping us keep
24、accurate counts of the raptors. Any drop in number could mean somethings gone wrong in the environment - because of pesticides or disease - even hunting.We just had a scare with the broad-winged hawks. Their numbers have dropped drastically over the last ten years. It was suggested that the birds ma
25、y have changed their migratory route. So for 11days we had several hundred volunteers - stationed every five miles - to observe and count. And sure enough, they discovered that instead of hugging the Appalachians as theyd always done, the broad-wings were cutting a wide path over the Delaware River. Needless to say, we were greatly relieved.
