1、Text comprehensionI. B. II. 1. T; 2. T; 3. T; 4. F; 5. F.III.1. Paragraph 2. It is our society, which overemphasizes winning, considers failure a sin, and sees prosperity in the present as a sure sign of salvation in the future.2. Paragraph 4. Because the students may have acquired more or less know
2、ledge out of the course than the grade indicates.3. Paragraph 5. His attitude is critical. He complains the exclusion of such important characteristics as courage, kindness, wisdom and good humor.4. Paragraph 8. It was to make a clear distinction between the student as classroom performer and the st
3、udent as human being. So a low grade, at best, indicates an incompetent classroom performer, not an incompetent human being.5. Paragraph 9. He thinks social labels, including grades, are basically irrelevant and misleading, though necessary. But its not self-contradictory because social labels are n
4、ecessary as ways of distinction for job choice, not as reasons for attitude toward others or ourselves in human terms.IV.1. Being unsuccessful and disadvantaged is regarded as sinful because in this word people tend to think todays success can save one from evil in the future.2. It is important to s
5、ee the fact that although they differ in their class status and educational background, human beings are essentially the same. Biologically they are constructed in the same way, and they share the common feelings of fear and joy and the common experience of suffering and achieving. This commonality
6、has bound them together. All of them will regard wars, diseases, and disasters both private and public as unfortunate big events in their life time.Structural analysis of the text1. Paragraph 25. Key words: Disappointment. Main idea: Grades do not mean everything.2. Paragraph 68. Key words: The stud
7、ent as performer; the student as human being. Main idea: Getting a B in class does not mean one will always be a B performer in life.3. Paragraph 910. Key words: Perspective. Main idea: In a complex society like ours, labels are necessary but they should be kept in perspective.Section Four Consolida
8、tion ActivitiesPart one. Vocabulary AnalysisI. Phrase practice1. essence: inner nature; indispensable quality; the most important part 本质，实质，精髓e.g. His works reflect the essence of fascism. 他的作品反映出法西斯的本质。2. deadly sins: sins leading to damnation. (pride, covetousness, lust, anger, gluttony, envy and
9、 sloth, in Christianity)3. misleading: making you think or act wrongly 误导，误入歧途e.g. He deliberately misled us about the nature of their relationship. 关于他们究竟是什么关系，他故意给我们留下错误印象。This sentence has misled us into thinking that the answer was wrong. 这句话误使我们认为那个答案是错误的。4. conventional task: task traditionall
10、y required of students 传统任务e.g. This conventional task is so easy that even a pupil can finish it. 这个传统任务是如此简单，甚至小学生都能完成。5. in short supply: far from enough 供给不足，缺乏e.g. The water and food for disaster area is in short supply. 这些水和食物给灾区是远远不够的。Potatoes are in short supply because of the bad harvest. 由
11、于收成不好，现在马铃薯供应不足。II.1. define; 2. irrelevant; 3. correspond to; 4. flunked; 5. rather; 6. makes a point of; 7. apt to; 8. go round.III. Word derivation. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.1. His vision was nearly restored to normal after the removal (remove) of the tumor
12、 in his brain.2. The major issue of the conference was how to cope with the severe consequences resulting from the climatic (climate) changes on our planet.3. This company is in trouble and the latest plan for its salvation (salvage) has few supporters.4. It is said in the job ad that those who appl
13、y for the vacancy should have proficiency (proficient) in at least two languages.5. Dont rely on the information she gave you its pure assumption (assume) on her part. 6. The age of college students normally (norm) ranges from 18 to 22.7. The governments inaction to curb inflation and unemployment c
14、aused strong resentment (resent) among the public.8. The Sichuan earthquake turned out to be the most disastrous (disaster) one the country has witnessed in the past one hundred years.1. remove v. 消除，除去；脱掉removable a. 可除去的，可移动的removal n. 移动，移居；除去e.g. 我们的家已从北京迁到上海。Our home has removed from Beijing to
15、 Shanghai.他脱下帽子表示敬意。He removed his hat as a sign of reverence.2. climate n. 气候；风气climatic a. 气候上的e.g. 她很快就适应了这种多变的气候。She adapted herself quickly to the changeable climate.3. salvage v. 打捞，抢救salvageable a. 可抢救的，可打捞的salvation n. 得救，拯救；赎罪e.g. 房子里没有什么东西可救的了。There is nothing that is salvageable in the bu
16、ilding.天气干旱了这么久，这场雨成了农民的救星。After so much dry weather, the rain has been the farmers salvation.4. proficient a. 熟练的，精通的proficiency n. 熟练，精通e.g. 我可以说对唱歌很在行。Id say I am quite proficient at singing.5. assume v. 假定，设想；承担；认为assuming conj. 假定，假如assumption n. 假定，设想e.g. 我以为你能讲流利的英语。I assumed you could speak
17、English fluently.假定那是真的，我们现在该怎么办？Assuming that it is true, what should we do now?6. norm n. 标准，规范normal a. 正常的，正规的normality n. 常态normalize v. 使正常，使标准化e.g. 过了几天，洪水才退，生活恢复了正常。It was several days before the floodwater sank and life returned to normal.我们的关系正常了。Our relationship has been normalized.7. res
18、ent v. 憎恨，生气resentment n. 怨恨，愤恨resentful a. 不满的resentfulness n. 怨恨，愤恨e.g. 我非常讨厌别人侵占我的时间。.I bitterly resent the encroachment on my time.他对所受的待遇感到忿恨。He is resentful at the way he has been treated.8. disaster n. 灾难disastrous a. 灾难性的e.g. 这场灾难过后，许多人既没有食物又没有住处。After the disaster there were many who wanted
19、 food and shelter.国家的经济形势非常糟糕。The economic condition of the country is disastrous.IV.1. B; 2. D; 3. C; 4. C; 5. B; 6. D; 7. B; 8. D.V. Synonym / Antonym: Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.1. The essence of success is that theres never enough
20、 of it to go round in a zero-sum game where one persons winning must be offset by anothers losing Synonym: balanced, compensated2. The level of your proficiency has been determined by your performance of rather conventional tasks Antonym: unconventional3. But they are important: crucially so, becaus
21、e they are always in short supply.Antonym: abundant, plentiful4. If you value these characteristics in yourself, you will be valued and far more so than those whose identities are measured only by little marks on a piece of paper.Synonym: evaluated, assessed5. There were a lot of us then: older than
22、 the norm, in a hurry to get our degrees and move on Synonym: average6. It is important to recognize that human beings, despite differences in class and educational labeling, are fundamentally hewn from the same material and knit together by common bonds of fear and joy Synonym: essentially, basical
23、ly7. But these distinctions should never be taken seriously in human terms Antonym: lightly, frivolously8. Even in achievement terms, your B label does not mean that you are permanently defined as a B achievement person.Antonym: temporarilyVI. Prefix: Write in each space one word that has the same p
24、refix as underlined in each given word.1. interfere international _ 2. transcend _ translate 3. circumstances _ circumference 4. neocolonial neoclassical 5. control conform 6. antibiotic antisocial 7. unlock undo 8. outnumber outshine 1. Explanation:inter-: betweene.g. interaction, interdependent, i
25、nterconnect2. Explanation:trans-: across or beyonde.g. transplant, transform, transatlantic3. Explanation:circum-: surroundinge.g. circumcision, circumlocution, circumspect4. Explanation:neo-: new, in a later forme.g. neonatal, neo-fascist, neo-Georgian5. Explanation:con-: strengthen or reinforce e.
26、g. convince, constrain, conquer6. Explanation:anti-: opposed to, againste.g. antiwar, antihero, antidote7. Explanation:un-: in verbs that describe the opposite of a processe.g. unfold, unload, unbend, uncut8. Explanation:out-: greater, better, further, etc.e.g. outgrow, outlive, outwitPart two. Gram
27、mar Exercises1. DisjunctA disjunct is a type of adverbial that expresses information that is not considered essential to the sentence it appears in, but which is considered to be the speakers or writers attitude towards, or descriptive statement of, the propositional content of the sentence.More gen
28、erally, the term disjunct can be used to refer to any sentence element that is not fully integrated into the clausal structure of the sentence. Such elements usually appear peripherally (at the beginning or end of the sentence) and are set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma (in writing) an
29、d a pause (in speech).e.g. Honestly, I couldnt believe it.Unfortunately, Kim has had to leave us.I. Practice: Rewrite the following sentences using proper disjuncts.1. Unfortunately, 2. It is hoped that the report will go out to shareholders no later than June 1.Hopefully, 3. It is odd enough that h
30、e did not raise any objection to the plan.Oddly enough, 4. Rightly, 5. Luckily, 6. Fortunately, 7. It is strange enough that the burglar should not have taken the diamond away.Strangely enough, II.Type 1 expresses a judgment on the whole and meanwhile the subject, so three types of sentence structur
31、es can be used;Type 2 expresses no judgment on the subject.1. It was right that / They were right to have .2. It was foolish that / It was foolish of the boy not to say / The boy was foolish not to say .3. type 1.4. type 2.5. type 2.6. type 2.7. type 2: It was lucky that .8. type 2: It is hoped that
32、 .III. Relative wordsRelative words are used to refer to a noun mentioned before and of which we are adding more information. They are used to join two or more sentences in the way we call “relative sentences”.e.g. I know many boys who / that play rugby.The shirt which / that Carl bought has a stain
33、 on the pocket.This is the boy whose mother works for the BBC.Barnstaple has a very old covered market where I bought some lovely old plates.Sunday is the day when people usually dont go to work.If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we usually put it at the end of the clause:e.g. T
34、he music which / that Julie listens to is good.Sometimes, the preposition can also be placed before the relative pronoun.e.g. My brother met a woman with whom I used to work.It was the stream in which the elephant and the mouse preferred to swim.Notice that we cannot use who or that after a preposit
35、ion, for the relative pronoun now serves as the object of the preposition.III. Practice: Fill in each blank with a proper relative word. Use “preposition + relative word” if necessary.1. Good writing is built on a solid framework of logic, argument, narrative, or motivation _which / that_ runs throu
36、gh the entire piece of writing and holds it together. This is the time _when_ many writers find it most effective to outline as a way of visualizing the hidden spine _by which_ the piece of writing is supported.2. The element _on which_3. that4. James Russell is a man _for whom_ I have the greatest
37、respect.5. with whom6. to whom7. of which8. at whichIV.1. where, where2. what, which3. what4. why5. where6. When7. why8. which, which, whatV. whatever, wherever, whoever, whichever, whenever, and howeverThe words whatever, wherever, whoever, whichever, whenever and however have similar meanings to “
38、no matter who, what, which ”. A word of this kind has a double function: it acts as a subject, object or adverb in its own clause. It also acts as a conjunction joining its clause to the rest of the sentence.e.g. Whatever you may say, I am not going to take him back. (No matter what you say, .)Where
39、ver you go, I shall follow you. (No matter where you go, I shall follow you.)Whoever disobeys the law must be punished. (No matter who disobeys the law )However much he eats, he never gets fat. (No matter how much he eats, )These words are also used to suggest something not definitely known.e.g. I s
40、hall come whenever I can slip away. We shall send whoever is available. You will have to be content with whatever you can get.V. Practice: Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words in the box.whoever wherever whateverhowever whenever whichever1. However2. _Whatever_ problems you ma
41、y have, we will help.3. whatever4. Wherever5. Take _whichever_ book you like best.6. whoever7. _However_ late it is, you must come to the party because it will be something fantastic.8. whenever / wheneverVI.1. not the most important thingits the only thing2. enough . Norrather.Part three. Translati
42、on exercisesI.1. 不管我们的标准是什么，这个标准现在提高了，结果使你对自己没能得到更高的分数而感到失望。2。由于缺乏更精确的衡量工具，我们至多只能把 B 看作一个模糊的符号，表示对你掌握某一科目的程度的判断，不过这种判断的准确性很值得怀疑。3。人的阶级属性和教育背景不尽相同，但凡是人都是血肉之躯，都有同样的恐惧感和欢愉感，同样的痛苦感和成就感，这些共通的感受把他们连为一体；认识到这一点十分重要。4。然而和你们毕业离校之后将要进入的那片荒蛮无路、起伏跌宕的乡野相比，在样读书就如同一条狭窄坦直、界限分明的公路。II。1. 他因急性阑尾炎住院治疗，结果连期末考试都没参加。 （with
43、 the result that）Translation:He was hospitalized with acute appendicitis, with the result that he missed the final examination.2. 前来听讲座的人数远远超出原来的计划，分发给大家的讲义不够了。 （go round）Translation:As many more people came to the lecture than expected, there were not enough handouts to go round.3. 不管一天工作有多忙，他在睡觉前总
44、要看一下电子信箱里有没有新邮件。No matter what a long / busy day he may have, he makes a point of checking his e-mail inbox before going to bed.4。世界各国都有失业问题，但各国政府处理这个问题的方法不尽相同。 （handle）Unemployment is found in all countries in the world, but governments vary in their way to handle the problem.5。第一次来到异国的人往往会感到自己周围的一
45、切既陌生，又有趣。 （be apt to）Translation:Anyone who has come to a foreign country for the first time is apt to find everything around him both strange and interesting.6. The football fans were very disappointed at the performance of the players of both teams.7. 他的话，你得好好想一想，千万不要他说什么你就信什么。 （take at face value
46、）Translation:Never take what he says at face value. Think it over yourself.8。 The doctors words removed his fears about the operation.VI Writing PracticeParagraph development ClassificationIn our daily life we are constantly organizing things in one way or another. Classification is the grouping of
47、items into categories according to some consistent principle. Most families of things can be divided or classified according to several different principles. The key to good classification writing is to use a single rule of division for each part. Classification is done of things that belong to one
48、family, things that have something in common, but the purpose of classification is to compare and contrast them, showing their differences, so that the reader might have a better understanding of them. Classification is extensively used in technical writing, but the strategy can also be used for non
49、technical purposes. Original and interesting classification for rhetorical effect can surprise the readers and capture their attention.Words and expressions often used for classification include, among many others, the following: include, comprise, contain, have, be sorted into, be classified into, differ in, be divided into, be a type of, fall under, belong to, be a part of, fit into, be grouped with, and be associated with.E
