1、英汉语动词的异同,Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Verbs,第二讲,Introduction,Verb：表示人或动物的动作、行为、发展、变化的词。最复杂的一种词类，也是最活跃的一种词类。英语动词比汉语动词还要活跃、复杂。,英汉语动词的主要差别,1. 动词的分类 2. 使用频率 3. 动词的时态 4. 动词与谓语 5. 动词连用 6. 汉语动词的重叠式,1.英汉动词分类,英语动词分类： 及物动词、不及物动词(transitive/ intransitive) 实意动词、助动词、系动词 限定动词(finite verb) 、非限定动词(infin
2、ite ),英语:有及物(Vt)、不及物(Vi)之分， 汉语: 多数是Vt(及物动词)，只有极少数是vi(不及物动词)1）有些动词在英语及物，在汉语中不及物to serve ones country to live a happy life to work oneself too hard,为国服务、服务（于）国家,生活很幸福/ 过幸福的日子,工作过度劳累,1.英汉动词分类,2）有些动词反之，汉语为及物而英语为不及物 They are waiting for the bus. 他们在等汽车。 They will call on you. 他们会/将造访你。 英语中的不及物动词跟什么介词和副词很
3、重要。,1.英汉动词分类,3) 有些英语及物动词变成不及物时，意义要发生变化 I know him. I know of him. They approved the plan.他们批准了这个计划。 They have not approved of the plan.他们不赞成/同意这个计划。 She heard the shots. (hear from /about）她听见枪声。,我认识他。,我了解他的为人。,1.英汉动词分类,4）英语及物动词一般都要带宾语，汉语在上下文中可以省略宾语。Do you like this book? Yes, I like it very much. 你喜
4、欢这本书吗？我很喜欢。学英语时，遇到动词，先要弄清及物还是不及物，不及物时需跟什么介词或副词，此外还要注意及物、不及物用法意义是否差别甚大。,1.英汉动词分类,2. 使用频率,现代汉语：动词占优势，即句子不只限于一个动词，可以连续使用几个动词，即动词连用。这是现代汉语句法显著特征之一。 英语：只能使用一个限定形式的动词（finite verb），唯一例外是并列句动词谓语。 汉译英：将一个动词译为动词形式做谓语，其他动词转化成英语的名词、介词、非谓语动词或其他词类。,我忘了带钥匙。 我给他/她倒了一杯茶。 他拿着枪，绕着屋子巡走。He walked around the house, a gun
5、 in hand（with a gun）. 她跳起来，连忙跑到浴室的镜子前，拿掉了毛巾，细看她面颊上的伤口。She jumped up and hastened to the mirror in the bathroom, taking away the towel to examine the cut upon her cheek.,I forget my key.,I offered him/her a cup of tea.,汉语句子中的动词连用是汉语的历史决定的，因为古代汉语就是如此，甚至更明显。 试比较一下例子：,许汉阳，本汝南人也。贞元中，舟行于洪饶间，日暮，江波急，寻小浦路入，不
6、觉行三四里，到一湖中，虽广而水才三二尺。又北行一里许，见湖岸竹树森茂，乃投以泊舟。渐近，见厅宇甚盛，有二青衣双鬟方鵶，素面如玉，迎舟而笑。 （中国神话及志怪小说一百篇p244,许汉阳，本汝南人也。贞元中，舟行于洪饶间，日暮，江波急，寻小浦路入，不觉行三四里，到一湖中，虽广而水才三二尺 Xu Hanyang, who was born in Runan, was travelling by boat in the Hongzhou and Raozhou area one day in the Zhenyuan Period. At dusk, the river became rough, s
7、o he sailed into a small tributary. After going for three or four li he found himself on a small lake which was quite large but only two or three feet deep.,又北行一里许，见湖岸竹树森茂，乃投以泊舟。渐近，见厅宇甚盛，有二青衣双鬟方鵶，素面如玉，迎舟而笑。 Sailing one li northward, he saw thick groves of bamboos and trees cover the bank. He decided
8、 to moor his boat there. As he was approaching the place, he saw pavilions and houses, and two young maids, both with their hair in two buns, their faces fair as jade, smiling at him.,王冕七岁上死了爹。他母亲替人做些针线，供他到村学堂里去读书。十岁后，王冕开始给人放牛。一日，正是黄梅时候，天气烦躁，王冕放牛倦了，在绿草地上坐着。须臾，浓云密布。一阵大雨过后，那黑云边上镶着白云，渐渐散去，透出一片日光来照耀得满湖通
9、红。湖边山上，青一块，紫一块，绿一块。树枝上都像水洗过一番的，尤其绿得可爱。湖里有十来枝荷花，苞子上清水滴滴，荷叶上水珠滚滚。王冕看了一回，心里想到：“古人说：人在画图中，其实不错，我何不画画这荷花？”（儒林外史）,When Wang Mian was seven his father died, but his mother took on sewing work so he was able to study at the village school. At the age of ten, he began to look after buffalos for a rich man. O
10、ne day in early summer, the weather was sultry. Tired after leading the buffalos to graze, wang Mian sat down on the grass. Suddenly dense clouds gathered, and there was a heavy shower of rain. Then the black clouds fringed with fleecy drifted apart, and the sun shone through, bathing the whole lake
11、 in crimson light. The hills by the lake were blue, violet, emerald. The trees, freshly washed by the rain, were a livelier green than ever. Crystal drops were dripping from a dozen lotus buds in the lake, while beads of water rolled about the leaves. Wang Mian watched for a while, and then he thoug
12、ht, “The ancient people said, In a beautiful scene a man feels like in a picture. It is true. Why not paint these lotus flowers?”,老栓又吃一惊，睁眼看时，几个人从他面前过去了。一个还回头看他，样子不甚分明，但很像久恶的人见了食物一般，眼里闪出一种攫取的光。老栓看看灯笼，已经熄了。按一按衣袋，硬硬的还在。仰起头两面一望，只见许多古怪的人，三三两两，鬼似的在那里徘徊；定睛再看，却也看不出别的什么奇怪。 Startled again and, opening his ey
13、es, Old Shuan saw several men passing. One of them even turned back to look at him, and although he could not see him clearly, the mans eyes shone with lustful light, like a famished persons at the sight of food. Looking at his lantern, Old Shuan saw it had gone out. He patted his pocketthe hard pac
14、ket was still there. Then he looked round and saw many strange people, in twos and threes, wandering about like lost souls. However, when he gazed steadily at them, he could not see anything else strange about them.,英语动词当作谓语用法或称作限定性用法时（finite form）都要确定它的时态（tense），并相应变换其词形。(morphological device形态手段 )
15、 汉语则要灵活运用 “着”、“了”“过”“已经”“就要”“将” “在”、”正在”、“今天”、“曾经”、“以前”、过去等表示时间的词给出相应具体的时间，为动词所表示的动作或情况确定时间位置。（明确的时间词或者附加助词、副词或能愿动词等手段来表示时间的不同 ） （lexical device 词汇手段）,2. 动词时态,She takes a walk after supper every day.她每晚饭后散步。 She suddenly fell ill yesterday.昨天她突然病了。 It is going to rain.天要下雨。 He will come to see you t
16、he day after tomorrow.后天他将来看你。 I have lost my pen.我把钢笔丢了。,汉语有时不用特殊时间词，而用整个句子的叙说、论说、判断等来表示时间。即用句法手段。他胆子小，在大庭广众面前感到紧张。He is timid, and always nervous before the public.古汉语更少用“着了过”，句子之间可以相互给定时间暗示。,苛政猛于虎,孔子过泰山侧，有妇人哭于墓者而哀。夫子式而听之，使子路问之，曰：“子之哭也，壹似重有忧者。”而曰：“然。昔者吾舅死于虎，吾夫又死焉，吾子又死焉。”夫子问：“何为不去也？”曰：“无苛政。”夫子曰：“小子
17、识之，苛政猛于虎也,孔子过泰山侧，有妇人（正）哭于墓者而哀。（于是）夫子式而听之，使子路问之，曰：“子之哭也，壹似重有忧者。”而曰：“然。昔者吾舅死于虎，（后来）吾夫又死（了）焉，（今天）吾子又死焉。”夫子问：“何为不去也？”曰：“无苛政。”夫子曰：“小子识之，苛政猛于虎也。”,Tyranny is Fiercer than a Tiger,Confucius was passing by at the foot of Taishan Mountain when he heard a woman wailing before a grave. As he bent over the front
18、 bar of his carriage listening with concern, he sent his disciple Zi Lu over to inquire. “From your crying we presume you have met many misfortunes,” Zi Lu said to the woman.,“Exactly. Some time ago my father-in-law was killed by a tiger, then later my husband, and now my son,” the woman responded.
19、“Then, why hasnt she chosen to quit this place?” wondered Confucius, putting this question to her through Zi Lu. “Because this place is not plagued by tyranny,” came the womans answer. At this Confucius admonished his disciples, “Keep this in mind- tyranny is indeed fiercer than a tiger.”,4. 动词与谓语,英
20、语动词时态复杂，但汉语谓语的构成比英语复杂。 英语谓语主要是动词构成（实意动词、 助动词实意动词、情态动词+实意动词）。 He works hard. How can I help you?其次是系动词表语构成。 His daughter is a doctor. 英语的谓语有时态变化、和主语人称、数保持一致,汉语除用动词作谓语外，还可以用形容词、名词、主谓结构，如籍贯、天气、日子来作谓语。 她很热情。 那本小说很有趣。 这孩子八个月了。 今天星期三。 我们家五口人。 她心眼很好。,如：山高月小。The mountain is high and the moon, small. 花红柳绿。Fl
21、owers are red and the willows are green. 物价稳定，市场繁荣。The prices are stable and the market is flourishing. 今天星期日。Today is Sunday. 明天晴天。It will be fine tomorrow.,5. 动词连用,汉语常常几个动词连用，中间又不用任何关联词语，这被称为复杂的谓语结构。这种结构又可以进一步分为连动式和兼语式。连动式的特点是：两个或以上的动词与同一主语发生主谓关系。 他穿上衣服出去了。 她上街买书去了。 兼语式：谓语有两动词，前后两个动词不共有一个主语，前一个动词的
22、宾语兼作后一个动词的主语。 我请她教我读书。 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。,1. 他打开抽屉拿出词典来。,He opened the drawer and took out a dictionary.,0pening the drawer，he took out a dictionary.,2. 这军官放下杯子站了起来,The officer put down his glass and stood up,Putting down his glass，the officer stood up.,3. 他到了车站发现火车已经开走了。,He arrived at the station and f
23、ound that the train had left.,Arriving at the station，he found that the train had left.,连动式译法一：表示先后关系的连动式通常将几个动词都译成谓语动词，按原文的先后次序，用and加以连接，或用分词结构来译,5. 动词连用,1. 他到老师那儿请假。,2. 去年他回北京去看朋友。,3. 他们跑过去欢迎众代表。,He went to the teacher to ask for leave,Last year he went to Beijing to visit his friends.,They ran ov
24、er to welcome the delegates.,连动式译法二：表示“手段、目的”关系的连动式，在英译时，通常把前一个动词，（即表示手段的词）译作谓语，而后一个动词(即表示目的的词)则用不定式译作目的状语。,5. 动词连用,1.“这年头，谁敢下乡去收租呢?”,2. 他回家去取钥匙。,He went home for the key,“Who dares go down into the villages for rent these days?”,连动式译法三：在表示“手段、目的” 关系的连动式中，第二个动词有时也可以用含目的意义的介词来译,5. 动词连用,Very soon，he c
25、ame back，that book in hand.,1. 不久，他捧着那本书回来了。,Very soon，he came back，holding that book in hand,2. 她哼着曲子走进卧室去。,Humming a tune she went into the bedroom,3. 我们应当起来捍卫和平。,We should come forward in defence of peace,连动式译法四：一个动作表示另一个动作的方式、状态，两者形成主从关系。在英译时，通常把主要动作用限定动词译成谓语，另一个动作译成分词或介词短语。,5. 动词连用,Very soon，he
26、 came back，with that book in his hand,1. 医生劝他好好休息。,The doctor advised him to take a good rest,2. 他们组织工人加入了工会。,They have organized the workers into trade unions.,3. 他证明自己值得信赖,He proved himself worthy of confidence,兼语式译法一：把第二动词转化为英语的宾语补足语。,5. 动词连用,1. 这真叫我吃惊!,3. 这暴行使全世界舆论感到震惊。,2. 这会使孩子们高兴的。,It surprise
27、d me!,That will please the children,This atrocity shocked the world opinion,兼语式译法二：英语中有大量的含有“致使”、“促成”意义的动词，有时为了句子简练有力，往往利用这类动词来翻译。,5. 动词连用,我看见他戴着黑布小帽，穿着黑布大马褂，深青布棉袄，蹒跚的走到铁道边，慢慢探身下去，尚不大难。 背影 I watched him hobble towards the railway track in his black skullcap, black cloth mandarin jacket and dark blue
28、 cotton-padded cloth long gown. He had little trouble climbing down the railway,5. 动词连用,6. 汉语动词的重叠式 repetition replication,汉语动词重叠的方式： 一是单音节动词重叠：AA式、A一A、A了AA着A着 二是双音节动词重叠：ABAB式 如“讨论讨论”AABB 如摇摇晃晃ABAC 任劳任怨,动词重叠式的意义和用法：动作重复但持续时间短、或尝试意义。 1）凡用于已发生的动作，一般表示短时、少量，且动词之间加“了”。小王伸了伸舌头，做了个鬼脸。Xiao Wang showed his
29、tongue several times and made a face. 2）用于尚未发生的动作，可表示尝试或持续的动作，常在重叠的动词后加“看”。这个收音机我修不好，你修修看。你可以去找小吴想想办法看。,3）表持续意义。下面大家休息休息。 4）还可表示假设意义常用动词的AA、A一A、或A一下，表示假设意义。补一补，还可以穿几年。 5）还可以表示轻松随便的意思。他退休以后，平常看看书，下下棋，和老朋友聊聊天。,叠音构词是通过重叠构词语素的全部或一部分的方式构成新词的构词法。英语中通过这种方式构成的新词很少，常见的是把一个词重叠起来，中间用连字符连接。 Morpheme,Ack-ack（高射炮
30、）goody-goody ：a person who behaves extremely well in order to please （a superior ）(ass-kisser) shilly-shally（犹豫不决）: To be unable to come to a decision; To spend time on insignificant things;hush-hush（即秘密的） dilly-dally: To waste time, especially in indecision flip-flop（劈劈啪啪） tick-tack wishy-washy（乏力、
31、乏味、缺乏信心或决心的）jiggery-pockery（欺骗诈骗）knick-knack（小装饰品）,限定动词与非限定动词 Finite verb and infinite verb,英语动词有限定（finite）和非限定（non-finite）两类。 句子中的谓语动词（predicative verb）是限定的；限定动词受人称（person）和数目（number）的限制。此外，还有时态（tense ）、语态（voice）和情态（mood）等。 在句子中可以施展其他功能的动词是非限定动词；这些动词具有一般动词的许多特性，但没有“人称”和“数目”的限制。 非限定动词分三种：不定式动词（the i
32、nfinitive）; 分词（ the participle）; 动名词（the gerund）。非限定性动词与情态动词、系动词结合做谓语。,Finite verb,Tense（时） : the time of the action or state. Aspect（体）: whether the action or state is completed or not. Voice（态）: the relationships between the action and the people affected by it. Mood（语气） : the attitude of the spea
33、ker about the verb, whether it is a declaration or an order. Verbs can be affected by person and number to show agreement with the subject.,限定动词与非限定动词 Finite verb and infinite verb,I was glad of it; I never liked long walks, especially on chilly afternoons, dreadful to me was the coming home in the
34、raw twilight, with nipped fingers and toes, and a heart saddened by the chidings of Bessie, the nurse Jane Eyre Chapter 我一向不喜欢长时间的散步，尤其是在寒冷的午后。对我来说，黄昏回家，实在太可怕了手脚冻得冰凉；还得听保姆贝茜的责骂，心中感到很不痛快,Homework,It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in wan
35、t of a wife. However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighborhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters.,有钱的单身汉总要娶位太太，这是一条举世公认的真理。 这条真理还真够深入人心的，每逢这样的单身汉新搬到一个地方，四邻八舍的人家尽管对他的性情见识一无所知，却把他视为自己某一个女儿的合法财产。,
