1、在线测试题,Passage 1 Opportunists and Competitors,P1 expend energyP2 differences in energy allocation are between growth and reproduction.P3 “opportunists “competitors” P4 Dandelions example P 5 opportunistic plants are the common weeds of fields and gardens P6 the population of an opportunist species is
2、 affected by climate P 7 Oak example,1. The word squander in the passage is closest in meaning to Extend Transform Activate Waste 选项 D2. The word none in the passage refers to Food Plant or animal Energy Big body If all of ones money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to t
3、he movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.选项 C,3. In paragraph 1, the author explains the concept of energy expenditure by 修辞题 Identifying types of organisms that
4、became extinct 确定 Comparing the scientific concept to a familiar human experience 类比 Arguing that most organisms conserve rather than expend energy 反驳 Describing the processes of growth, reproduction, and metabolism 描述后一段的 similarly 也可以证明此答案,4. According to the passage, the classification of organis
5、ms as “opportunists” or “competitors” is determined by 细节题 无干扰项 How the genetic information of an organism is stored and maintained NG The way in which the organism invests its energy resources Whether the climate in which the organism lives is mild or extreme NG The variety of natural resources the
6、 organism consumes in its environment NGAlmost all of an organisms energy can be diverted转移 to reproduction, with very little allocated to building the body. Organisms at this extreme are “opportunists.” At the other extreme are “competitors,” almost all of whose resources are invested in building a
7、 huge body, with a bare minimum allocated to reproduction. 引导定语从句选项 B,5. The word dispersal in the passage is closest in meaning to Development Growth Distribution Protection 选项 C6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Inco
8、rrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Because their seeds grow in places where competing plants are no longer present, dandelions are classified as opportunists. 同义转述 Dandelions are called opportunists because they contribute to the natural processes
9、of erosion and the creation of gaps in the forest canopy. 后半句错误，蒲公英被认为是机会者 因为他们有助于自然过程的发生 后面信息的胡乱拼凑 The term opportunists apply to plants whose seeds fall in places where they can compete with the seeds of other plants. 机会者是那些散落自己的种子并且与其他植物抗衡的植物 不是因为要抗衡 而是没有抗衡者 The term opportunists apply to plants
10、whose falling seeds are removed by natural processes. 机会者是那些自己种子被自然过程所移开的植物 信息错位答案 A,These plants are termed opportunists because they rely on their seeds falling into settings （where引导的定语从句）where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, 【such as along an eroding riverbank, on landsl
11、ipes, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy.】不重要信息答案： Because their seeds grow in places（settings） where competing plants are no longer present(移开), dandelions are classified as（termed） opportunists. 选项 A,7. The word massive in the passage is closest in meaning to Huge Ancient
12、 Common Successful 选项 A 巨大的 补充 巨大的其他词汇8. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 7 as contributing to（有助于） the longevity （长寿）of an oak tree EXCEPT 需要一定时间寻找 通读 P7 The capacity to create shade Leaves containing tannin The ability to withstand mild droughts and fire The large number of acorns t
13、he tree produces 选项D,TEXT p7The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies, are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. An oak tree is a good example of a competitor. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, out
14、competing all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil（存活的原因 选项A）. The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins选项B(单宁酸), a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. The tannins are part of
15、the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. Although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots（紧跟在Although后面，表明非重要信息，仅让步 选项D错误）. Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to sur
16、vive minor cycles of drought and even fire（选项C）. A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition （再次强调他们忍受挫折的能力）or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events.
17、 It should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.选项D,9. According to the passage, oak trees are considered competitors
18、because They grow in areas free of opportunists They spend more energy on their leaves, trunks and roots than on their acorns 橡子 Their population tends to increase or decrease in irregular cycles Unlike other organisms, they do not need much water or sunlight “The opposite of an opportunist is a com
19、petitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies, are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. An oak tree is a good example of a competitor.” 选项 A,10. In paragraph 7, the author suggests that most species of organisms Are primarily opportunists Are primarily competi
20、tors Begin as opportunists and evolve into competitors Have some characteristics of opportunists and some of competitors It should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blend of some o
21、pportunistic and some competitive characteristics.选项 D,Opportunists must constantly invade new areas to compensate for being displaced by more competitive species. Human landscapes of lawns, fields, or flowerbeds provide settings with bare soil and a lack of competitors that are perfect habitats for
22、 colonization by opportunists. Hence, many of the strongly opportunistic plants are the common weeds of fields and gardens. Because each individual is short-lived, the population of an opportunist species is likely to be adversely affected by drought, bad winters, or floods. If their population is t
23、racked through time, it will be seen to be particularly unstablesoaring and plummeting in irregular cycles. Such episodic events will cause a population of dandelions, for example, to vary widely. 选项 C 前呼后应 前drought, bad winters, or floods 对应 events 后 population 呼应 vary 对应 soaring and plummet,Opport
24、unists Competitors3 4 6 9 2 5 8Answer Choices 1. Vary frequently the amount of energy they spend in body maintenance NG 2. Have mechanisms for protecting themselves from predation（掠食者） The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. 第七段倒数 3. Succeed in locations where o
25、ther organisms have been removed P4 最后一句where competing plants have been removed by natural processes 4. Have relatively short life spans 第六段首句 Because each individual is short-lived 5. Invest energy in the growth of large, strong structures 第三段 6. Have populations that are unstable in response to c
26、limate conditions 第六段两句话the population of an opportunist species is likely to be adversely affected by drought, bad winters, or floods. 7. Can rarely find suitable soil for reproduction NG 只说 很容易被竞争者赶走 8. Produce individuals that can withstand changes in the environmental conditions depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events 第七段倒数 9. Reproduce in large numbers 第四段第四句These very short-lived plants reproduce prolifically,
