1、Welcome to Changsha Neworiental School,GRE Writing,Romeo,周思成,Self-introduction,F S,Forever seventeen,A. Brief introduction to GRE writing,a. significance,b. difficulty,c. objective,d. requirement and testing approach,Argument,30ms,350ws,Issue,45ms,500ws,B. Further introduction,a.Argument-驳论文,使命:找出逻辑
2、错误,Evidences,Conclusion,推倒过程中出现一些逻辑谬误,Logical fallacy,No personal comment!,Introducing exercise:P88.85,Scoring criteria:P184,Organization,what is organization?,macro and micro,1. the number of paragraphs/sentences,2. the function of each p./s.,3.the transition between them,b. issue,难点:,plexity,2.cri
3、tical thinking,3. linguistic level,Scoring criteria: P159,1.有话可说,2.说得多,3. 说得好,破题的analytical method,how to provide evidences,how to embellish the language,C. Writing drills,1. short and broken,a.写作的四个层次,Many people are poor and hunger.,Many people are poor and hungry.,2. short, correct, but colorless
4、,3. short, correct, and colorful,Numerous,suffer from,people,A multitude of,and starvation,poverty,poverty and,starvation.,suffer from,a multitude of people,4. long, correct, and colorful,severely,extreme,A tragedy in the contemporary society is that,dreadful,a./n./v./ad./sentence,2.修饰无处不在,1.并列无处不在,
5、口红原则,n.前加a. v./a.前加ad.,Exercise:,The shortage of water resources is resulted from the population growth.,The increasingly serious shortage of water resources is derived from not only the dramatically soaring population growth butthe demand as well as the pollution from the booming industry.,b.收集短语,1
6、.划记 2.收集成册 3.造2-3个,LV,Baleno,focus attention on,pay attentionto,熟悉的陌生人而非玩心跳的新鲜,Argument,What is logical fallacy?,题目包括:,应该怎么做,2.conclusion,facts,1.evidences,so, therefore, thus, should,What is moreassumption,Explicit-good or bad,Implicit-Underlying factor,Fallacy: the problem within these assumptions
7、,Warm-up: p117.149,1.sample size,p.128 174,F1: survey and statistics,2. selection procedure,3. credibility and reliability,1. 问卷方式,2.发放和回收,是否匿名/利益相关,回收比例,3. 问卷设计,选项是否 deceptive,misleading, and general,too vague/ambiguous a term to,scant,Essential words for F1,a.sample size,(un)represent(ative),(in)s
8、ufficient,b. selection procedure,at random,randomly selected,intentionally eliminated/excluded from,c. credibility and reliability,questionnaire,proportion of respondent,misleading,partial / of bias/ biased,p154.235,The author doesnt tell us the sample size, the sample size may be too small; it can
9、not represent the all the residents; the author doesnt mention the selection procedure, some citizens who are not interested in the politics might be excluded from the survey, the survey was just taken before the election; residents might be interested in the politics during this special period; how
10、ever, when the election is over, the citizens would be no longer interested in the politics,F1 organization,1.TS 指出大体上有错,2.分论点 ss/sp/cr,3 每个分论点后跟一个削弱文章的可能性,4. 总结,TS,1. To begin with, a threshold problem,/flaw,/fallacy,concerns/is concerning,involves/is involving the survey,2.The in the survey is in
11、two aspects.,methodology,problematic,conclusion sentence,undermined,sabotaged,1.Therefore, lacking a more detailed information concerning, this argument is weakened by this survey.,2. Accordingly, unless the author concretely/further demonstrates that, it is groundless/ for him to conclude that,inva
12、lid,3.After a careful analysis/scrutiny, the reliability/credibility needs to be called into question.,scrupulous/meticulous,Body:,2. On the one hand,;,on the other,1. Firstly,/Moreover.,/Further,/In addition,改写L2 :,The author doesnt tell us the sample size, the sample size may be too small; it can
13、not represent all the residents;,doesnt ,fails to,provides no concrete information concerning,tellinform,the sample size, the sample size.,which may be far from sufficient and can hardly represent the,If there are only * respondents selected in this survey, the conclusion is absolutely/statistically
14、 meaningless/pointless.,Secondly, the author doesnt mention the selection procedure; some citizens who are not interested in the politics might be excluded from the survey.,; nor does the author mention whether the respondents are selected at random/randomly selected,Moreover, we can also cast serio
15、us doubt on the selection procedure, which is not specified in the argument.,Maybe/Perhaps/It is possible that,citizens who,the politics are excluded from the survey.,manifest little interest in,are apathetic about,exhibit no interest in,It is likely that ,The author may overlook the possibility tha
16、t. ,Failing to mention the selection procedure, the author ignores the possibility that.,Exercise: paraphrase and upgrade the sentence below.,People may be interested in the politics because of the election, when the elections over, people may lose their interest.,Perhaps, it is the election that ar
17、ouses peoples （ ）interest in.,a surge of temporary,temporary,spurs/,stimulates/,kindles/,catalyses,As the election is brought to a conclusion, peoples passion may gradually fade/,With the election coming to an end,vanish/,diminish,Reliability and credibility,The term so many is too vague to be stati
18、stically meaningful. It is very possible that people whorespond to the questionnaire.,Lacking in the information involving the number of people surveyed and the proportion of respondents, it is utterly impossible to assess/evaluate the validity of the survey. For instance, if 2000 people were survey
19、ed but only 50 of them responded, the result is thereby highly doubtful/dubious.,To be loved, to be lovable.,F2 假性因果,False cause-and-effect,出现形式:A发生在B前,作者就认为是B的原因.,思路: 1.A根本不是B的原因;,2.就算是,也只是原因之一,3.列举其他可能的2-3个原因,warm-up:137,193,P&U:,The author thinks that the students can study well because of the ho
20、mework, but he ignores other factors.,thinks:,maintains/contends/deems/claims/asserts that.,is convinced that/point out that/makes the point that,study:,academic performance,The author contends/assumes that the assignment of the homework entirely determines the academic performance.,(presumptuously)
21、,The author unfairly deems/regards/views A as the only cause/reason influencing/leading to B, and he fails to take into account/identify/discern/ is unaware of other possible factors that may also.,It is significantly indispensable for us to.,Ambition is exceedingly pivotal.,Ambition is important to
22、 us.,换句型的”鸡腿游戏”,Ambition is so critical to us that,The significance of ambition can never be overrated.,We should attach adequate importance to the ambition.,Usher-in:p137.194,F2 templates,a.TS,1. What is more, the author commits a fallacy called false cause and effect,precedes/predates.,A antedates
23、 B,2.The author establishes a cause and effect merely because,presumptuously/mistakenly,3. It is considerably irrational for the author to attribute A solely to B,exclusively,entirely/,ascribe,过渡,1., while he fails to take into account other factors leading to the same result.,influencing/impacting
24、on(-),contributing to(+)/,impinging on(-),2. However, this reasoning is fallacious unless other possible factors that may give rise to the same results have been scrupulously examined and eliminated.,Conclusion,1. Therefore, without a detailed analysis of the authentic reasons giving rise to B, it i
25、s absurd for the author to assume that A is completely determined by B,thorough/,exhaustive,2. Accordingly, unless other possible reasons, such as the factors mentioned above, have been scrutinized and eliminated by the author, the causal relationship between A and B is completely invalid.,unverifie
26、d/,unjustifiable/,unwarranted/,unsubstantiated/,uncorroborated/,untenable,Body:,1. It is highly possible that; it is also likely that.;meanwhile, there is the possibility that.,2. Perhaps,.;perhaps;.;perhaps,P&U,It is possible that they dedicates themselves assiduously to his career, which gives ris
27、e to their accomplishment in the realm of business.,They are hard-working man, which make them succeed.,Moreover, they have received good education and skills and they got wide alumni connection.,Moreover, they graduated from the most prominent/eminent business school ,which endows them with not onl
28、ybut also,follow-up:P149.224,*错误等同,错误的把对含糖量的关注等同于 抱怨含糖过高,The author unfairly equate Ato B,the concern expressed by the consumers,the complaint about too high a level of sugar contained in the cereal.,People may express a high level of dissatisfaction toward the excessive amount of sugar contained in
29、 the cereal;,But perhaps, the author ignores another possibility that consumer may need more sugar, more sugar can provide them with more energy.,P&U,But it is also possible that consumers make a request for additional amount of sugar added to the cereal since more sugar is more likely to endow thei
30、r bodies with sufficient energy.,销量下降的其他原因,1.分销渠道使它不能很好的接触顾客,prevent/,precludefrom,approaching the target customers,severely hampering its sales.,impede/obstruct,2.宣传手段不够吸引人,appeal to/,Perhaps, it is its promotion strategy that makes it difficult to,make it difficult,spur ones purchasing desire,capt
31、ure ones attention/,arouse ones interest/,4.总结,3.也许不能增加销量(原因);就算能增加销量,也许成本增加的更大(原因),2.指出利润由两个要素构成,1. 质疑手段真的能提高利润,*Profit的问题,Create your own template for this fallacy.,It is highly doubtful whether the strategy proposed by the author can prompt the profits.,Common sense inform us that the profits are
32、,subject to/,bound up with,correlated with/,two elements, the revenue and the cost.,On the one hand, the strategy of lowering price is unlikely to boost the sales of that company since there is the possibility that the whole industry is sluggish or the business is undergoing a huge economic crisis;
33、on the other, even if this stategy can spur the purchasing desire of the target consumers and thereby prompt the revenue, it may give rise to larger cost that can hardly be countervailed by the increase in the revenue, rendering a further loss of the profit for the company. Accordingly,.,follow-up:p
34、79.64,F3: 错误类比,false analogy,usher-in:p106,125,长相:A和B有某些相似,(不)适用于A的方式也一定(不)适用于B; A和B某一点比较得出某个更好,F3 Organization:,1.大体指出问题,适用与A的不一定适用于B,反之亦然;,2.指出A和B的2-3个使得这个类比不成立的区别;,3.总结:由于不同,就算B这样了, 也不一定是A那样的结果/下场,F3 templates,disparity/,dissimilarity/,1. Furthermore, the author, ignoring a series of obvious/fund
35、amental distinctions between A and B, arbitrarily assumes that the strategy/policy, which exert /positive adverse influence on A, will be equally/inevitably beneficial/favorable/detrimental to B,TS,discrepancy,2.Moreover, maybe these two. are so distinct that it is highly unfeasible to apply the str
36、ategy inferred from the _ of A to the _ of B.,extrapolated,deduced/,disparate,divergent/,2. Thus the distinctions between these two _ may conspicuously outweigh the similarity, making the conclusion of this argument considerably untenable.,rendering,override,1. Therefore, we can see that A and B are
37、 so unalike/dissimilar that B is unlikely to experience the same _ even if it adopts As strategy.,Conclusion,3. A may also differ dramatically from B in terms of , which of the latter .,2. Perhaps, the former.; whilst the latter,Body:,1. Unlike A, which/where/whose.,B., which.,warm-up: p62.25,Useful
38、 expressions,有:,boast/,abound with/,很多:,be in possession of,possess/,使不能:,be replete with,compound the difficulty of,attach importance to,lay emphasis/stress on/,注重:,follow-up: p94.97,* 整体不等于个体,个体不等于整体,长相: state/nationwide的调查说明,那A地也一定会这样; A这样,其它地区也会这样,Organization,3.结论:除非证明A有整体有的特征, 否则推论不成立.,2.指出A的地
39、方可能特点2-3个,1. 大体指出不是nationwide/A这样, A/others就会这样,TS 整体不代表个体,attribute/,In addition, it is highly doubtful that the strategy extrapolated from the national survey is equally/utterly applicable/feasible to_ since the author may ignore the unique features/regional characteristics of that city, rendering
40、 the argument less reliable.,traits,less dependable/,ill-founded,The most obvious flaw in the argument is the authors use of evidence, related to A, as the foundation for the generalization of all the/other_, yet he fails to provide any concrete reason to demonstrate that A is representative of _,个体
41、不代表整体/其他,associated with,pertaining to/,relevant to/,Conclusion,If the regional features mentioned above are accurate, this argument will be considerably weakened/debilitated.,Body:,What may distinguish A from most of other cities of the nation is that A.;while the nation.,What characterizes A may b
42、e that., rendering A utterly different from other cities in the country.,practice:p61. 23,F4 过去不等于现在,现在不等于未来,士别三日,当刮目相看.,3.结论:时间的变化将削弱作者的论证,2.指出2-3个可能的变化,1.大体指出作者忽略了可能的变化,F4 organization,F4 templates,gratuitous,auspicious/,rosy/,1.The authors claim thatis based on/derived from the optimistic predict
43、ion that_ will remain utterly unchanged in the future, yet he ignores a series of changes that might happen just in the upcoming years.,TS,categorically,pays no heed to,2. The author irrationally/unreasonably assumes that A will almost remain unchanged over the next couple of years. However, a mere
44、three years/recent study is insufficient to rosily predict that.,invariable/,constant/,irreversible,Conclusion:,Therefore, it is highly possible the trend thatwill drastically fluctuate or even reverse in the near future.,Thus, the argument of the author may become increasingly weaker as time goes b
45、y.,不变的是变化,-B,+A,B ,B,A,-A,+B,Review for p.61,23,1.survey: 30%是否足够支撑一个专门的海鲜餐厅;,*2. 过去的五年,忽略可能的变化;,5.popular就会profitable?,*3.整体不代表个体,4.不在家做饭不一定代表就是出去吃餐厅,去吃餐厅不一定去海鲜餐厅;,Believe in the power of change,It has just dawned on me that our past is an anchor holding us back;first we should let go of who we wer
46、e, then we will become who we will be.,Review for logical fallacies,1. false cause and effect,other factors,2. false comparison,differences,3. survey & statistics,insufficient, bias, unreliable,4. 过去不等于现在,现在不等于未来,regional features,增加不了收入,或者成本增加更多,6. profit,5.整体不等于个体,个体不等于整体,possible changes,7. other
47、s,The author preposterously assumes that,* 数量不等于质量- 指出数量少也可能质量更好,* 错误的等同- 指出可能确实相同,但也许不同,evidence里是C,到了结论里变成了C+,从而扩大或缩小了内涵,1. new concept-偷换概念,Extra ones:,The author has unreasonably/gratuitously shifted from “” in the evidence to the “” in the conclusion. However, the latter term apparently refers
48、to a broader/narrower extension than the former one, and may differ dramatically from it in several aspects. For instance, C;whilst C+ Accordingly, it is highly unworkable to apply the strategy deduced from c to c+,2.false dilemma,提出A和B两个方案, 为了达到最好的结果, 应该选择A/B.,难道真没有其他的选择?,提出1-2个其他也许更好的选择,Besides, t
49、he author gratuitously assumes that we can only make a either-or choice. However, the argument fails to rule out the possibility that adjusting A and B may achieve the same or even better results. Moreover, it is highly possible that there are several other solutions/strategies toFor instance. In an
50、y case, the author provides no justification for the mutually exclusive choice imposed on the readers.,3.充分性不够,只要采取了A,就一定能有预想的结果- 忽略了其他的原因和手段,The authors solution rests on the assumption that A is sufficient to meet the desired target. However, he pays no heed to other factors, with which A can achieve the best result. Perhaps.;it is also possible thatThus it is highly doubtful that A alone can attain the objective mentioned in the conclusion.,
