1、GRE,研究生入学考试,北美研究生院的考试种类: GRE Graduate Record Examination 申请理科、工科和文科的研究生院 GMATGraduate Management Admission Test商科 LSAT, MCAT .,GRE历史上的几次变革,3,新GRE考查综述,4,每次考试的时间较旧GRE来说有所加长，对考生的体力要求增大，总体时间为3小时45分钟 题型方面 变化较大，并没有减少题型，而是改变了题型的考查形式 对单词记忆的难度降低，但是增加了阅读理解与逻辑分析能力,新GRE是自适应考试,5,第二个SECTION的难度将取决于第一个SECTION的难度 所有
2、题目对于最后结果的分数权重一致，与GMAT算分方法不同 最后的分数与全部答对的题目数相关，并且和答题目的难度系数相关,新GRE考试具体变化,1 考试内容的变化 新GRE在考试中取消语文部分的类比和反义题，代之以阅读理解与生活场景题。增加equivalence新题型，阅读题量增加的同时也增加了多选题，句子高亮题。 语文部分：时间从原来的30分钟上涨到35分钟，而题量从原来的38道题下降到令人发指的25道！,新GRE考试具体变化,数学部分 1, 题目的数量从30个下降到25个，而时间从30分钟上升到了40分钟。 2，多出了一种题型就是需要自己填数字和符号的填空题，稍微注意一下填空的方式，不要填错，
3、就可以了。,新GRE考试具体变化,阅读题目 1 文章后面的题目显著变少，相对的文章变多。 2 题目中更多出现了逻辑分析题型(加强，削弱之类的题目)， 3出现了多选题。,新GRE考试具体变化,2 考试形式的变化 将采用计算机为载体的机考，每月都会举行1到2次考试，语文、数学、写作三个部分一天内全部考完，不再分开考试。考试界面将变得非常友好，每个部分内部增设review和Review修改功能（不可跨越section修改答案），新的“Mark与Review”功能方便考生快速回到先前跳过的题目，允许考生修改编辑已经做出的答案，在数学部分增加在线计算器功能；,新GRE是人性化考试,中途可以改变做题顺序，
4、并且在题目中标选重点题目(mark) 可以看到所有的题目列表，并且回顾检查题目(review) 数学提供在线计算器进行数学答题 考试之中提供10分钟的休息 考完即可看到分数，分数会永久记录(permanent part),10,MARK按钮,11,REVIEW按钮,12,在线计算器,13,算分方法的变化,复习参考,阅读 GRE阅读39+3全攻略杨鹏长难句（每天做教程510篇）。 写作 GRE作文大讲堂-方法,素材,题目剖析、北美范文Issue：40篇 Arg：10篇 填空 陈圣元的GRE句子填空每天做7个练习 单词 太傻黑宝书,Verbal reasoning题型,16,VERBAL REAS
5、ONING题目数分布,17,GRE填空的能力要求,ETS的官方说明 The verbal ability measure is designed to test the ability to reason with words in solving problems. Reasoning effectively in a verbal medium depends primarily upon the ability to discern, comprehend, and analyze relationships among words or groups of words and with
6、in larger units of discourse such as sentences and written passages.Discern : understand Discourse : A discourse is a serious talk or piece of writing which is intended to teach or explain something,GRE填空的能力要求,ETS的官方说明 The purpose of the sentence completion questions is to measure the ability to use
7、 the various kinds of cues provided by syntax and grammar to recognize the overall meaning of a sentence. In deciding which of five words or sets of words can best be substituted for blank spaces in a sentence, you must analyze the relationships among the component parts of the incomplete sentence.
8、You must consider each answer choice and decide which completes the sentence in such a way that the sentence has a logically satisfying meaning and can be read as a stylistically integrated whole. Sentence completion questions provide a context within which to analyze the function of words as they r
9、elate to and combine with one another to form a meaningful unit of discourse. Syntax is the ways that words can be put together, or are put together, in order to make sentences Stylistic describes things relating to the methods and techniques used in creating a piece of writing, music, or art,句子结构,简
10、单句分析 定义：只有一套主谓结构的句子 简单句分析的核心：谓语 谓语谁发出的动作（主语）谁承受的动作（宾语）或者主语有什么状态（表语）修饰限制成分（定语、状语、同位语） 分析重点：成分之间的关系,句子结构,非简单句分析 关联元素：连词、关系代词、冒号和分号 非简单句分析的核心：关联元素 关联元素若干分句分句类型及它们之间的关系 分析重点：分句类型和关系,句子结构,Far from viewing Jefferson as a skeptical but enlightened intellectual, historians of the 1960s portrayed him as a do
11、ctrinaire thinker, eager to fill the young with his political orthodoxy while censoring ideas he did not like.,句子结构,The Chinese, who began systematic astronomical and weather observations shortly after the ancient Egyptians, were assiduous record-keepers, and because of this, can claim humanitys lon
12、gest continuous documentation of natural events.,The Chinese were assiduous record-keepers, and because of this, can claim humanitys longest continuous documentation of natural events.,Who began systematic astronomical and weather observations shortly after the Egyptians.,句子结构,Yellow fever, the dise
13、ase that killed 4,000 Philadelphians in 1793, and so decimated Memphis, Tennessee, that the city lost its charter, has reappeared after nearly two decades in abeyance in the Western Hemisphere.,Decimate: to cause great destruction or harm to,“十一抽杀律”,公元前471年，罗马共和国早期战争中，罗马人与沃尔斯奇人战斗，用这种方法处罚背叛的士兵。,chart
14、er: 特许状,Yellow Fever: 黄热病 美国的黄热病大流行（1793和1879）,Yellow fever, the disease, has reappeared after nearly two decades in abeyance in the Western Hemisphere.,That killed 4,000 Philadelphians in 1793, and so decimated Memphis, Tennessee.,The city lost its charter.,句子结构的练习方法,把非简单句拆分为若干个简单句 以关联元素为拆分点 标记各个分句
15、的类型 参考各种从句形式 对所有简单句进行成分划分和分析，并明确成分之间的关系 注意句子的谓语动词 写出各分句及整句的中文意思,逻辑关系,逻辑关系真的那么难判断么？需要搞清楚三个问题 逻辑关系的识别和层次 广义的同义/反义关系 收敛逻辑推断,逻辑关系的识别和层次,表示逻辑关系的标志 连词、关系代词、动词、冒号、分号、介词短语、分词短语、不定式、副词、固定搭配,逻辑关系的识别和层次,三个层次的逻辑关系 句子与句子的逻辑关系 关联元素：只需要判断同义或者反义即可 原则：有反义逻辑关联元素的就是反义，其余的就是同义。 词汇和句子之间的逻辑关系 修饰和解释：定语/状语/同位语从句 动宾：宾语从句/表语
16、从句 主谓：主语从句,逻辑关系的识别和层次,三个层次的逻辑关系 词汇之间（包括空格）的逻辑关系 语义逻辑：并列、修饰和解释、动宾、主谓、递进、复指 方向逻辑：同义和反义 判断原则 一般情况下，词汇之间的方向逻辑与句子的逻辑一致。 否定词改变词汇之间的方向逻辑。,逻辑关系判断的方法： 是否有反义？ 是否有否定？ 有几个否定？,广义的同义/反义关系,广义的同义关系 同义词 上/下义词 感情色彩相同的词 正负方向相同的词 逻辑相关的词（动作-结果、人物-特征等） 广义的反义关系 反义词 感情色彩相反的词 正负方向相反的词 与极端词相对的中性词,上/下义词,词A和词B为上/下义词的条件 若A is a
17、 kind of B,则A是B的下义词，B是A的上义词。 举例：apple/fruit; chemistry/science 上/下义词之间的关系 思考：男人能做的事儿，人一定能做；人能做的事儿，男人不一定能做。对吗？ GRE填空的句子是一个有限定范围的语境，所以上/下义词等价。,与极端词相对的中性词,“好”的反义词是什么？ 坏 不好不坏 既有好又有坏任何词的反义词都是直接对该词进行否定后的结果,基于收敛逻辑的推断,GRE填空教程是由_编写的。十五岁的小张_。越直接的逻辑关系越正确！背景知识不能作为题目的判断依据!,本书编写组,今年十五岁,逻辑分析实例,Although the feeding
18、 activities of whales and walruses give the seafloor of the Bering Shelf a _ appearance, these activities seem to be actually beneficial to the area, enhancing its productivity.,逻辑分析实例,Heavily perfumed white flowers, such as gardenias, were favorites with collectors in the eighteenth century, when _
19、 was valued much more highly than it is today.,逻辑分析实例,Carruthers latest literary criticism _ her reputation for trenchant commentary; despite its intriguing title and the fulsome praise on its dust jacket, it is nothing more than a collection of_.,逻辑分析实例,Because no comprehensive _ exist regarding pe
20、rsonal reading practices, we do not know, for example, the greatest number of books read in an individual lifetime.,逻辑分析实例,A good doctor knows that knowledge about medicine will continue to _ and that, therefore, formal professional training can never be an _ guide to good practice.,语义认知,语义场的表现形式 重复
21、 原词重复 同义重复 上下义词重复 衍生词重复 相关概念重复 指代 代词指代：代词和被指代对象的数、性、性质必须一致。 关系连词指代（when, where, why),语义认知,Dreams are _ in and of themselves, but, when combined with other data, they can tell us much about the dreamer. Dreams are _ in and of themselves, but, when combined with other data, they can tell us much about
22、 the dreamer.,语义认知,The spellings of many old English words have been _ in the living language, although their pronunciations have changed. The spellings of many old English words have been _ in the living language, although their pronunciations have changed.,语义认知,重要概念 正负评价 正负动作 重要方法 正负假定法 题目中有两个空格，且
23、每个空格都没有语义与之对应。 符号简化法 句子偏长且概念交织较多时使用 方法：用相同的符号替换语义等价的内容；不同的内容用不同的符号替换。,语义认知,In the machinelike world of classical physics, the human intellect appears _, since the mechanical nature of classical physics does not _ creative reasoning, the very ability that had made the formulation of classical princip
24、les possible.,语义认知,In the machinelike world of classical physics, the human intellect appears _, since the mechanical nature of classical physics does not _ creative reasoning, the very ability that had made the formulation of classical principles possible. In A, B appears _, since A does not _ B.,语
25、义认知,Natures energy efficiency often _ human technology: despite the intensity of the light fireflies produce, the amount of heat is negligible; only recently have humans developed chemical light-producing systems whose efficiency _ the fireflys system.,语义认知,Natures energy efficiency often _ human te
26、chnology: despite the intensity of the light fireflies produce, the amount of heat is negligible; only recently have humans developed chemical light-producing systems whose efficiency _ the fireflys system. A often _ B: ; only recently have humans developed B whose efficiency _ A.,语义认知,A good doctor
27、 knows that knowledge about medicine will continue to _ and that, therefore, formal professional training can never be an _ guide to good practice.,语义认知,A good doctor knows that knowledge about medicine will continue to _ and that, therefore, formal professional training can never be an _ guide to g
28、ood practice. A knows that B will continue to _ and that, therefore, B can never be an _ guide to A.,词汇理解,常用的查词词典 Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary (the 11th Edition) American Heritage Dictionary 什么时候需要查韦氏词典？ 参考答案无法理解时 句子含义无法理解时 查完字典以后用新的解释覆盖旧的记忆,词汇理解,重点掌握的词汇 四级词汇（语言基础） 动词 形容词（尤其是修饰抽象名词的） 抽象名词 表
29、示逻辑关系的副词 不重要的词汇 程度副词 实体名词,一空题样题,51,OG P50 In parts of the Arctic, the land grades into the landfast ice so-that you can walk off the coast and not know you are over the hidden sea. permanently (B) imperceptibly (C) irregularly (D) Precariously (E) slightly,两空题样题,52,OG P50 Vain and prone to violence,
30、 Caravaggio could not handle success: the more his (i)_ as an artist increased, the more (ii)_ his life became.,三空题样题,53,OG P49 It is refreshing to read a book about our planet by an author who does not allow facts to be (i) by politics: well aware of the political disputes about the effects of huma
31、n activities on climate and biodiversity, this author does not permit them to(ii) his comprehensive description of what we know about our biosphere. He emphasizes the enormous gaps in our knowledge, the sparseness of our observations, and the(iii) , calling attention to the many aspects of planetary
32、 evolution that must be better understood before we can accurately diagnose the condition of our planet.,同义句题样题,OG P52 Although it does contain some pioneering ideas, one would hardly characterize the work as _. Orthodox Eccentric Original Trifling Conventional innovative,54,同义句题样题,OG P52 It was her
33、 view that the countrys problems had been _ by foreign technocrats, so that to ask for such assistance again would be counterproductive. Ameliorated Ascertained Diagnosed Exacerbated Overlooked worsened,55,Ameliorate :improve Ascertain: find out , make certain of something Exacerbate: make worse,GRE
34、填空题考查的能力,56,GRE填空考查能力之学术英语能力,57,书面语的特点：除了普遍抽象含义以外，具有抽象具体含义,angry,indignation,Feeling of anger and surprise because you feel insulted or unfairly treated.,Outrage, enrage,If something outrages you, it makes you feel extremely shocked, angry, or upset.,wrath,Extreme anger, a formal or old-fashioned wo
35、rd.,GRE填空考查能力之学术英语能力,58,EX10.8. Far from viewing Jefferson as a skeptical but enlightened intellectual, historians of the 1960s portrayed him as_thinker, eager to fill the young with his political orthodoxy while censoring ideas he did not like. (A) an adventurous (B) a doctrinaire (C) an eclectic (
36、D) a dictatorial (E) a judicious (F) a cynical,doctrinaire: certain that your beliefs or opinions are correct and unwilling to change them（教条主义） cynical: believing the worst of human nature and motives. dictatorial:characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule; having absolute sovereignty Ecl
37、ectic:someone who selects according to the eclectic method（折中主义）,GRE填空考查能力之学术英语能力,59,EX25.10 Scientists pristine reputation as devotees of the disinterested pursuit of truth has been _ by recent evidence that some scientists have deliberately _experimental results to further their own careers.,prist
38、ine :completely free from dirt or contamination . immaculately clean and unused resuscitate :cause to regain consciousness,GRE填空题考查的能力,60,GRE填空考查能力之阅读能力,61,EX19.3 Yellow fever, the disease that killed 4,000 Philadelphians in 1793, and so _ Memphis, Tennessee, has reappeared after nearly two decades
39、in _ in the Western Hemisphere.,Decimate: kill in large numbers; Abeyance: temporary cessation or suspension Quarantine: place into enforced isolation, as for medical reasons;,GRE填空考查能力之学术英语能力,62,EX10.8. Far from viewing Jefferson as a skeptical but enlightened intellectual, historians of the 1960s
40、portrayed him as_thinker, eager to fill the young with his political orthodoxy while censoring ideas he did not like. (A) an adventurous (B) a doctrinaire (C) an eclectic (D) a dictatorial (E) a judicious (F) a cynical,doctrinaire: certain that your beliefs or opinions are correct and unwilling to c
41、hange them（教条主义） cynical: believing the worst of human nature and motives. dictatorial:characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule; having absolute sovereignty Eclectic:someone who selects according to the eclectic method（折中主义）,GRE填空考查能力之学术英语能力,63,EX25.10 Scientists pristine reputation as d
42、evotees of the disinterested pursuit of truth has been _ by recent evidence that some scientists have deliberately _experimental results to further their own careers.,pristine :completely free from dirt or contamination . immaculately clean and unused resuscitate :cause to regain consciousness,GRE填空
43、题考查的能力,64,GRE填空考查能力之阅读能力,65,EX19.3 Yellow fever, the disease that killed 4,000 Philadelphians in 1793, and so _ Memphis, Tennessee, has reappeared after nearly two decades in _ in the Western Hemisphere.,Decimate: kill in large numbers; Abeyance: temporary cessation or suspension Quarantine: place i
44、nto enforced isolation, as for medical reasons;,GRE填空题考查的能力,66,GRE填空考查能力之逻辑分析能力1,OG EX1.1 At first, I found her gravity rather intimidating; but, as I saw more of her, I found that _ was very near the surface. seriousness (B) confidence (C) laughter (D) poise (E) determination,67,Gravity: a manner t
45、hat is serious and solemn. a solemn and dignified feeling,GRE填空考查能力之逻辑分析能力2,旧GRE经典题目：Old age, even in cultures where it is _, is often viewed with_. A. venerated.ambivalence B. rare.surprise C. ignored.condescension D. feared.dismay E. honored.respect,68,Venerate : respect Dismay: lower someones spi
46、rits; make downhearted; ambivalence : mixed feelings or emotions condescension: the trait of displaying arrogance by patronizing those considered inferior,题目解答的基本原则,The transition from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic era is viewed by most art historians as a _, because, instead of an increasingly _
47、 pictorial art, we find degeneration. (Ex.54-2, P.107) (A) milestonedebased (B) consolidationdiverse (C) calamityaberrant (D) regressionsophisticated (E) continuationimproved,GRE逻辑填空样题,好人是_ 牛的 B. 慷慨的 C. 不坏的 D. 令人景仰的 E. 好色的,GRE逻辑填空样题,秦始皇，中国历史上的第一个皇帝，是一个_皇帝。 残暴的 B. 伟大的 C. 好色的 D. 奢侈的 E. 勤政的,GRE逻辑填空样题,秦
48、始皇，中国历史上的第一个皇帝，是一个_皇帝；他不分昼夜，每天批阅大臣上奏的关于政务的竹简令人难以置信的达到数百斤。 残暴的 B. 伟大的 C. 好色的 D. 奢侈的 E. 勤政的,GRE逻辑填空样题,Melodramas were popular precisely because they offered the audience a world_ of _. A. bereft.theatricality B. composed.adversity C. full.circumstantiality D. deprived.polarity E. devoid.neutrality,A m
49、elodrama is a story or play in which there are a lot of exciting or sad events and in which peoples emotions are very exaggerated. Circumstantiality : detail,GRE逻辑填空样题,Melodramas, which did not present neutral situations, were popular precisely because they offered the audience a world _ of _. A. bereft.theatricality B. composed.adversity C. full.circumstantiality D. deprived.polarity E. devoid.neutrality,
