1、,a. Topic Sentenceb. Reasoning/Explanation for topic sentencec.One or more supporting details/examplesd.Reasoning/Explanation for details/examples,/“It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to with hold information from the public.“/,Reason1: gain and maintain political power:com
2、monsensebrief example2: ensure national securitybrief exampleY2K related malfunction3: concession: forthrightness is also importantHitler & Genghis KhanNixons Watergate Scandal,If all politicians (?Bill Clinton) were to fully disclose his misconducts with ., few honest .,Withholding information can
3、help politicians gain and maintain political power. Often truth is offending and may not be a very nice thing to both hear and say and personal scandals are proven to be harmful for a political career. For example, Bill Clinton, the 42nd and the third youngest president of the United States from 199
4、3 to 2001, would surely fail in the election or be impeached by publics or his opponents if he did not withhold sexual scandals with Lewinsky and many other female colleagues. Nixon is another telling example which explore the importance of deception to politicians. As early as six days after Waterg
5、ate Scandal occurred Nixon and his staff conspired to cover up the break-in, and especially its connection with the White House. But after a series of court battles, the States Supreme Court unanimously ruled in United States v. Nixon that the President had to hand over the tapes; he ultimately comp
6、lied. Apparently, those two Presidents had to tell lies to protect their political image and power.,For business people telling untruth may have one or more benefits. One of the most obvious advantages is to make more profits. In my observation, sales people, the lowest role in the business world, s
7、hould always exaggerate their products cost and function, and cover up the negative effects, so that they can cajole more customers and set higher prices.,One of the most obvious reasons why I prefer to get up early to deal with jobs is health consideration. Humans natural principle confines us to w
8、orking in the daytime. As we all know, habitually staying up in deep night does harm to health seriously by leading numerous fatigue-caused diseases, such as insomnia, anorexia, and the like. For juvenile, daily sleeping lately or even all-night working might influence youngsters physiological growt
9、h negatively, and finally result in vertically challenged stature.,In my childhood, I had numerous tell-lie experiences for kinds of ridiculous reasons. When I was ten, I hew a cherry tree in the yard behind my house, but attribute this to my older sister when my father inquired the culprit; as a re
10、sult, my sister was beat cruelly by my father. This personal experience obviously reveals humans dishonest nature that we tell lies in order to escape from harsh punishment.,Statistics From a study coming from Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, experts tracked two groups of representative people, f
11、inding out that when assigned the same task, the first group of people working under the motivation of 1000 dollars performed much better than the other group of people working for a certification. Clearly, money plays an important role in most scenarios.,According to a recent study conducted by one
12、 authoritative educational organization, over 60 percent high school students have encountered teasing, bullying, despising, and the like; and the most common cause for these horrible experiences is that they wear different or cheaper clothes with majority.,According to one study from an authoritati
13、ve educational organization, over 50 percent students choose playing video games; and more than 30 percent students, most of whom are girls, prefer going shopping in their vacation; but ironically only 10 percent of these 80% students think these activities are interesting.,In fact, Harvard Graduate
14、 School of Education (HGSE) once processed a research to three groups of representative students discriminately coming from coeducational, boys and girls schools. They find out that students from boys or girls school performed worse than students form the mixed gender school when they communicate wi
15、th the opposite sex.,Without thinking, study is wang; thinking is dai.,Conclusion: Restate the thesis statement Sum up the main reasons in the body paragraphsWith fresh wording,1.Try to exhibit diction variety,In order to get the admission from the university, I have to first get GRE and get a high
16、score in the examination.What a disgusting expression_!In order to be admitted by the university, I have to first attend GRE and gain a high score in the examination.,1.Synonyms The following is phrases used frequently in our essay: Verb: 提高，增加，进步 increase、improve、progress、enhance、extend、magnify、fac
17、ilitate stimulate, evolve, develop promote 减少，退步，衰败 decrease、decline、diminish、reduce、deteriorate 说明，证明，支持 explain，indicate，illustrate，prove，justify、fortify、support、strengthen、bolster 提供 Provide， cite， present， offer， quote，produce， Give， show generate, cause, result in,Adjective： 重要，重大 important、sig
18、nificant、crucial、vital、momentous、essential、dramatic、spectacular 好 graceful、neat、gentle、dulcet、cherubic、seraphic，ideal, beneficial, profitable 大， 多 Considerable immense countless enormous abundant numerous unparallel Adverb： 非常，很，特别 very、completely、especially、significantly、extremely、particularly,I di
19、sagree with the speaker for another reason as well: the suggestion that technologys chief goal should be to facilitate leisure is simply wrongheaded. There are far more vital concerns that technology can and should address. Health, safety, education, and freedom-and not leisure-are the proper final
20、objectives of technology. Admittedly, advances in these areas sometimes involve improved efficiency; yet efficiency is merely a means to achieve these more important ends.,2.paraphrase: Change the way you express same idea. The skill is very useful, especially when you cannot remember a word.Dominat
21、or=a group of people who control a countryI worship Michael Jordan.=Michael Jordan is my life-time favorite.= is the person I like most,Even assuming that Brookvilles rising property values are attributable to the implementation of these restrictions, the committee fails to consider possible differe
22、nces between Brookville and Deer haven. Without accounting for these possible dissimilarities, the committee cannot assume that what resulted in rising property values in Brookville would bring about the same result in Deerhaven.,Practice,特权（prerogative） 自私（selfishness） 牺牲（sacrifice）Rights that only
23、 a small group of people have Always think about the ones own interests without consideration of Give up ones own interests, and even life, for the purpose to help others Yasuiqian, a kind of money that older generation gives their children to hope them healthy, lucky and happy during Chinese Spring
24、 Festival,Exhibit varied sentence structure,Why our essays are always evaluated as immature essays? 1. Do you have enough appropriate transitional devices in your paragraph?2. Do you always use the same subject or noun as the beginning of your sentences?3. Do you use too many short sentences?,Transi
25、tional Devices: 置于文章之中，用以表明前后两部分（段落，句子或者单词）之间逻辑关系的元件（可以是词，短语甚至句子） Transitional devices connect what a reader has already read to what the reader is going to read. They give the reader an idea of the relationships between the various ideas and supporting points,Time When you are explaining the sequen
26、ce of events, you may want to use these expressions. Before, next, then, often, after, during, always, sometime, since, at the same time, while meanwhile,Example The school counselors should help students who are new to a school. Before the first day of school, they should give students an orientati
27、on to the building. On the opening day, they should introduce the students to the teachers. After the students have gotten used to their classes, the counselors should find out about any hobbies that the students might have and recommend some extracurricular clubs. Sometime during the first month, t
28、he counselor should invite the parents to visit school so they can meet the teachers and administrators.,Degree When you are explaining why one thing is more or less important than another thing, youmay want to use these expressions most importantly, especially, above all first, primarily, essential
29、ly, less important, second, secondary, principally, basically, subordinate, lesser, chiefly,Example One of the most important gifts we can give to a child is an animal. Above all, an animal will help a child learn responsibility. A lesser reason, but an important one, is that a pet, especially a dog
30、, will return the childs love. But essentially, a child needs to learn how to take care of something that is dependent on the child.,comparison: similar to, similarly, like, alike, correspondingly, almost the same as, as, just as, in the same way, by the same token,Example My hometown and my college
31、 town have several things in common. First, both are small rural communities. For example, my hometown, Gridlock, has a population of only about 10,000 people. Similarly, my college town, Subnormal, consists of about 11,000 local residents. This population swells to 15,000 people when the college st
32、udents are attending classes. A second way in which these two towns are similar is that they are both located in rural areas. Gridlock is surrounded by many acres of farmland which is devoted mainly to growing corn and soybeans. In the same way, Subnormal lies in the center of farmland which is used
33、 to raise hogs and cattle,contrast differ from, however, otherwise, still, nevertheless, different from, less than more than, unlike, in contrast to, on the other hand, although, while yet, but, instead,Example Although my friend chose to buy a car as his gift, I would have gone on vacation. He said
34、 he needed the car to go to work, but I think he should take the bus. He also wanted the car for convenience. However, a taxi is just as convenient and does not have to be serviced. We are both alike in that neither of us knows how to drive. Otherwise, I might have bought a car too.,Cause and Effect
35、 When you are explaining how something caused a change in something else, you may want to use these expressions. So, thus, consequently, therefore, for this reason, as a result, because, because of, owing to, since, due to, so that,Example Effective advertising wants to change peoples behaviors. Som
36、e public service ads show coffins of people who died of lung cancer; as a result many people have quit smoking. Other ads show (seraphic) glamorous people smoking; consequently young people start to smoke. Owing to the susceptibility of youth to advertising, many cigarette ads are not allowed near s
37、chools or on TV. Although these rules have been in effect a long time, the number of young smokers has increased. If this is not due to advertising, what is the reason?,Explanation If you are explaining what something is by giving an example or if you are restating something for emphasis, you may wa
38、nt to use these expressions.In other words, to clarify, to explain, to paraphrase, as, like, that is, for example, such as, for instance, to illustrate, namely,Example People are never too old to attend college. For example, there are many women who stayed at home to raise their families and now hav
39、e time to return to school. There are other examples such as retired people who move to a college town just so they can take occasional classes. In other words, you are never too old to learn.,Adding More Information In addition, besides, furthermore, as well as, moreover, similarly, also, whats mor
40、e, and, plus,Example Besides the fact that English is the international language of business, it is also becoming the language of social interaction. Because of the Internet, many people correspond in English by e-mail. Moreover, much of the information on the World Wide Web is in English. In additi
41、on, English is the language of diplomacy.,We can easily find out them in nearly every paragraph: Nixon and his staff conspired to cover up the break-in, and especially its connection with the White House, as early as six days after it occurred. But after a series of court battles, the States Supreme
42、 Court unanimously ruled in United States v. Nixon that the President had to hand over the tapes; he ultimately complied.,2. Change the beginning of your sentences.(1). Avoid always using the same subject. Not all sentences should have the same subject,one horrible example: My parents generation has
43、 strict standards about acceptable behavior. My parents generation has a difficult time accepting other standards of behavior. My parents generation is still very concerned about what other people think of them. My parents generation grew up in small communities where everyone knew everybody.,Improv
44、ement: My parents generation has strict standards about acceptable behavior. Consequently, they have a difficult time accepting other standards of behavior. Since my parents generation grew up in small communities where everyone knew everybody, they are still very concerned about what other people t
45、hink of them.,Here is another horrible example:I started to write long ago, when I was very young, and I have prepared everything to write; and I used to be so addicted and obsessed with that. Later I tried different blogs, for different purposes. Improvement: I started to write long ago from my ver
46、y young time. Everything has been prepared to write because of my addiction to that. Later I tried different blogs, for different purposes.,(2). Avoid always using noun as the beginning of your sentences. 介词短语： For many Chinese students，attending university study means attaining a hopeful future 不定式
47、短语: In order to find a high-salary job, many Chinese students choose entering a university for further education. 副词： Surely attending university study means finding a high-salary job for many Chinese students,状语从句: If a Chinese student wants to find a high-salary job, attending university study is
48、his or her best choice. 分词省略结构: Maintaining a dream of finding a high-salary job, many Chinese students enter the university for further education. 连接词: Admittedly, many Chinese students enter the university for further education In order to find a high-salary job.It is a good idea to mix various ki
49、nds of your sentences beginning.,Read the following paragraph and think about why the author used different kinds of beginning of these sentences.,Consider TV advertising in the United States, for example. When someone in the U.S. watches a movie on TV, he or she might be waiting for the “good guy”
50、to get the “bad guy,” but then suddenly a TV commercial interrupts the action. There is a break for three- sometimes as much as ten- minutes. Eventually the commercial end, and the movie continues. However, a few minutes later just when the “good guy” is in serious trouble the movie is interrupted again by another set of TV commercials. People in the U.S. are used to this, and they might think that it is the same all over the world. In fact, it is not. In places like France and Spain, a viewer can watch at least a half hour of a program before a commercial interruption,
