1、1,U.S. Environmental Law: Administration and Enforcement,Gordon Davis American Bar Association Asia Law Initiative US-China Environmental Governance Training Program Implementation Office Beijing,美国环境法：管理和执行 戈登戴维斯 美国律师协会亚洲法律项目理事会 中美环境法治培训项目办公室 北京,2,U.S. Environmental Law: Administration and Enforcem
2、ent,Hierarchy of Laws in the United States Environmental Decision Stakeholders The Realities of Environmental Law in the United States,美国环境法：管理与执行美国法律的层次环境决策的利益人美国环境法的现实情况,Hierarchy of Laws in the United States,Four Levels:U.S. Federal Government,美国法律的层次 四个层次：美国联邦政府,Hierarchy of Laws in the United S
3、tates,Four Levels:U.S. Federal GovernmentState Government,美国法律的层次 四个层次：美国联邦政府州政府,Hierarchy of Laws in the United States,Four Levels:U.S. Federal GovernmentState GovernmentMunicipal/County Government,美国法律的层次 四个层次：美国联邦政府州政府市/县级政府,Hierarchy of Laws in the United States,Four Levels:U.S. Federal Governme
4、ntState GovernmentMunicipal/County GovernmentTown/Village - “Local” Government,美国法律的层次 四个层次：美国联邦政府州政府市/县级政府村镇级“地方”政府,7,Hierarchy of U.S. Governments 美国政府的层次,8,Federal Government,Government of Constitutionally Limited Authority Regulates Interstate Commerce, Conducts Foreign Relations,联邦政府在立法上具有有限权力的
5、政府管制州际间的商业，发展对外关系,9,10,State Governments,States are the “sovereigns” of the United States “Police Power” gives authority over peoples health, welfare, safety and morals Some delegated authority from federal government,州政府各州是美国的“主权实体”“警察权”赋予其在人民健康、福利、安全和道德 方面的权力一些由联邦政府委派的权力,11,Municipalities and Coun
6、ties,Only authority is that which is delegated by the state Tends to involve local land use issues such as zoning, some issues relating to water supply and sewage disposal, sanitary landfills, etc.,市级和县级政府唯一具有由州政府委派的权力有趋势参与解决如分区管制等当地土地利用问题，以及和水供应、污水处理、清洁垃圾等有关的问题,12,Towns and Villages,Similar to Muni
7、cipal and County authority: related primarily to local land use issues Town and village zoning codes can be complicated Good example of local government at its best and at its worst,村镇级政府的权力同市县级政府权力相似：主要处理与当地土地 利用相关的问题村镇分区管制法案很复杂当地政府好坏的典型例子,Environmental Decision Stakeholders,Environmental AgenciesN
8、on-Governmental OrganizationsIndustries and BusinessesThe JudiciaryThe MediaOrdinary Citizens,环境决策的利益人环境机构非政府组织工商业法院媒体普通居民,14,Environmental Agencies,Federal: EPA, Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, Fish and Wildlife, others State: Department of Environmental Protection
9、 Municipal, County, Town, Village: Zoning Board, etc.,环境机构联邦机构：环保局、林业服务局、土地管理局、国家公园服务部、渔类和野生动物管理署和其他州级机构：环境保护部市、县、村镇级机构：规划委员会等,15,Non-Governmental Organizations,World Wildlife Fund, Environmental Defense, World Resources Institute, Nature Conservancy Natural Resources Defense Council, Sierra Club La
10、ke Champlain Association, Adirondack Council Friends of Walden Pond, Loon Lake Homeowners,非政府组织世界野生动物基金组织、美国环境保护协会、 世界资源学会和美国自然保护协会自然资源监护委员会、山岳会琛彼安湖协会、爱德伦得克委员会瓦尔登湖之友、潜鸟湖屋主协会,16,Industries and Business,General Electric, General Motors National Association of Manufacturers Consumer Associations,工商业通用电
11、器（）和通用汽车（）国家制造协会消费者协会,17,Judiciary,Federal court system reviews federal issues State court systems review state issues Municipal, county, town and village court systems review issues arising under their laws,法院联邦法院体系审核联邦级事务州级法院体系审核州级事务市、县、村镇级法院体系审核它们法律下的事务,18,The Media,Newspapers write stories and e
12、ditorials TV and radio cover breaking developments Increasingly environmental information can be found on the internet,媒体报纸刊登报道和社论电视和广播报道突破性的发展可以在互联网上找到越来越多的环境信息,19,Ordinary Citizens,Access under “freedom of information” laws to information at all levels of government Participation in Environmental
13、Impact Assessment procedures at all levels of government Right to bring “citizen lawsuits” to challenge constitutionality of laws, or agencys enforcement and administration of environmental law,普通公民“信息自由”法使其有权获得各级政府的信息参与各级政府环境影响评估过程有权向法治或环境机构的执行情况及环境法管理提出“公民诉讼”,The Realities of Environmental Law in
14、the United States,Complex relationships among stakeholdersDoctrine of judicial review means courts decidePolitics, Campaign Contributions, Foreign Oil,美国环境法的现实情况利益人之间复杂的关系司法审核原则意味着法院判决政治，资助竞选活动，外国石油,21,Complex relationships,Businessmen are also homeowners and parents Public officials are also stockh
15、olders in businesses Some judges are elected, others appointed NGO members are also employees of businesses,复杂的关系企业人士同时也是私房屋主和家长公共官员同时也在企业方面占有利益一些法官是竞选出来的，一些则是委任的非政府组织成员又担当着企业的雇员,22,Judicial Review - Courts Decide,Citizen lawsuits are common in US Courts can declare agency actions illegal Courts can
16、 compel agencies to act Courts can declare laws invalid,司法审核法院判决公民诉讼在美国很普遍法院可以宣布环境机构的行为不合法法院可以迫使环境机构采取行动法院可以宣布法律无效,23,Politics, Contributions and Oil,Parties and Environmental Laws Enron Contributes $1 Million and Helps Draft Energy Policy Arctic National Wildlife Refuge,政治，资助和石油党派和环境法安然公司资助了1百万美金，帮助了能源政策的起草北极国家野生动物收容所,Some Cases, Briefly,General Electric and PCBs in the Hudson River,一些简短的案例通用电器和哈德逊河中的PCB,Some Cases, Briefly,The Spotted Owl,一些简短的案例 有斑点的猫头鹰,Some Cases, Briefly,Willsboro Bay Marina,一些简短的案例威尔斯保罗海湾码头,27,THANK YOU! 谢谢,
