1、一、Definitions of Instructional Design1. ID is interpreted broadly and includes a collection of activities to plan, implement, evaluate, and manage events and environments that are intended to facilitate learning and performance. ID encompasses a set of interdependent and complex activities including
2、 situation assessment and problem identification, analysis and design, development and production, evaluation, and management and maintenance of learning process and the ID effort. ID 是广义的解释，包括收集到的活动计划，实施，评估和管理活动，此举的目的是促进学习和表现环境。身份证包含一系列相互依存的情况，包括设置和评估和问题识别，分析和设计，开发和生产，评估，管理和学习过程中努力维护和 ID 复杂的活动。Inst
3、ruction design is the systemic process of planning instruction for effective and productive learning. It should lead the learners to reach the required learning stage with full of insights for further learning. 教学设计是有效的和富有成效的规划学习指导系统的过程。它应该引导学习者达到全面的见解为进一步学习所需要的学习阶段。Instructional Design is the syste
4、matic process of translating general principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials and learning. 教学设计是转化为计划的一般原则的学习和教学的教材和学习的系统过程。The term instructional system design was defined with a general description of the design process. Stages of design are often presented as
5、 a flow diagram or model to be followed in the design of instructional materials. The instructional system approach is a process of planning and developing instruction that makes use of research and learning theory and employs empirical testing as a means for the improvement of instruction. 教学系统设计一词
6、被定义为具有一个设计过程的一般描述。设计阶段往往表现为一个流动的图或模型将在随后的教学材料的设计。该教学系统的做法是一个发展的规划和教学过程，使学习理论的研究和利用，员工作为改进教学实践的检验手段。Instructional System Design (ISD) is an organized procedure that includes the steps of analyzing, designing, developing, implementing, and evaluating instruction. 教学系统设计（政府新闻处）是一个有组织的过程，包括分析，设计，开发，实施和评
7、价教学的步骤。国外的教学设计概念：Instructional design is the entire process of analysis of learning needs and goals and the development of delivery system (instructional materials and activities) to meet the needs.L. J. Briggs 教学设计是学习需要和目标，交付系统（教学材料和活动）的发展，以满足需求分析的全过程。阮荣布里格斯Instructional design refers to the system
8、atic process of translating principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials and activities.P. L. Smith 教学设计是指转化为对教材和学习活动的计划和指导原则的系统过程。体育属史密斯Instructional design can be defined as the science of creating detailed specifications for the development, evaluation and mainten
9、ance of situations which facilitate the learning of both large and small unite of subject matter.R. Richey 教学设计可以定义为创造发展，评价和学习的情况，这方便了详细的规范科学的维护大型和小型团结的主题。里奇河Instructional design is a discipline that is concerned with understanding and improving the process of instruction. 教学设计是一个与理解，提高教学过程有关的纪律。The
10、 purpose of any design activity is to devise optimal means to achieve desired ends. Therefore the discipline of instructional design is concerned primarily with prescribing optimal methods of instruction to bring desired changes in students knowledge and skills.C. M. Reigeluth任何设计活动的目的是制定最佳的手段来达到预期的
11、目的。因此，教学设计学科主要关注处方的教学，使学生的知识和技能所需更改的最佳方法。三米 Reigeluth国内的教学设计概念：教学设计是研究教学系统、教学过程和制定教学计划的系统方法。 （电教司）教学设计是一种关于获得良好教学效果的方法论。 （刘茂森）教学设计是用系统观点和方法，按照教学目标和教学对象的特点，仔细安排和组织各种学习资源，使之系列化。 （南国农）教学设计是应用系统方法分析研究教学问题和需求，确定解决它们的方法和步骤，并对教学结果做出评价的一种计划过程和操作程序。 （李克东）教学系统化设计是运用系统方法分析教学问题和确定教学目标，建立解决教学问题的策略方案、试行解决方案、评价试行结
12、果和对方案进行修改的过程。（乌美娜，1994）教学设计是运用系统方法，将学习理论与教学理论的原理转换成对教学目标、教学内容、教学方法和教学策略、教学评价等环节进行具体计划、创设教与学的系统“过程”或“程序” 。 （何克抗，2002）ID as a Process: ID is the systematic development of instruction specifications using learning and instructional theory to ensure the quality of instruction. It is the entire process o
13、f analysis of learning needs and goals and the development of a delivery system to meet those needs. It includes development of instructional materials and activities; and tryout and evaluation of all instruction of all instruction and learning activities. 作为一个进程 ID：ID 是教学使用的学习和教学理论，以确保教学质量规范系统的发展。这
14、是学习需要和目标，提供了一个系统，以满足这些需求发展的分析全过程。它包括开发教材和活动，以及所有的试用期，所有教学和学习活动指导和评估。ID as a Discipline: ID is that branch of knowledge concerned with research and theory about instructional strategies and the process for developing and implementing those strategies. 作为一门学科的 ID：ID 是知识的分支，研究和理论有关的教学策略和制定和实施这些战略的进程。ID
15、 as a Science: ID is the science of creating detailed specification for the development, implementation, evaluation, and maintenance of situations that facilitate the learning of both large and small units of subject matter at all levels of complexity. 作为一个科学的 ID：ID 是创造的制定，执行，评估和情况，方便于题材大型和小型单位学习各级维
16、修的复杂性科学详细的规范。ID as Reality: ID can start at any point in the design process. Often a glimmer of an idea is developed to give the core of an instruction situation. By the time the entire process is done, the designer looks back and he or she checks to see that all parts of the “science” have been tak
17、en into account. Then the entire process is written up as if it occurred in a systematic fashion. 是现实的 ID：ID 可以开始设计过程中的任何点。往往是一个想法，开发了一丝给一个指令局势的核心。到时候，整个程序完成后，设计人员回顾和检查，以他或她看到，“科学”的所有部分都得到考虑。那么整个过程写，好像它是在一个系统的方式发生。2. Instructional System Design (ISD)The term instructional system design was defined w
18、ith a general description of the design process. Stages of design are often presented as a flow diagram or model to be followed in the design of instructional materials. The instructional system approach is a process of planning and developing instruction that makes use of research and learning theo
19、ry and employs empirical testing as a means for the improvement of instruction. 2。教学系统设计（政府新闻处）教学系统设计一词被定义为具有一个设计过程的一般描述。设计阶段往往表现为一个流动的图或模型将在随后的教学材料的设计。该教学系统的做法是一个发展的规划和教学过程，使学习理论的研究和利用，员工作为改进教学实践的检验手段。Instructional System Design (ISD) is an organized procedure that includes the steps of analyzing, designing, developing, implementing, and evaluating instruction. 教学系统设计（政府新闻处）是一个有组织的过程，包括分析，设计，开发，实施和评价教学的步骤。
