1、虚拟语气虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测试的重点之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。用以表示虚拟条件的虚拟语气 用 if 条件从句表示的虚拟条件，是虚拟条件最普通的方式。 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设，其 if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用 were)，主句用 would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形，例如：If I were in your position I would marry her. 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设，if
2、 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即 had过去分词，主句用 would / should / could / might + have +过去分词，例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis. 大多数的虚拟条件句属于上面三种情况的一种，但并不排除存在条件和后果中，一个和现在情况相反，另一个和过去情况相反，例如：If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now.这个句子在高中出现频率颇高。 但是
3、，如果后果用了虚拟语气，而条件却用陈述语气，这种用法是错的。 除了表示虚假条件外，if 从句还可以表示对将来的推测，由于是将来还没有发生的，所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的，只能说这个事情发生的可能性有多大。一般情况下，可以用陈述语气的 if 从句来表示对一个未来事实的推测，这个事实是完全可能发生的。If 从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用 were to / should +动词原形，主句用 would / should /could/ might +动词原形，例如：Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she
4、were to get a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.（1996年1月四级第44题） 有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be 或 have 的虚拟条件句中的连词 if 省去，而将 had , should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构,这时候，如果出现 not 等否定词，否定词需放在主语后面。这种结构在口语中很少使用，但频频出现在各类考试中出现，例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.
5、Had it not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis. 大多数的虚拟条件通过上面所讲的两种方法表达，但在个别句子中也可以通过介词 without 和介词短语 but for 表达，副词 otherwise 等表达出来。例如：We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.（1995年6月四级第46题）值得注意的是，包含 but for 的句子，谓语动词必定要用虚拟形式，但包含 without 等短语的句子，谓语动词未必
6、一定要用虚拟语气。 有时虚拟条件不是明确地表达出来，而在蕴含在用 but 引导的从句里，于是便出现了有谓语动词是虚拟语气的主句加上谓语动词是陈述语气的 but 从句构成的并列复合句，例如 I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在这样的句子里，如果主句没有用虚拟语气，或者从句用了虚拟语气，都是错的。用在宾语从句中的虚拟语气 在表示愿望的动词 wish 后的宾语从句中，需用虚拟语气。 （wish 后的 that 常省略） ，根据主句时态，从句谓语时态相应退后一位，例如：How she wished his family c
7、ould go with him. 在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide ) 后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用(should) +动词原形。值得注意的是，如果宾语从句的动词是否定的，否定词 not 的位置应在动词之前，而不是动词之后。例如： The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.另外，如 suggest 表达“暗示”，insist 表示“坚持某种说
8、法”时，后面的从句不用虚拟语气，例如： Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或 He insisted that he did not kill the boy.除此之外，上述动词也要求用虚拟式 在 It is+上述动词的过去分词，其后所跟的主语从句中，如 It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms. 在上述动词相应的名词形式作主语+连系动词，其后的表语从句中，例如His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled. 在对上述动词相应的名词进行解释的同位语
9、从句中，如：The workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation. would （had）rather , would sooner 也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反，例如：I would rather he went right now.其他形式的虚拟语气 it is +necessary 等形容词后，that 主语从句中虚拟形式使用，这类形容词包括necessary, important, e
10、ssential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable 等，例如 It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.或者 It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly. 在 Its (high/about) time 之后的定语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式，例如 It is high time that you went to school 虚拟语气在 as i
11、f / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用（谓语动词形式与wish 后的宾语从句基本相同）表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑，谓语动词用过去式。例如：He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 表示过去想象中的动作或情况，谓语动词用过去完成式。 在 lest 引导的状语从句中，谓语动词多用虚拟语气，(should )+ 动词原形。例如： The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself. 在 if only 引起的感
12、叹句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式。例如： Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followed your advice.虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如：If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。May you succeed!祝您成功！简单句中的虚拟语气一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表
13、示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。如：.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。二、表祝愿。1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时 may 须置于句首（多用于正式文体中） 。、May good luck be yours!祝你好运！、May you be happy!祝你快乐！、May you do even better!
14、祝你取得更大成就！、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。、May you be happy. (注意那个 be ) 祝你幸福。2、用动词原形。例如：(1).Long live the people! 人民万岁！(2).“God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说：“ 愿上帝保佑你！”(3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！三、表示强烈愿望。 （该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人称单数也不加“s”）(1
15、).God save me(2).Heaven help us四、表命令1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语(也就是 you)。2.句子尾通常加上感叹号：！3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go4.否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词 do，加上 not。(1). Work !(2). Work harder !(3). Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词 Be)(4). You go out !(5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气)(6). Dont be
16、afraid. (口语中常用 dont 代替 do not)五、在一些习惯表达中。如：(1).Youd better set off now.你最好现在就出发。(2).Id rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。第三部分：名词性从句中的虚拟语气第一节：宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气一、在动词 wish 后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气在动词 wish 后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词 that。一） 、对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）：从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓
17、语 be 和 were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例：1. I wish (that 可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。( 事实上是不知道)2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)4. When she was at the party,she wi
18、shed she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)二） 、对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：用 wish 表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构
19、为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或 would, could, might+现在完成时。例：1. I wish (that 可省略，下同)I hadnt wasted so much time.我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)2. He wishes he hadnt lost the chance.他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)3. We wished he had spoken to us.(wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)4. I wish you had called earlier.(wish, had + called)(事实上已迟
20、了)5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.(will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此)例题分析：I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept动词 wish 后面接从句，表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即用过去式（表示现在发生的动作）或过去完成式（表示过去发生的动作）
21、。本题后半句谓语动词 have 用的是过去时 hadto get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have slept 是答案三） 、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)：从句动词“would/should/could/might + 动词原形“(时间上较后)(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)。用 wish 表示对将来事情的愿望。例：1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词 would+动词原形 stop)我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)2. I wish you would be qui
22、et.(would + be)我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵，女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)(只是希望我们和他在一起，实际上还没在一起)四） 、注意：1.如果将
23、wish 改为过去式 wished, 其后 that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如：I wished I hadnt spent so much money.我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。2. 如果 that 从句中用 would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求I wish he would answer my letter.I wish prices would come down.I wish you would help me.I wish you would stop asking silly questions.二、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句
24、中的虚拟语气由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that” 从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should+动词原形” 表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形，常用的此类动词有：表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg表示“提议、劝告、建议 ”的：move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote表示“决定、命令 ”的：decide, order表示“主张”的：maintain, urge表示“同意、坚持 ”的：consen
25、t, insist例如：1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(当我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说“ 剃刀和水就行了” 。)4.He pursued various theories for several days until I sugg
26、ested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据，直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。)5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an Englishspeaking country. (我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。)在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍，其结构如：order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, comm
27、and, insist +. (should) do6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.7.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.但注意：在 insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气.8.she insists that she is right.9.she insisted that I should finish the work at once.或者说，suggest, insist 不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时，
28、即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。10.The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.三、在 expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气在 expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should动词原形(或完成形式)” ，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier
29、.我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。四、would rather ， would sooner，had rather， would (just) as soon ，would prefer 之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示”宁愿做什么” 或“对过去做的事的懊悔“。(1).I would rather he came tom
30、orrow than today.(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.(3).Don t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die.(4).I would rather you go tomorrow.(5).I would rather everything hadn t happened in the past.(6).The manager would rather his daughte
31、r did not work in the same office经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。(7).To be frank，Id rather you were not involved in the case坦率地说，我希望你不要卷入这件事。(8).You dont have to be in such a hurryI would rather you went on business first你没有必要这么着急，我宁愿你先去上班。(9).Id rather you didnt make any comment on the issue for the time being
32、我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。(10).Frankly speaking ，Id rather you didnt do anything about it for the time being坦白地说，我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不要做。(11).Wouldnt you rather your child went to bed early？为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床呢？(12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。注：若某人愿自己做某事，would rather 后用动词原形I w
33、ould rather stay at home todaywould rather than 中用动词原形I would rather stay at home than go out today五、 “had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美国去念书，但她说她喜欢留在中
34、国。主语从句中的虚拟语气一、 “It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that”结构中的虚拟语气在形如“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that”结构中，使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为 should 动词原形或省略 should 直接用动词原形（美国英语中省去 should）常用的形容词：* natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)* necessary (必须
35、的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)* desirable (极好的)advisable （合理的） ，compulsory（必须的） ，crucial （紧急的） ，desirable（理想的） ，essential（必要的） ，imperative （迫切的） ，incredible （惊人的） ，necessary（必要的） ，possible（可能的） ，strange（奇怪的） ，urgen
36、t（紧迫的） 。常用的过去分词(Past Participle):* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的), desired (要求)* suggested ( 建议), recommended (推荐)* orderd (命令)1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同）have a walk now.(necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步)2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahe
37、ad of time.(necessary, should + make) (表示有必要事先做好准备)3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.(required, should + smoke) (表示要求不要在此抽烟)4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand therule of school.(important, should + be) (表示重要的是学生都能了解校规)5. Its important that we (should)
38、take good care of the patient.(important, should + take) (表示重要的是照顾好病人)6. It is natural that she should do so. (形容词 natural, should+动词原形 do)7.It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible这些申请表应尽早地寄回，这是很重要的。8.It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the proje
39、ct重要的是募集足够的钱，为这个项目提供资金。9.It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening希望我们今晚一切都准备就绪。注：在上述所列形容词后面用 that 引出的宾语从句中，谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。10.I dont think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。二、在 It is 名词that的主语从句中的虚拟语气在 It is 名词that 的主语从句中
40、，常用虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。这类名词有：advice ，decision ，desire ，demand ，idea，motion ，order ，pity ，preference ，proposal ，recommendation ，requirement，resolution ， shame，suggestion，surprise，wish ，wonder 等。、It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad我建议派他去国外进一步学习。虚拟语气用在表语从句或同位语从句中当某些表示建议、请求、命
41、令等主观意向的名词作主语时，其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为 should 动词原形或直接用动词原形。这类名词常见的有：demand (要求 ), desire (请求),requirment (要求)advice (劝告), recommendation (建议),suggestion (建议)order (命令)necessity (必要地 ), preference (优先)proposal (计划), plan (计划), idea (办法)，recommendation 以及 plan，idea ，resolution 等。We are all for your
42、proposal that the discussion be put off我们都赞成你提出的将讨论延期的建议。The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted byeveryone由市长颁发奖金的建议被每个人接受。、 The advice is that we (should 可省略，下同) leave at once.(名词 advice，should + leave) (表示加以劝告)、 My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.(idea, should + get) (表示做出主意)、 I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.(proposal, should + hold) (表示做出计划)、 The judge assented to the suggestion that the prisoner be sentenced to death.
