1、 中小学 1 对 1 课外辅导专家龙文教育扬州训导部1龙文教育学科教学案教师:张妍 学生: 谈晨 日期: 2012-2-3 星期: 五 时段: 14：00-16：00课 题 主谓一致与被动语态语法讲解学习目标与考点分析学习目标：初步掌握主谓一致的有关基础语法知识；考点分析：主谓一致在高考单选题中是常考题，着重重视学情分析 学生应循序渐，由易到难的掌握；学习重难点 主谓一致教学方法 讲授法教学过程：主谓一致在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。（一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓
2、语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.注意 ：由 w
3、hat 引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或 what 从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.2、由连接词 and 或 both and 连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如： Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised
4、when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.注意 ： 若 and 所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / 由 and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有 no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room / No boy and no girl l
5、ikes it.3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有 with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including 等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like y
6、ou and Tom, is very tall.4、either, neither, each, every 或 no +单数名词和由 some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词，都作单数中小学 1 对 1 课外辅导专家龙文教育扬州训导部2看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.注意 ： 在口语中当 either 或 neither 后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词） ”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting
7、. 若 none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America.5、在定语从句时，关系代词 that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓
8、语动词就用复数形式。这些词有 family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience 等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 注意 ：people, police, cattle 等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child.7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of
9、 + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.注意 ： a number of“许多” ，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“的数量” ，主语是number，谓语用单数。8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：There comes t
10、he bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.（二）逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数） 。1、what, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如： Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to B
11、eijing.2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式， 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work. 3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如： “The Arabian Nights”is an interesting story-book.4、表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。如：One and a half apples is (are) left on t
12、he table.5、算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.6、一些学科名词是以 ics 结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及 news, works 等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isnt easy to study.7、t
13、rousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有 a (the) pair of 等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.中小学 1 对 1 课外辅导专家龙文教育扬州训导部38、 “定冠词 the + 形容词或分词” ，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。（三）就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。1、当两个主语由 either or, neither nor, whether or
14、, not only but also 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right?2、there be 句型 be 动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由 and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room注意 ：Here 引导的句子用法同上。练习：
15、1.I, who_ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English.A.am B.is C.are D.be2. The rich _ not always happy.A.are B.is C.has D.have3. Neither Tom nor Jack and I _ his students.A.are B.am C.is D.was4. Mary as well as her sisters _ Chinese in China.A. are studying B. have studied C. studi
16、es D. study5. Neither my father nor I _ at home.A.am B.is C.are D.be6. Not only my brother but also I _ good at painting. Both of us _ good painters.,A.are;are B.am;am C.ani;are D.is;is7. Every boy and every girl _ to attend the evening party.A.wish B.wishes C.is like D.like8. Over 80 percent of the
17、 population of China _ peasants.A.was B.is C. would be D.are9. The population of China _ larger than that of .any other country in the world.A.is B.are C.has D.have10. Every means _ tried but without any result.A. have been B.is to be C.are to be D. has been11. Alice, together with two boys,_ for ha
18、ving broken the rule.A. was punished B. punished C. were punished D. being punished12. The League secretary and the monitor_ asked to attend the .meeting this afternoon.A.is B.was C.are D.is being13. The great writer and professor_.A. is an old man B. are both old menC. is an old man and a young man
19、 D. were two Chinese中小学 1 对 1 课外辅导专家龙文教育扬州训导部414. There _ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk.A.are B.is C.has D.have15. A large number of students in our class_ girls.A. are B. was C. is D. be16. The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses _ much if people leave things as they are.
20、A. doesn t change B.dont change C.change D.changed17. The Arabian Nights _ well known to the English.A. is B. are C. was D. were18. Chairman Mao s works _ published.A. has been B.have been C.was D.is19. A chemical works_ built there.A. is to being B.have been C. were to D.has been20. The Olympic Gam
21、es _ held every _ years.A.is;four B.are;four C.is;five D.are;five21 .The United States of America one of the most developed countries in the world.A.is B.are C.was D.were22.He is the only one of die students who _ elected.A. are B.have C.has D.is23.Theis is one of the most interesting questions that
22、 _ asked.A.have B.has C. have been D.has been24.Many a man _ come to help us.A.have B.has C.is D.are25.“All_ present and all_ going on well,“ our monitor said.A.is;is B.are;are C.are;is D.is;are26. The police _ the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A. is searching for B. wer
23、e searching forC. are searching for D. were searching27.Your trousers_ dirty.You must have_ washed.A.is;il B.are;it C.are;them D.is;them28.This pair of trouseis _ too long for him.A.is B.be C.are D.were29. One and a half bananas _ left on the table.A.is B.are C.has D.have30. Eight times eight _ sixt
24、y - four.A.is B.are C.get D.equal中小学 1 对 1 课外辅导专家龙文教育扬州训导部5Keys:15 AAACA 610 CBDAD 1115 ACABA 1620 AABDB 2125 ADCBC 2630 BCAAA 3135 ACAAB 3640 CABBA 4145 BCCCA 4650 ADBBCKeys:1-5 BDACC 6-10 BBBBB 11-15 BDBAB 16-20 BBADC21-25BABCB 26-30CDACB 31-35ADDBA 36-40CCABD被动语态语态(Voice)，作为一个语法范畴，是表示主语和动词之间的主动或被
25、动关系的动词行式。英语动词有两种语态：主动语态(Active Voice)和被动语态(Passive Voice)。当主语为动作执行者即施动者时，动词用主动态；如果主语是动作的承受者即受动者时，动词便用被动态。例如：(1) John helped Peter.(2) Peter was helped by John.句(1) helped 是主动态；句(2)was helped 是被动态,可见主动态是无标记的，而被动态是有标记的。构成被动语态由助动词 be 的时态之一和及物动词的过去分词构成。被动语态可用于各种时态，其时态变化通过助动词 be 的不同形式来体现。如：一般现在时的被动态构成形式为
26、助动词 am/is/are + 过去分词；而一般过去时的被动态构成形式为 was/were + 过去分词。本册要掌握的被动语态形式有：一般现在时：am/is/are + 过去分词 e.g. Football is played all over the world.Im often asked to do this work. 我常常被派做这项工作。一般过去时：was/were +过去分词 e.g. The terracotta warriors were found in 1974 near Xian. They were discovered by workers in a field o
27、utside the city.When was the building completed? 这座大楼什么时候建成的？一般将来时：will (shall) + be +过去分词be going to + be + 过去分词e.g. The result of the exam will be known soon.They are going to be given a difficult test.一般过去将来时：should(would) be+过去分词e.g. The teacher said the results would be published soon. He told
28、me that the film would be shown the next week.现在进行时：am/is/are + being +过去分词e.g. The new airport is being built by a foreign company. 一家外国公司正在承建这座新机场。中小学 1 对 1 课外辅导专家龙文教育扬州训导部6The song is being sung by the girls now.过去进行时：was/were being+过去分词e.g. The song was being sung by the girls when I got there.T
29、he student was being criticized when I went into the teachers office.将来完成时：will have been+过去分词e.g. By the end of next term 2000 English words will have been learned.The building will have been built by next year.现在完成时：has/have + bee n +过去分词e.g. All the tickets have been sold .The book has been trans
30、lated into many languages.这本书已被译成多种语言。过去完成时：had been+ 过去分词e.g. Forty schools had been visited by last year.All the tickets had been sold out when I got to the cinema.过去将来完成时：would have been+过去分词e.g. He said many words would have been learned by 2001.They promised that ten books would have been publi
31、shed by the next month.情态动词：情态动词 + be + 过去分词 e.g. This road must be mended.The machine parts may be needed in our work.工作中可能需要这些机器零部件。动词不定式：to be + 过去分词e.g. Im glad to be asked questions.It is impossible for lost time to be made up.失去的时间不可弥补。主要用法被动态常用于下列几种场合：1当不知道或不必提出动作的执行者时（这时都不带由 by 引起的短语） ；Print
32、ing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷术是从中国引入欧洲的。The airplane was made in U.S. Such books are written for children. 这种书是为儿童写的。2. 动作的承受者是谈话的中心（这时可带有由 by 引起的短语） ；The song was composed by a student. 这首歌曲是一个学生谱写的。Thousands of rivers are polluted in the country.3. 出于礼貌措词等原因而不愿说出动作执行者是谁。You are req
33、uested to get here in time.请您准时来这儿。带行为主体的被动态中小学 1 对 1 课外辅导专家龙文教育扬州训导部7行为主体就是动作的执行者，即执行动词所表达的动作的人或物。在被动句中，往往不提及行为主体；但当强调动作的执行者时，可用介词 by 引出行为( by +主体行为主体),置于被动态句的末尾，说明是什么人或物应对有关事件负责。e.g. The village was destroyed by a bomb. 这个村庄毁于炸弹。The painting is very valuable. It was painted by Van Gogh.这幅画很值钱，它是梵高
34、画的。其它用法补充1.“It + 被动语态 + that 从句” 。表示谨慎或不太肯定的语气。常用于该结构的动词有：say, think, believe, agree, expect, consider, feel, know, decide, report, suggest, prove 等。e.g. It is said that prices will rise again this month.据说本月物价还将上涨。It is thought that about a million dogs are born each year.据认为每年约有一百条狗出生。It is report
35、ed that all the passengers died in the crash.据报导所有乘客在那次飞机坠毁中遇难。It is agreed that we will have two weeks holiday this year.2. 用于通告标题广告等的被动态往往省去助动词 be。e.g. No Chinese spoken here.Shoes repaired. Famous Painting Stolen. 名画被盗。练习：1._ a new library _ in our school last year?A.Is; built B.Was; bulit C.Does
36、; build D.Did; build2.An accident _ on this road last week.A.has been happened B.was happened C.is happened D.happened3.Cotton _ in the southeast of China.A.is grown B.are grown C.grows D.grow4.So far,the moon _ by man already.A.is visited B.will be visited C.has been visited D.was visited5.A talk o
37、n Chinese history _ in th school hall next week.A.is given B.has been given C.will be given D.gives6.A lot of things _ by people to save the little girl now.A.are doing B.are being done C.has been done D.will be done7.The doctor _ for yet.A.isnt sent B.hasnt been sent C.wont be sent D.wasnt sent8.-W
38、hen _ this kind of computers_? -Last year.A.did; use B.was; used C.is; used D.are; used9.Who _ this book _?A.did; written B.was; written by C.did; written D.was;written10.Mary _ show me her new dictionary.A.has asked to B.was asked to C.is asked D.asks to中小学 1 对 1 课外辅导专家龙文教育扬州训导部811.A story _ by Gra
39、nny yesterday.A.was told usB.was told to us C.is told us D.told us12.The monkey was seen _ off the tree.A.jump B.jumps C.jumped D.to jump13.Older people _ well.A.looks after B.must be looked after C.must look after D.looked after14.Our teacher _ carefully.A.should be listened to B.should be listen C
40、.be listened D.is listened15. In some part of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar.A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served16. It was reported that the murderer _ arrested.A. has been B. had been C. has D. had17. Do you think that the bridge _ in a year?A. would be completed B. will be complet
41、ed C. had been completed D. is being completed18. Great changes _ in China since the Peoples Republic of China _ in 1949.A. have taken place; was founded B. has taken place; was foundedC. have been taken place; founded D. took place; founded19.Why does Ling Ling look so unhappy? She has _ by her cla
42、ssmates.A. laughed B. laughed at C. been laughed D. been laughed at20. Doctors _ in every part of the world.A. need B. are needing C. are needed D. will need21. I promise that matter will _.A. be taken care B. be taken care of C. take care D. take care of 22. No permission has _ for anybody to enter
43、 the building.A. been given B. given C. to give D. be given23. I _ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.A. gave B. was given C. was giving D. had given24. Can such a thing _ happening again?A. prevent from B. prevented from C. be prevented from D. to prevent from25. A new house _
44、at the corner of the road.A. is building B. is being built C. been built D. be building26. This bike _ last year.A. bought B. has been bought C. was bought D. had been bought27. Did you see the house that _ by fire last year?A. was destroying B. destroyed C. would destroy D. was destroyed28. It _ wh
45、ether she will get her work in the hospital.A. hasnt been decided B. isnt deciding C. doesnt decide D. hasnt decided29. The pen _ me. It is hers.A. isnt belong to B. wasnt belong to C. doesnt belong to D. didnt belong to 30. I cant use my bike because it _.A. is repairing B. is being repaired C. wil
46、l repair D. was repairing31. The chairman told the speaker that she _ to speak a little louder so as to make herself _.A. was expected; heard B. had expected; hear . had hoped; hear D. was hoped; heard中小学 1 对 1 课外辅导专家龙文教育扬州训导部932 The window is dirty. I know. It _ for weeks. A. hasnt cleaned B. didnt
47、 clean C. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned33. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium _ in Beijing. (2003 上海春季, 27)A.would be completed B.was being completed C.has been completed D.had been completed 34.How long _ at this job?Since 1990. A.were you employed B. have you been employed C.had you been employed D.will you be employed35.Wh
