1、PartThe Literature of Colonial America 殖民主义时期的文学Part The Literature of Reason And Revolution 理性和革命时期文学一、 Benjamin Franklin 本杰明富兰克林 1706-1790殖民地时期作家。独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家 in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.1出生于波士顿 Boston,曾创办半岛公报 。1732-1758 出版穷人理查德的年鉴 “Poor Ri
2、chards Almanac” annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集2建立一秘密俱乐部 the Junto, informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideals.建立可借图书馆，创办宾夕法尼亚大学。商业上成功，科学上贡献卓越，政治上的贡献也不可磨灭 successful in business, renowned in science also served his nation brilliantly.协助杰弗逊起草“独立宣言”aided Jefferson in writing
3、“The Declaration of Independence”.同法国谈判获得援助，后作为议会代表起草美国宪法 Constitution.3其还是美国第一位主要作家 the first major writer 非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才 as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic 辛辣的.4他最好作品收录在自传 “Autobiography”。编辑了美国第一份殖民地杂志“General Magazine”“对这个年青的国家来说，
4、他的损失比其它任何人的都要大“his shadow lies heavier than any other mans on this young nation.5教材作品自传 ”The Autobiography” 二、 Philip Freneau 菲利浦弗瑞诺（1752-1832 ）1革命战争后期最杰出作家 perhaps the most outstanding writer of the Post-Revolutionary period 既是一位诗人也是政治方面的新闻记者 double role as poet and political journalist.作品形式是新古典主义类
5、，但本质上却属浪漫主义类 he was neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit。一个讽刺小说家、伤感作家、一个人道主义者 was also at once a satirist and a sentimentalist, a humanitarian. “美国革命诗人” （the poet of the Revolution）;“美国诗歌之父” （Father of American Poetry）.21770 年第 1 部作品想象的力量 （The Power of Fancy）.1775 年因出版
6、有关讽刺英国人作品而被认可 as a satirist of the British.31776 年出版夜屋 （The House of Night）哥特式小说 the Gothic mood. FL帕蒂称它为“在美国听到的第一部真正浪漫主义作品，从中看到了“圣诞老人的美” “the first distinctly romantic note heard in America” and “The Beauties of Santa Cruz”。作品中既有对社会的抗议，又有对自然的赞美，其后期作品采用了这种风格 blending the praise of nature with social
7、 protest, in his characteristic later manner.41781 写下名诗英国囚船(The British Prison Ship)一首抨击色彩诗作，揭露了英国对俘虏的血腥与残忍 a good piece of invective, reveals the rigors and brutality of his captivity。此后继续对英国进行无情抨击、辛辣地讽刺continuing to hurl his vitriol at the British in many poems.51786 年他的早期作品被收录在战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集 “The P
8、oems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War”.61788 年出板札记 “Miscellaneous Works”. 1791 年创办国家公报对抗联邦公报with Jeffersons support “National Gazette” campaigned against the opinions of the “Gazette of the United States” edited by John Fenno (Supported by Hamilton).7他如今被认为是美国政府中的一名勇敢的斗士 has onl
9、y recently been recognized as a courageous champion of American popular government. 作为诗人，他预示了美国文学独立的到来 as a poet, Freneau heralded American literary independence 他后期诗歌同早期华丽的对偶句诗歌形成鲜明对比，后期形成了自然、简洁、言之有物的风格 in contrast with the ornate 华丽的 style of his early couplets, he later developed a natural, simpl
10、e, and concrete diction.8教材作品：野忍冬花： “The Wild Honey Suckle”印第安人的坟地： “The Indian Burying Ground”Part The Literature of Romanticism 浪漫主义文学 1815-18651、The impact of European Romanticism on American Romanticism. They put emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literaturean increasing at
11、tention to the psychic states of their characters. Heroes and heroines exhibited extremes of sensitivity and excitement.tendency to exalt 赞扬 the individual and the common manThe literary use of the more colorfu1 aspects of the pastAmerican Romanticism is, in a certain way, derivative 2、The desire fo
12、r an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. 逃离社会，回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。 3、 Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in Americas language. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing f
13、requency. 受民族主义影响，作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言，具有美国特征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。 4、他们都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观及直觉感觉，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源 moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and mans societies a source of corruption.5、美国早
14、期的主要文学形式，说教类及宣言类作品被长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌所取代，成这一时期文学的主要形式 novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as Americas principal literary forms。 6、the American national experience of “pioneering into the west“ proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celeb
15、rated Americas landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, streams, and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw 戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则7、超验主义（1830sthe Civil War）：既不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统，它只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达，他们相信精神上的超越，相信无
16、所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的一部分 as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. individual is divine and, therefore, self-re1iantThey believed in the transcendence of the “Oversoul
17、”, an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.8、American Romanticists differed in their understanding of human nature.To the transcendentalists such as Emerson and Thoreau, man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible; but to Hawtho
18、rne and Melville, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensab1e for the improvement of human nature, as is shown in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter.一、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利沃兹沃思 朗费罗 1807-188211833-1835 创作完成散文浪漫作品海外记游his prose romance “Outre-Mer”;2在海华沙中，他采用
19、芬兰民间故事写作手法追忆了美洲印第安人的传说using Finish folk meter in his celebration of American Indian Legends in “Hiawatha”.他最大的成就就是他使诗歌成为了人人都能看，都能写的一种文学体裁 his greatest virtue is that he made poetry seem worth reading and worth writing.31838 年他第一部诗集名叫夜吟Longfellows first collection of poems entitled “Voices of the Nig
20、ht”；1839 年浪漫散文作品许珀里翁出版“Hyperion” the prose romance.。1841 年歌谣及其他 “Ballads and other Poems”;1842 年奴隶制度诗篇 “Poems on Slavery”;1847 年诗歌伊凡吉林 “Evangeline”;1855 年海华沙之歌 “Song of Hiawatha”;1858 年迈克尔斯坦狄什的求婚 “The Courtship of Miles Standish”;戏剧作品迈克尔安吉洛dramatic work “Michael Angelo”翻译作品神曲翻译成就最高“Divine Comedy”.4他
21、的其它作品：金星号遇难 、 人生礼赞 、 精益求精 、 乡村铁匠 、逝去的青春“The Wreck of the Hesperus”; “A Psalm of Life”; “Excelsior”; “The Village Blacksmith”; “My Lost Youth”.5朗费罗去世后被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人之角，他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人，他的诗歌因高雅宜人，纯正有韵味而大受欢迎 after his death, he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poets corner of West
22、minster Abbey. The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for which his poetry was popular during his lifetime.特点：exercised a great influence in bringing European culture to the U.S., and likewise did much to popularize American folk themes abroad where his work was immensely popular and widely translate
23、d.在引进欧洲文化上起巨大推动作用，也把美国民间文化传播到国外，他的作品还被翻译成多种文字，在海外受到高度评价。 6教材作品： The secret of the seaHymn to the nightWilliam Cullen Bryant 威廉卡伦布莱恩特 1794-18781. 1817 年伟大史诗死之思考 （希腊语） ，人们一致认为这是当时美国最杰出的一篇诗作 the stately poem called ” Thanatopsis” (Greek, meaning “view of death”) introduced the best poet to appear in Am
24、erican up to that time.2. 致水鸟是其巅峰之作， “用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗” ， “To a Waterfowl” is perhaps the peak of his work, “Most perfect brief poem in the language”.3. 后期，他用无韵诗的形式翻译了伊利亚特和奥德赛his most important later works are his translations of the “Iliad” and the “Odyssey” into English blank verse.4. 当欧文用自己的作品预示美国散
25、文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌也达到了相当高的水平，他是第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家 As Irving had shown that American prose had come of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention. He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.5. 教材作品： 致水鸟：“To a Wate
26、rfowl”O fairest of the rural maidsWashington Irving 华盛顿欧文 1783-18591. the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家 2. 他是美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家， was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism 3. 1819-1820 他第一部见闻札记是现代文学史上的第一部短篇小说，也是美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物，他把历史与传说当作娱乐形式来写，把大众化的散文引入美国 his “Sketch Book” appeared the
27、first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature to write good history and biography as literary entertainment. He introduced the familiar essay to America 他的短篇小说极大地激发了世界各国人们进一步了解美国人民生活的兴趣 his best-known stories awakened an interest in the life of American regions.4. 1809
28、年以迪德里奇尼克博克的名字出版纽约外史 ，轻松欢快的滑稽戏形式讲出了早期荷兰殖民者在美洲殖民时的真实历史成为了幽默作品中的经典“A History of New York” by Diedrich Knickerbocker a rollicking burlesque of a current serious history of the early Dutch settlers, has become a classic of humor.教材作品： Rip Van WinkleIrving never forgets to associate a certain place with t
29、he inward movement of a person and to charge his sentences with emotion so as to create a true and vivid character. He is worth the honor of being “the American Goldsmith“ for his literary craftsmanship1.Irvings great indebtedness to European literatureMost of Irvings subject matter are borrowed hea
30、vily from European sources, which are chiefly Germanic. Irvings relationship with the Old World in terms of his literary imagination can hardly be ignored considering his success both abroad and at home.A History of New York is a patchwork of references, echoes, and burlesques. He parodies or imitat
31、es Homer, Cervantes, Fielding, Swift and many other favorites of his. He was also absorbed in German Literature and got ideas from German legends for two of his famous stories “Rip Van Winkle“ and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.“ The Alhambra is usually regarded as Irvings “Spanish Sketch Book“ simply
32、 because it has a strong flavor of Spanish culture. Most of the thirty-three essays in The Sketch Book were written in England, filled with English scenes and quotations from English authors and faithful to British orthography. Washington Irving brought to the new nation what its peop1e desired most
33、 in a man of 1etters the respect of the Old World.2.Irvings unique contribution to American literatureIrvings contribution to American literature is unique in more than one way. He was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame. Although greatly influenced by Euro
34、pean literature, Irving gave his works distinctive American flavor. “Rip Van Winkle“ or “The Legend of Sleepy Hol1ow“, however exotic these stories are, are among the treasures of the American language and culture. These two stories easily trigger off American imagination with their focus on America
35、n subjects, American landscape, and, in Irvings case, the legends of the Hudson River region of the fresh young 1and. It is not the sketches about the Old World but the tales about America that made Washington Irving a household word and his fame enduring. He was father of American short stories. An
36、d later in the hands of Hawthorne and Melville the short story attained a degree of perfection.3、writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure We seldom learn a mora1 lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed4、We get a strong sense impression as we read him along, since the language he us
37、ed best reveals what a Romantic writer can do with words. We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose.5、The Gothic elements and the supernatural atmosphere are manipulated in such a way that we could become so engaged and involved in what is happening in a see
38、mingly exotic 异国的 place.Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫 沃尔多爱默生 1803-18821他是把超验主义思想引入新英格兰的先驱，被看作是超验主义运动的领袖he was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England and was recognized throughout his life as the leader of the movement summit of the Romantic period2爱默生首先强调的是个人主义、思想独立和自强 he believed above
39、 all in individualism, independence of mind and self-reliance 他崇尚英勇，并不忌讳变化和有冲突的思想 he admired courage, he was not afraid of changing or clashing ideas.31836 年出版了第一本书论自然 “Nature”, 真正让他功成名就的还是得益于两次学术演讲，一个是美国学者 ，还有一个是神学院致辞 “The American Scholar” and “The Divinity School Address”. 他的许多演讲后收录在他的随笔集中，演讲中最重要
40、的著作是他 1850 年的代表和 1856 年英国人 。1847 年他的诗集问世. Many of his lectures were later distilled into his famous “Essays”. Among his most important works are “Representative Men” and “English Traits” .His “Poems” appeared in 1847.4Emersons essays often have a casual style, for most of them were derived from his
41、journals or lectures. They are usually characterized by a series of short, declarative sentences, which are not quite logically connected but will flower out into illustrative statements of truth and thoughts. Emersons philosophical discussion is sometimes difficult to understand but he uses compari
42、sons and metaphors to make the general idea of his work clearly expressed. Well-read in the classics of Western European literature, Emerson often employed these literary sources to make and enrich his own points5人们认为他的诗作缺乏诗的形式，用语也太粗糙，但最后他的诗歌却受到了高度评价，他那样并不工整的韵律和动人的形象如艺术品一样，非常适合现代读者的口味 in his day, Em
43、ersons poems were criticized for their lack of form and polish. In recent years, hower, his poetry has received high praise. His harsh粗糙 rhythms and striking images appeal to many modern readers as artful techniques.6美国学者被称为“我们知识分子的独立宣言” “our intellectual Declaration of Independence”教材作品： The Americ
44、an ScholarHenry David Thoreau 亨利戴维梭罗 1817-18621他是爱默生最忠实的信徒，是他把爱默生的许多理论付诸了实践 he was Emersons truest disciple, who put into practice many of Emersons theories.21854 年，梭罗根据他在沃尔登湖畔居住两年经历写出名作沃尔登“Walden”, the superb book came out of his two-years residence at Walden Pond 在这部书中阐释了他去体验这种生活的原因，他认为一个一星期最好工作一天
45、，而剩下的六天时间则用来思索，他也认为人类心灵的自助和独立最为重要，每个人都应该发现自己的生活方式 he explained many of the beliefs that led him to try this kind of life. He thought it better for a man to work one day a week and the rest of the week could be devoted to thought. For Thoreau, as for Emerson, self-reliance and independence of mind ra
46、nked above all .Each should find out his own way of living.3教材作品：沃尔登 我生活的地方；我为何生活：“Walden Where I Lived, and What I Lived For”Emerson 爱默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善 Thoreau 梭 罗，beheld divinity 神圣 in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. 自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕” (1) Emersons philosophy of
47、 the over-sou1It is an impersonal force that is eternal, moral, harmonious, and beneficient in tendency. the over-sou1 is an all-pervading power from which all things come from and of which a1l are a part.(2) Emersons philosophy of the importance of the Individuala man can trust himself to decide wh
48、at is right and to act accordingly. The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man. the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite.(3) Emersons view on naturenature as a big symbol of the Spirit, or God, or the over-soul, it exercises a healthy an inf1uence on human mind. “
49、Emersonian Transcendentalism inspired a whole generation of famous American authors like Thoreau2.Thoreaus Transcendentalismnot only fully demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self-reliance but also develops Thoreaus own transcendental philosophy.(1)For Thoreau, nature is not merely symbolic, but divine in itself and human beings can receive precise communication from the natural world by way of pure senses. So he was often
