1、1. An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individuals expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established soc
2、ial rules and conventions2. Features of American RomanticismThere is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American Romantic authors tended more to moralize, to edify rather than entertain.American Romanticism produced an entirely new experience alien to European culture.American r
3、omanticism was both imitative and independent.3. The American Renaissance or New England Renaissance is a period of the great flowering of American literature, from the 1830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War. 4. Comic fables of Washington Irving; Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe; The f
4、rontier adventures of James Fennimore Cooper; The Psychological romances of Nathanial Hawthorne and Herman Melville5. William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow are Fireside Poets or Schoolroom Poets.Washington Irving is the Father of American literature.James Fennimore Cooper is the Father o
5、f the American novel.Edgar Allan Poe is the Father of modern short story.Ralph Waldo Emerson is the Father of American Transcendentalism.Henry David Thoreau is a famous practical transcendentalist.Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman are bridge poets between American Romanticism and the 20th century.6.
6、Washington Irving 华盛顿欧文Father of American literaturethe first professional American writerthe first American Romantic writerthe first American short story writerthe first native American author to win worldwide fameThe Sketch Book (见闻札记） a collection of essays, sketches, and tales. The short story a
7、s a genre in American literature probably began with Irvings The Sketch Book, “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 睡谷传奇“Rip Van Winkle” 瑞普凡 温克尔7. (17891851) James Fennimore Cooper Father of American Novel The first important American novelistThe Pioneer of American espionage story: The Spy 间谍 sea adventure
8、 tale: The Pilot 领航员Frontier adventures: The Leatherstocking Tales 皮裹腿故事集8. The Leatherstocking Tales 皮裹腿故事集The Pioneers 拓荒者 The Last of the Mohicans 最后的莫希干人 The Prairie 草原 The Pathfinder 探路者 The Deerslayer 杀鹿人 9. Edgar Allan PoeGenius: a magazine editor, a poet, a short story writer, a critic, and
9、a lecturer. Father of modern short story Father of detective storyFather of psychoanalytic criticism He introduced the British Gothic story, science fiction, and literary criticism to American literature. He introduced a new kind of short story- detective story. He was the first to develop the short
10、 story as a distinctive art form. He elaborated criteria by which it can be judged. 10. His Short Stories “The Fall of the House of Usher” 厄舍古屋的倒塌 “The Cask of Amontillado” 一桶白葡萄酒“Murders in the Rue Morgue”莫格街谋杀案His Poems “The Raven” 乌鸦 “Annabel Lee” 安娜贝尔丽 11.Characters: Montresor & FortunatoMontres
11、or: (outwit) a deranged man who seeks revengeFortunato: (a lucky or fortunate person) a haughty wine connoisseur against whom Montresor seeks revengeSetting involves place, time, and circumstances.The story is narrated by Montresor, who carries a grudge against Fortunato for an offense that is never
12、 explained. 12.Writing devices Foreshadowing ( cask/ casket names trowel arms and motto) Irony (Verbal irony Dramatic irony Situational ironySymbolism(The foot: Montresor The serpent: Fortunato. 13.theme “The Cask of Amontillado“ is a powerful tale of revenge.14. transcendentalism Movement: the summ
13、it of the Romantic Movement in the history of American literature in the 19th century. Leaders: Ralph Waldo Emerson: father of American Transcendentalism Henry David Thoreau: famous practical transcendentalist Manifesto: Nature (by Ralph Waldo Emerson) the Bible of New England Transcendentalism Club
14、: Transcendentalist Club Journal: The Dial15. Basic ideas Spirit/Over-soul is the most important thing in the universe.Transcendentalism was based on a fundamental belief in the unity of the world and God. The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of individualism Nature is the symbol of spirit
15、/the garment of the Oversoul 16. Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫沃尔多 爱默生Poet Essayist Popular lecturer Father of American Transcendentalismmajor works: Nature 自然 (1836) ：“the manifesto of American transcendentalism” and “the Bible of New England Transcendentalism.” The American Scholar 美国学者(1837) ： “Americas
16、 Declaration of Intellectual Independence“ Self-Reliance 论自助: the importance of cultivating oneself 17. Henry David Thoreau 亨利大卫梭罗 Schoolteacher, essayist, poet a leader of Transcendentalism Most famous for his Walden and Civil Disobedience Influenced environmental movement Supporter of abolitionism
17、18. Influences of Transcendentalism It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature. It advocated idealism that was greatly needed in a rapidly expanded economy. It helped to create the first American renaissance one of the mo
18、st prolific period in American literature.19. The Fireside Poets 炉边诗人 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利沃茲沃思朗费罗 The most popular American poet of the 19th centurytranslate Dantes Divine Comedythe first American poet to gain a favorable international reputationthe only American to be honored with a bust i
19、n the Poets Corner of Westminster AbbeyVoices of the Night (1839) 夜吟集 - catch the attention Evangeline (1847) 伊凡吉林 - narrative poem on the AcadiansReasons for his popularityA. He had the gift of easy rhyme. He wrote poetry as a bird sings, with natural grace and melody. B. He wrote on obvious themes
20、 and in plain language which appeal to all kinds of people. C. There is a joyousness in them, a spirit of optimism and faith in the goodness of life which evokes immediate response in the emotions of his readers. A Psalm of Lifefirst published in Voices of the Night.the first English poem translated
21、 into Chinese. William Cullen Bryant 威廉卡伦布赖恩特 James Russell Lowell 詹姆斯拉塞尔洛威尔 Oliver Wendell Holmes 奥利弗温德尔霍姆斯 John Greenleaf Whittier 约翰 格林列夫惠蒂埃20. What are the Fireside Poets? Schoolroom Poets/Household Poets First group of American poets to rival British poets in popularity in either country Prefer
22、red conventional forms over experimentation Often used American legends and scenes of American life as their subject matter21. The Age of American Realism Historical Background The Civil War(The most important single influence is the Civil War. The IndustrializationThe Closing Frontier22. Mark Twain
23、 called the late 19th century the “Gilded Age.” glittering on the surface corrupt underneath23. Literary Characteristics Feminist movement Emily Dickinson 艾米丽迪金森 Harriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人 Kate Chopin 凯特肖邦 Edith Wharton 伊迪丝华顿 Willa Cather 维拉凯瑟 Decline of American Romanticism Appearance of American r
24、ealism Appearance of American naturalism24. Realism Realism begins in France. (Balzac) It is a literary doctrine calling for “reality and truth in the depiction of ordinary life.”25. Local ColorRealism began in America as Local Color.Local Color: A synthesis of romantic plots and realistic descripti
25、ons of things.Local Colorists Bret Harte 布雷特哈特 The first American writer of local color to achieve wide popularity The Luck of Roaring Camp 咆哮营的幸运儿 Harriet Beecher Stowe / Mrs. Stowe 哈里特比彻斯托/斯托夫人 Uncle Toms Cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋 The greatest of all anti-slavery literature Kate Chopin 凯特肖邦 a woman writer The
26、 Awakening 觉醒 Mark Twain 马克吐温 The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 卡城名蛙26. American RealismThe Great Masters Mark Twain 马克吐温 the experiences of the low class The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 卡城名蛙The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 汤姆 索亚历险记 Life on the Mississippi 密西西比河上的生活 The Adv
27、entures of Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝利费恩历险记 Mark Twains Position Mark Twain was called “Lincoln of American literature”, because it was he made the colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium. He was declared “the first truly American writer” by William Faulkner. He fathered modern American
28、 literature, as Ernest Hemingway noted “all modern American literature comes from his masterpiece The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.” William Dean Howells 威廉迪恩豪威尔斯 the arbiter of American RealismThe Rise of Silas Lapham塞拉斯拉帕姆的发迹 Henry James 亨利詹姆斯 : the experiences of the upper class Father of psych
29、ological realism 心理现实主义27. Features of American Realism Realists tried to vividly describe details from observation of actual life. Realists tried to offer an objective rather than an idealized view of human nature and society. It expressed the concern for the world of experience, of the commonplace
30、, and for the familiar and the low. Its style was genteel and graceful by Howells and Henry James, plain and rough by Mark Twain and some other Local Color writers. 28. Naturalism In literature, it refers to the theory that literary composition should aim at a detached, scientific objectivity in the
31、 treatment of natural man. It developed on the basis of realism but went a step further than it in portraying social reality. Naturalism was a new and harsher realism. 28. Naturalism: Basic Ideas Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment and they lack freedom of their own will. Bruti
32、sh impulses dictate human behavior. All of their actions are controlled. The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires. Life becomes a struggle for survival. The struggle of the individual to adapt to environment, the fight for the spouse and the Darwinian idea of the survi
33、val of the fittest become natural concerns of naturalist fiction and drama. 29. Major Naturalists Jack London 杰克伦敦 Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬克瑞恩 Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 街头女郎玛吉the first naturalistic novel in AmericaThe Red Badge of Courage 红色英勇勋章 Frank Norris 弗兰克诺瑞斯McTeague 麦克提格a textbook and manifesto
34、of American naturalism O. Henry 欧 亨利 Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱塞 the greatest literary naturalist Sister Carrier 嘉莉妹妹 the greatest naturalistic work30. American Naturalism It first came into existence in Maggie, a Girl of the Streets by Stephen Crane. It had its manifesto in McTeague by Frank Norris. It
35、 came to its maturity in Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser.31. The work of Modernist writers is characterized by showing the disenchantment, dislocation, and alienation of men in the world, and by the emphasis on experimentation and formalism and objectivism which are, in most cases, a reaction to t
36、he cataclysm (大变动) known as the Modern Age32. Famous Modern Authors Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德安德森 Winesburg, Ohio 小镇畸人 Poor White 穷白人 Dark Laughter 阴沉的笑声“The Triumph of the Egg” 鸡蛋的胜利 “Death in the Woods” 林中之死 F. Scott Fitzgerald F. 司各特菲茨杰拉德 The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比 “The Great American Novel” Nick Carraw
37、ay The narratorTender is the Night 夜色温柔 The Last Tycoon 最后的大亨 Tales of Jazz Age 爵士年代传奇 Eugene ONeill 尤金奥尼尔 Nobel Prize for literature in 1936 Beyond the Horizon天边外 Emperor Jones琼斯皇Hairy Ape毛猿 William Faulkner 威廉 福克纳 Nobel Prize for Literature in 1949 As I Lay Dying在我弥留之际 The Sound and the Fury喧嚣与骚动
38、William Faulkner who, in 1956, acknowledged Anderson as “the father of my generation of American writers and the tradition of American writing which our successors will carry on.” Ernest Hemingway 厄内斯特海明威 Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954 The Old Man and the Sea 老人与海 A Farwell to Arms 永别了，武器 John S
39、teinbeck 约翰 斯坦贝克 Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962 The Grapes of Wrath 愤怒的葡萄 Of Mice and Men 人鼠之间 Ezra Pound 埃兹拉庞德 Leader of Imagist Movement The Cantos 诗章 Robert Frost 罗伯特弗罗斯特 Americas best known and most loved poetStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” 雪夜林边小伫 “The Road Not Taken” 未选择的路 “Birches” 白
40、桦林 Langston Hughes 兰斯顿 休斯 Leader of Harlem Renaissance The Weary Blues疲惫的布鲁斯 T. S. Eliot T. S. 艾略特 American-born English poet, playwright, and literary critic the most important English-language poet of the 20th century Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948 The Waste Land 荒原The Love Song of J. Alfred Pr
41、ufrock J. 阿尔弗雷德 .普鲁弗洛克的情歌34.American Nobel Prize WinnersSinclair Lewis 辛克莱路易斯 (1930) Eugene ONeill 尤金奥尼尔 (1936) Pearl S. Buck 赛珍珠 (1938) William Faulkner 威廉福克纳 (1949) Ernest Hemingway 欧内斯特海明威 (1954) John Steinbeck 约翰斯坦贝克 (1962)Saul Bellow 索尔贝娄（1976） Joseph Brodsky 约瑟夫布罗茨基（1987）Isaac Bashevis Singer
42、艾萨克巴什维斯辛格（1978）Toni Morrison 托妮 莫里森（ 1993）35.American poet Gertrude Stein （格特鲁德斯泰因）coined the expression “lost generation.“The three best known writers: F. Scott Fitzgerald John Dos Passos Ernest Hemingway The Sun Also Rises A Farewell to Arms For Whom the Bell Tolls The Old Man and the Sea36. Imagi
43、sm Imagist movement is a movement of English and American poets in revolt from romanticism, seeking clarity of expression through the use of precise images. The principles of the imagist manifesto were laid down by Ezra Pound in 1913 Cathay 华夏集 Hugh Selwyn Mauberley休赛尔温毛伯利 The Cantos 诗章“A Pact” “合同”
44、/“协约” “In a Station of the Metro” “在地铁站里 Wallace Stevens 华莱士史蒂文森Harmonium 簧风琴 “Anecdote of the Jar ” 坛子轶事 “The Snow Man” 雪人 William Carlos Williams “The Red Wheelbarrow”红色手推车 37. Robert Frost 罗伯特 弗罗斯特 The most popular 20th century American poet. A four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize . He was rega
45、rded as unofficial Poet Laureate (桂冠诗人).Main Poetry Collections: A Boys Will North of Boston Hampshire New Mountain Interval A Further Range A Witness Tre e 38. Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance, known also as the New Negro Movement and the Negro Renaissance, was an important cultural manife
46、station of the mid-twenties and thirties. A flowering of African American art, literature, music and culture in the United States led primarily by the African American community based in Harlem, New York City. Beginning: 1924: the piblication of the magazine “Opportunity”. Ending: 1929: the year of
47、the stock market crash and the resulting economic Great Depression. Zora Neale Hurston 佐拉 尼尔 赫斯顿 Queen of the Harlem Renaissance Their Eyes Were Watching God 他们的眼睛望着上帝 Langston Hughes 兰斯顿 休斯the poet laureate of Harlem 黑人民族的桂冠诗人 Most popular and versatile writer of the Harlem Renaissance 作品 ： The Weary Blues Fine Clothes to the Jew Shakespeare in Harlem “Dreams” “A Dream Deferred” “I, Too” “Negro Speaks of Rivers”
